Reduced Ammonia Concentration Research Articles

Application of degradation technology of light-emitting diode and auto-monitoring system for harmful substances in farrowing areas of a specific pathogen-free pig farm

In pig farms, disinfectants are applied for the effective cleaning and disinfection regimen. Moreover, the ideal detergents should be left no residue after use which might harbour micro-organisms. Additionally, it should be non-toxic to pigs and must have minimal environmental impacts. Therefore, in order to avoid detergent residues and possible effects on pigs, staffs, and environment, the development of a novel technology without chemicals to kill micro-organisms, degrade atmospheric fine particulate matter and harmful gases in the pig farms is pioneering and future potential. In this study, application of degradation technology of light-emitting diode (LED) and auto-monitoring system for harmful substances in farrowing area of a specific pathogen-free pig farms. The LED light exhibit an antibacterial efficacy of up to 89.1%. They are capable of reducing ammonia concentrations within the environment by 45%, hydrogen sulfide levels by 68.8%, and curbing PM2.5 concentrations by 80%. Collectively, these findings underscore the considerable potential of this degradation technology via visual light in effectively eliminating detrimental substances.

Co-treatment of landfill leachate with urban wastewater by chemical, physical and biological processes: Fenton oxidation preserves autochthonous bacterial community in the activated sludge process

The impact of Fenton oxidation (FO) and Air stripping (AS) pre-treatments on the bacterial community of a biological activated sludge (B-AS) process for the co-treatment of mature landfill leachate (MLL) and urban wastewater (UWW) was assessed. In this work high-throughput sequencing was used to identify changes in the composition of the bacterial communities when exposed to different landfill leachate's pre-treatments. The combination of FO and AS to increase biodegradability (BOD5/COD) and reduce ammonia concentration (NH3) respectively, allowed to successfully operate the B-AS and effectively treat MLL. In particular, BOD5/COD resulted to be the key factor for bacterial community shifting. The microbiological community of the B-AS, mainly composed by the phylum Bacteroidota (Saprospiraceae, PHOS-HE51, Chitinophagaceae) after FO pre-treatment, shifted to Pseudomonadota (Caulobacteraceae and Hyphomicrobiaceae) when FO was not used. At the same time a drastic reduction in BOD5 removal was observed (90%–58%). On the other hand, high NH3 concentration affected the abundance of the family Saprospiraceae, known to play a key role in the degradation of complex organic compounds in B-AS. The results obtained suggest that a suitable combination of pre-treatments can reduce the negative effect of MLL on the B-AS process, reducing the pressure on autochthonous bacteria and therefore the acclimatization time of the biological process.

Effects of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera silage on growth performance, visceral organs, blood biochemical indices, antioxidant indices, and carcass traits in dairy goats

The crude protein content of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera silage (HBPS) is close to that of alfalfa hay. In the present study, we substituted alfalfa hay with HBPS in diets for Saanen dairy goats, and tested a possibility of using HBPS as a feedstuff to provide protein. Thirty male Saanen dairy goats (6-months old, body weight 18.85 ± 1.44 kg) were divided into three groups of 10, and randomly assigned to three diets: the control group (CN) fed the basal diet containing 600 g/kg (dry matter (DM) basis) of alfalfa hay, and the other two groups fed the diets with 33 % and 67 % of alfalfa hay being substituted with HBPS, so HBPS accounted for 198 g/kg (LB) and 402 g/kg (HB) of the diet respectively. The experiment lasted for 94 days. Compared with CN, feeding HBPS did not change feed intake, body weight gain, and the visceral organ coefficients (P > 0.05), but reduced the feed conversion ratio and the weight gain cost, particularly on the 198 g/kg HBPS diet (P < 0.05). Serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, and urea-nitrogen in both LB and HB groups and glucose in HB group decreased (P < 0.05), but their values remained within the normal range. Ammonia concentration in rumen fluid was reduced by feeding HBPS (P < 0.05). The serum activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased (P < 0.05) in both LB and HB groups (P < 0.05), and the SOD activity in longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) was increased only for LB treatment (P < 0.05). Feeding HBPS had no effect on the carcass traits and water holding capacity in LDM (P > 0.05). In conclusion, HBPS had similar effects to alfalfa hay on the growth performances, visceral organ development, and water holding capacity postmortem, but reduced the feed conversion ratio and the feed cost, and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of animals. Inclusion of 198 g/kg of HBPS in the diet would be a better choice for growing goats. Reduced ammonia concentration in the rumen, urea and protein concentrations in blood suggest dietary protein digestion in the gastrointestinal tract could be affected by feeding HBPS, which is worthy of further investigation.

Does feeding more phases reduce ammonia concentrations from broiler litter?

We compared a 3- and 5-phase feeding program in terms of ammonia concentrations measured at litter level, litter composition and quality, nitrogen (N) utilization, performance, welfare, and meat deposition in broilers. A total of 744 Ross 308 male broilers was divided into 2 treatments, each with 6 replicates. The 3-phase diets were formulated to CP and digestible lysine contents of 205 and 11.5 g/kg (0 to 9 d), 195 and 10.8 g/kg (9 to 24 d), and 183.3 and 10.15 g/kg (24 to 39 d), respectively. The 5-phase diets had additional phases from 17 to 24 d and 32 to 39 d with CP and digestible lysine contents of 188 and 10.4 g/kg and 177 and 9.8 g/kg, respectively. Feeding 5 phases reduced the NH3 concentrations at litter level by 37.95% and 20.81% at 23 (P < 0.05) and 37 d of age (P < 0.05), respectively. There was a tendency for a lower litter total ammoniacal nitrogen concentration for the 5-phase treatment than the 3-phase treatment at 24 and 39 d of age (P < 0.1 for both). Total N concentration of the litter also tended to be lower for the 5-phase treatment at 39 d of age (P < 0.1). The lower NH3 coincided with a lower average litter pH at 24 and 32 d of age (P < 0.05 for both). Birds fed the 5-phase treatments had a lower incidence of foot lesions at 24 d of age (P < 0.001). Performance as well as carcass yield could be maintained, except for FCR, which was higher for the 5-phase treatment between 17 and 24 d of age and the overall period (P < 0.05 and < 0.001, respectively). The impact of the 5-phase treatment regarding the utilization of N (digestibility, excretion, and retention) was less clear, however the NH3 volatilized from the litter was significantly reduced. Feeding 5 phases may therefore potentially reduce the NH3 emitted from broiler houses which has several environmental and health benefits. Although the 5-phase treatment resulted in a significant decrease in feed efficiency, growth performance and meat deposition were maintained.

Оценка профессионального заболевания на основе полной линейки исходов «отравление аммиаком — удушье — летальный исход»

Within the framework of the factors — protection — employee system, the following line of possible outcomes «poisoning — suffocation — death» was considered and tested according to the degree of danger, a parametric model of the type «exposure — attenuation — susceptibility» was proposed for their standard description and application. As susceptibility parameters, it is proposed to take the experimental, statistical, or calculated values of the ammonia concentration, which, with a known level of confidence, determine the possibility of the occurrence of outcomes in the declared line. One or more ammonia concentrations measured with known accuracy are taken as exposure parameters in a particular system, taking into account the weakening of the employee protection. Based on the introduced parametric model and initial data, both on the expression of exposure and susceptibility in the form of random variables, and data on the efficiency of protection, a set of probabilities of outcomes of the declared line was calculated, which can be used to predict the risk of employee diseases in a particular system or production environment. In addition, it is shown that in the resulting assessment of the probable lethal outcome, both poisoning and suffocation of the worker are also considered. By protecting the worker and reducing exposure by attenuating it at levels between 1 and 0.1, the expected reduction in ammonia concentration results in a decrease in the probability of an employee death from 0.9177 to 0.000003. Moreover, it is shown that the acceptable values of the attenuation coefficient should be in the range of 0.1 or less. This level of attenuation is achieved by using local ventilation, diluting the concentration of ammonia in the work area with fresh air and (or) by using personal protective equipment (gas mask) by the employee.

O97 Are more feeding phases effective in reducing ammonia concentrations from broilers?

O97 Are more feeding phases effective in reducing ammonia concentrations from broilers?

Syringic acid protects against thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy: Behavioral, biochemical, and molecular evidence

The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of syringic acid on thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy which is a complex serious syndrome with neuropsychiatric abnormalities related to acute liver dysfunctions like cirrhosis. Rats were treated with syringic acid (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days in treatment groups. Hepatic encephalopathy was induced by three doses of (200 mg/kg i.p.) thioacetamide injection. Syringic acid effectively alleviated thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury via reduction in ammonia, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and decrease in oxidative stress (decreased MDA, ROS and increased SOD and GSH). Syringic acid also attenuated inflammatory injury by suppressing TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB and increasing IL-10. The caspase-3 expression was also down-regulated in both liver and brain tissues. Immunohistochemical results confirmed the recovery with syringic acid by downregulation of iNOS, 8-OHdG and GFAP expression. Syringic acid decreased the deteriorating effects of thioacetamide as seen by reduced ammonia concentration and also preserved astrocyte and hepatocyte structure. The behavioral test results from elevated plus maze test, similar to the open-field locomotor test results, confirmed that syringic acid can reverse behavioral impairments. In conclusion, syringic acid exerted hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects against hepatic encephalopathy by mitigating hepatotoxicity biomarkers, exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects in addition to suppressing hyperammonemia.

Comparison between conventional urea and slow-release urea on concentration of ammonia in the rumen: A meta-analysis

Urea is a source of Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN). The utilization of urea in the ration is useful for increasing digestibility, dry matter intake, and increasing protein content. This study aims to compare the utilization of conventional urea and Slow Release Urea (SRU) to reduce ammonia concentration by in vivo study using meta-analysis. A total of 13 studies were obtained that consisted of 41 data points. The parameters in this study include pH, Dry Matter Intake (DMI), Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA), ammonia concentration, and nitrogen intake. The database compiled was statistically analyzed using a mixed model method. Different studies were considered as random effects, and the level of urea was treated as fixed effects. The model statistics used were the p-values and the Akaike information criterion. The significance of an effect was stated when its p-value was <0.05. The results revealed that level SRU and conventional urea had a significant linear effect on ammonia concentration, DMI, VFA, pH and nitrogen intake. However, the effect of giving SRU was better than conventional urea. It can be concluded that SRU can control ammonia concentration, DMI, VFA, pH and nitrogen intake better than urea.

Potential of probiotics Bacillus subtilis to reduce ammonia levels, Vibrio sp abundance, and increased production performance of Seaworm (Nereis sp) under laboratory scale

This study aims to determine the potential of Bacillus subtilis probiotic in reducing levels of ammonia, Vibrio sp, and increased production performance in seaworm cultivation (Nereis sp.) under laboratory scale. Observation of the performance of seaworms (Nereis sp.) was carried out every 10 days which included weight gain (gr), length (cm), total biomass (gr), total bacteria (CFU/mL), total Vibrio sp. (CFU/mL), and total Bacillus subtilis (CFU/mL). Water quality measurements include temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonia, and total organic matter (TOM). Application of probiotics Bacillus subtilis has the potential to reduce ammonia concentration, increase growth, and reduce the abundance of Vibrio sp under laboratory-scale seaworm cultivation. P3 treatment (0.01 mL with a probiotic density of 106 CFU/mL) gave the best results by being able to reduce the ammonia concentration by 47.5%. In summary, the probiotic application using the bacteria Bacillus subtilis with different densities able to provide good results in supporting production performance, maintaining the abundance of Vibrio sp., and reducing ammonia concentration in seaworm cultivation. This is the first study to report the performance of seaworm production using probiotic agent, research is still needed to determine the digestive enzyme activity of seaworms given probiotics.

Combination of Zeolite, Charcoal and Water Spinach as Integrated Filters to Reduce Ammonia Level in Aquaponic System

Aquaponic is a combination of aquaculture and hydroponic plants in the recirculation system. The aquaponic system has a constraint in the form of ammonia which is produced by fish metabolism. In order to increase the productivity of fish and plants in aquaponics, an approach by integrating filters and biofilter could be used to reduce ammonia waste. The aim of this research was to study the use of zeolite, charcoal, and water spinach as components of integrated filters to reduce ammonia concentration in an aquaponic system. This research was conducted for four weeks with three repetitions of water sampling sourced from pond, filters, and output. The results of this study indicated that the use of combination of zeolite, charcoal and water spinach as componentof integrated filters can reduce ammonia throughout the research period.&#x0D;

The Impact of Zeolite on Ammonia Toxicity, Growth Performance and Physiological Status of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromius niloticus)

Environmental pollution adversely affects fish growth and health. Thus, the search for agents that have a protective role against pollutants’ toxicity is worthwhile; especially those with the potential natural biological occurrence and no side effects. Hence, an investigation was undertaken to examine the opposing effect of zeolite against ammonia toxicity which induced perturbations in some hematological, biochemical parameters and poor growth in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). Moreover, an evaluation of the efficiency of chelating zeolite to counteract the toxicity of two levels of ammonium chloride (18 and 1.8 mg NH4cl/l) was conducted. Fingerlings Nile tilapia, with weight ranges from 9.1 - 9.4 g, were assigned to five groups with three replicates. The first group was determined as control with zero additions. The 2nd and the 4th were exposed to 18 and 1.8 mg NH4Cl/l, respectively. In addition, the 3rd and the 5th groups were exposed to the same concentration of ammonium chloride with 6g Zeolite /l, respectively. As result, congruent with an increase in ammonia, a significant decrease was detected in growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, erythrocyte count (RBCS), hemoglobin content (HB), hematocrit value (Hct) and total protein in fish exposed to doses of ammonia. Moreover, the addition of zeolite enhanced the blood parameter and growth in fish exposed to a low concentration of ammonia, recording values close to those of the control fish. On the other hand, the glucose concentration, alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALK), total lipid profile and kidney function increased significantly, particularly in fish exposed to the two levels of ammonia toxicity. Whereas, its values in a fish group exposed to a low concentration of ammonia with 6g of zeolite became similar to those of the control. Thus, the addition of zeolite to ammonia in a contaminated medium is recommended to reduce ammonia concentration in aquaculture, improve growth performance and physiological function and activities in fish.

Research Highlights

Research Highlights

Dietary Energy Levels Affect Rumen Bacterial Populations that Influence the Intramuscular Fat Fatty Acids of Fattening Yaks (Bos grunniens).

Simple SummaryYak, a bovid animal, is the predominant livestock on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Rumen is an important digestive organ for ruminants, such as cattle, yak, and sheep. Rumen bacteria play a crucial role in dietary energy digestion of yaks and in their adaptation to the plateau environment. Dietary energy levels affect rumen bacterial populations and lipid deposition in the meat of ruminants. The intramuscular fat fatty acid profile is important for meat quality and human health. This study was conducted to determine the rumen bacterial populations affected by dietary energy levels and understand their relationship with intramuscular fat fatty acids. The results found that increasing dietary energy significantly increased ruminal propionate concentration and reduced the ammonia concentration. High dietary energy increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and mainly increased ruminal amylolytic and propionate-producing bacteria populations. Ruminal acetate and propionate were positively related to intramuscular saturated fatty acid content, and Prevotella was positively related to intramuscular polyunsaturated fatty acid content and negatively related to intramuscular saturated fatty acid content. This study gives insights into how the effects of dietary energy on rumen bacterial populations are related to intramuscular fat fatty acids of yaks.The yak rumen microflora has more efficient fiber-degrading and energy-harvesting abilities than that of low-altitude cattle; however, few studies have investigated the effects of dietary energy levels on the rumen bacterial populations and the relationship between rumen bacteria and the intramuscular fatty acid profile of fattening yaks. In this study, thirty yaks were randomly assigned to three groups. Each group received one of the three isonitrogenous diets with low (3.72 MJ/kg), medium (4.52 MJ/kg), and high (5.32 MJ/kg) levels of net energy for maintenance and fattening. After 120 days of feeding, results showed that increasing dietary energy significantly increased ruminal propionate fermentation and reduced ammonia concentration. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that increasing dietary energy significantly increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and stimulated the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum, Saccharofermentans, Ruminococcus, and Blautia populations. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that high dietary energy increased the abundances of Streptococcus bovis, Prevotella ruminicola, and Ruminobacter amylophilus at the species level. Association analysis showed that ruminal acetate was positively related to some intramuscular saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents, and Prevotella was significantly positively related to intramuscular total polyunsaturated fatty acid content and negatively related to intramuscular total SFA content. This study showed that high dietary energy mainly increased ruminal amylolytic and propionate-producing bacteria populations, which gave insights into how the effects of dietary energy on rumen bacteria are related to intramuscular fat fatty acids of fattening yaks.

Preparation of Activated Carbon Based on Oil Palm Waste for Ammonia Removal

The aim of this study Industri is to reduce ammonia concentration in tannery waswater using Oil Palm waste. Palm oil is one of the strategic industry that is engaged in agriculture (agro-based industry) that many develop in tropical countries such as Indonesia. Palm oil plantations produce solid waste, one of which is an empty bunch. and the palm oil processing industry produces the liquid waste of one of them ammonia. By looking at the opportunity how to cope with the waste of ammonia derived from the processing of palm oil by making biosorbents from solid waste of empty palm plants that utilization of empty waste plants is still not maximal. With some treatment and tested with BET to see the surface area and total volume of pores after and before the treatment of activated carbon.

Screening Heterotrophic Ammonia Removal and Aerobic Denitrifying Bacteria from Wastewater of Ammonia Production Units of a Petrochemical Industry.

Petrochemical wastewaters have high ammonium contents that can cause serious environmental pollutions. Among different treatment methods, biological ammonia removal using bacteria has been attracted more attention due to their environmental friendly and high efficiency. The aim of the present study was to isolate heterotrophic nitrogen removal and aerobic denitrifying bacteria from petrochemical wastewater to be used for bioremediation. Wastewater and sludge samples were prepared and their chemical parameters were analyzed. Bacterial isolation was done through enrichment in mineral salt medium and basal salt medium and identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The ability of isolates was evaluated at different concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, and carbon sources and at different time intervals. As a result, ten bacterial isolates were obtained that 5 strains were identified as heterotrophic nitrogen removal bacteria and 5 strains were able to do aerobic denitrification. From these, Pseudomonas guguanensis strain 4-n-1 with 93.2% ammonia removal during 24h at 40mg/L ammonium sulfate concentration and Pseudomonas guariconensis strain 5-d-1 with 89.2% denitrification during 24h at 100mg/L nitrate concentration were the best isolates. Finally, based on the efficiency of these isolates it can be concluded that effective ammonia removal can be achieved using these species as consortium and simultaneous heterotrophic nitrogen removal with aerobic denitrification is suitable method for efficient ammonium removal from petrochemical wastewater and reduction of ammonia concentration.

Does intercropping maize with forage sorghum effect biomass yield, silage bromatological quality and economic viability?

Maize and forage sorghum crops have a relevant economic importance in Midwest Brazil and there is a need for more information for their intercropping as a strategy for the farmers to reduce inputs. The objective of this work is evaluate if forage sorghum and maize intercropping effects agronomic traits, the bromatological characteristics of silage from the consortium at different times of silo openings, and the economic viability of all crop systems. This experiment was carried on in the field with seven treatments, consisting of monoculture and intercropping of corn and sorghum hybrids. Monoculture of sorghum Agri 001 and maize Agri 320, as well as in maize Agri 320, Agri 340 and Agri 104 intercropped with sorghum Agri 001 had the highest biomass yield. Intercropped maize did not have lodging, reduction in height, nor decrease in the first ear height in relation to the intercropped plants. Maize hybrids intercropped with sorghum led to a better fermentation pattern of silages, reducing ammonia concentrations. However, due the higher contents of NDF and the lower TDN contents of sorghum, nutritional values of intercropped silages were generally smaller than when they were composed only with maize. It was observed that the monoculture of sorghum Agri 001 for silage showed a higher profit compared to the other treatments.

Correction and Control of Hyperammonemia in Acute Liver Failure: The Impact of Continuous Renal Replacement Timing, Intensity, and Duration.

Hyperammonemia is a key contributing factor for cerebral edema in acute liver failure. Continuous renal replacement therapy may help reduce ammonia levels. However, the optimal timing, mode, intensity, and duration of continuous renal replacement therapy in this setting are unknown. We aimed to study continuous renal replacement therapy use in acute liver failure patients and to assess its impact on hyperammonemia. Retrospective observational study. ICU within a specialized liver transplant hospital. Fifty-four patients with acute liver failure. Data were obtained from medical records and analyzed for patient characteristics, continuous renal replacement therapy use, ammonia dynamics, and outcomes. Forty-five patients (83%) had high grade encephalopathy. Median time to continuous renal replacement therapy commencement was 4 hours (interquartile range, 2-4.5) with 35 (78%) treated with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration and 10 (22%) with continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Median hourly effluent flow rate was 43 mL/kg (interquartile range, 37-62). The median ammonia concentration decreased every day during treatment from 151 µmol/L (interquartile range, 110-204) to 107 µmol/L (interquartile range, 84-133) on day 2, 75 µmol/L (interquartile range, 63-95) on day 3, and 52 µmol/L (interquartile range, 42-70) (p < 0.0001) on day 5. The number of patients with an ammonia level greater than 150 µmol/L decreased on the same days from 26, to nine, then two, and finally none. Reductions in ammonia levels correlated best with the cumulative duration of therapy hours (p = 0.03), rather than hourly treatment intensity. Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced ammonia concentrations in acute liver failure patients. This effect is related to greater cumulative dose. These findings suggest that continuous renal replacement therapy initiated early and continued or longer may represent a useful approach to hyperammonemia control in acute liver failure patients.

Efektivitas Pengolahan Air yang Mengandung Amonia Konsentrasi Tinggi Menggunakan Konsorsium Probiotik Komersial dan Bakteri Sedimen Kolam Lele

ABSTRACTNitrification is one of the most widely used methods to reduce ammonia concentration in wastewater.The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-concentrated ammonia nitrification by the consortium between commercial probiotics and bacteria from the sediment of the catfish pond. The study was conducted on batch system bioreactors with a working volume of 1 liter containing 100 mg/L ammonia solution and 50 grams sediment of catfish pond. This study used a treatment variation of the concentration of commercial probiotics and the bacterial isolate from the catfish pond sediment using glucose as the carbon source. The variations of commercial probiotics added to the bioreactor were 5 ml/L, 10 ml/L and 15 ml/L. The variations of glucose concentration were 0 g/L and 3,9 g/L. Analysis of ammonia concentration was carried out by spectrophotometry using the phenate method. The highest removal efficiency of ammonia was 92.35% in the bioreactor with a mixture of 15 ml/L commercial probiotics and 3.9 g/L glucose with the fastest ammonia rate was on the third day of the experimental period. The addition of glucose in the bioreactors could increase ammonia removal by 57.39%. The result of statistical analysis indicated that variations in the concentration of commercial probiotic indicated no statistically significant difference in ammonia removal (P 0.05), while variations in glucose concentration showed a statistically significant difference in ammonia removal (P 0.05). Three isolates were successfully isolated on specific media for nitrifying bacteria. The result of bacterial identification showed that three isolated bacteria were Bacillus sp., Aeromonas salmonicida, and Burkholderia cepacia.Keywords: ammonia, nitrification, sediment of catfish pond, commercial probioticABSTRAKNitrifikasi merupakan salah satu metode yang paling banyak digunakan untuk mengurangi konsentrasi amonia pada limbah cair. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penambahan sedimen kolam lele dan probiotik komersial dalam nitrifikasi amonia konsentrasi tinggi. Penelitian menggunakan bioreaktor sistem batch dengan volume kerja 1 liter yang berisi larutan amonia 100 mg/L dan 50 gram sedimen kolam lele. Perlakuan pada penelitian ini terdiri dari pemberian variasi konsentrasi probiotik komersial dan sedimen kolam lele dengan sumber karbon glukosa. Variasi probiotik komersial yang ditambahkan pada bioreaktor adalah 5 ml/L, 10 ml/L dan 15 ml/L sedangkan variasi konsentrasi glukosa adalah 0 g/L dan 3,9 g/L. Analisis konsentrasi amonia dilakukan secara spektrofotometri menggunakan Metode Fenat. Hasil penurunan rata-rata amonia tertinggi adalah sebesar 92,35% pada bioreaktor dengan campuran probiotik komersial 15 ml/L dan glukosa 3,9 g/L dengan laju penurunan ammonia tercepat pada hari ke-3 periode eksperimen. Penambahan glukosa pada bioreaktor mampu meningkatkan penurunan amonia sebesar 57,39%. Analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa variasi konsentrasi probiotik komersial tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan pada penurunan amonia (p0,05) sedangkan variasi konsentrasi glukosa menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap penurunan amonia (p0,05). Tiga isolat berhasil diisolasi menggunakan media spesifik bakteri nitrifikasi. Hasil identifikasi dari tiga bakteri menunjukkan bahwa isolat tersebut adalah Bacillus sp., Aeromonas salmonicida dan Burkholderia cepacia.Kata kunci: amonia, nitrifikasi, sedimen kolam lele, probiotik komersial

Degradation of ammonia from gas stream by advanced oxidation processes

The reduction of ammonia emissions from air was experimentally investigated by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing the combination of ultraviolet irradiation with ozone. The influence of operating conditions such as initial ammonia concentration and flow rate of gas on the reduction of ammonia concentration was investigated in homemade photochemical unit. The conversion of ammonia decreased with increasing initial concentration of ammonia and with increasing flow rate of air (decreasing retention time). The highest conversion of ammonia (97%) was achieved under lower initial concentration of ammonia (30 ppm) and lower flow rate of air (28 m3/h). The energy per order was evaluated for the advanced oxidation process too. The energy consumption was about 0.037 kWh/m3/order for the 97% ammonia conversion at 30 ppm of initial ammonia concentration and 28 m3/h flow rate of air. Based on the results, the advanced oxidation process combining the UV irradiation and ozone was effective for mitigation of ammonia concentration and presents a promising technology for the reduction of odor emissions from livestock buildings. Moreover, the AOPs are suitable for application for high flow rate of air, especially for ammonia abatement from livestock buildings, where very high efficiency is expected.

Effects of narasin supplementation on dry matter intake and rumen fermentation characteristics of Bos indicus steers fed a high-forage diet.

This study evaluated the effects of narasin on intake and rumen fermentation characteristics of Bos indicus steers offered a high-forage diet for 140 d. On day 0 of the study, 30 rumen-fistulated Nellore steers [initial body weight (BW) = 281 ± 21 kg] were assigned to 30 individual pens in a randomized complete block design according to their initial BW. Animals were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments: 1) forage-based diet without narasin (CONT; n = 10), 2) CONT diet plus 13 ppm of narasin (13NAR; n = 10), and 3) CONT diet plus 20 ppm of narasin (20NAR; n = 10). The forage used was Tifton-85 (Cynodon dactylon spp.), whereas the carrier for narasin was a 50:50 mixture of soybean hull:corn. The experimental period was divided into 5 periods of 28 d each. Throughout the experimental period, total dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily, whereas mineral salt intake was recorded weekly. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were collected on day 0 (prior to treatment feeding), 28, 56, 84, 112, and 140 of the study. Moreover, total tract apparent nutrient digestibility was performed for a 5-d period every 28 d. No treatment effects were observed on forage, mineral, concentrate, or total DMI (P ≥ 0.22). Nonetheless, 13NAR tended to have a greater mineral intake vs. 20NAR cohorts (P = 0.08) Narasin-supplemented animals had reduced rumen acetate, Ac:Pr ratio, as well as greater (P ≤ 0.02) rumen propionate concentrations vs. CONT cohorts. Moreover, 13NAR increased rumen propionate and decreased butyrate, Ac:Pr vs. 20NAR cohorts (P ≤ 0.01). Throughout the experimental period, narasin-supplemented animals had reduced ammonia concentrations vs. CONT cohorts (P < 0.01), whereas no differences were observed between 13NAR and 20NAR (P = 0.80). No treatment or dose effects were observed (P ≥ 0.23) on DM, organic matter (OM), protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and mineral digestibility. Animals fed 13NAR had a reduced mean plasma urea concentration vs. CONT cohorts (P = 0.03), whereas no further differences were observed (P ≥ 0.12). In summary, narasin supplementation to beef steers offered a high-forage diet did not impact forage, mineral, and total DMI, as well as nutrient digestibility, whereas rumen fermentation characteristics, rumen ammonia, and plasma urea concentrations were positively impacted and lasted throughout the experimental period. Additionally, 13 ppm of narasin resulted in a reduced Ac:Pr ratio and rumen ammonia when compared to animals supplemented with 20 ppm.