Reduction System Research Articles

Justification of the Locations of Differential Pressure Sensors for Coarse and Fine Filter Elements Installed one Inside the Other in a Single Gas Filter Housing

Statement of the problem. The relevant task of ensuring the uninterrupted operation of modern gas pressure reduction systems is to develop and comprehensively substantiate the possibility of using two-stage filters for natural gas purification in gas reduction points and theoretically substantiate the method for calculating the pressure drop in cylindrical filter elements (CFE). Results. It is proved that when gas flows in the upper cross section of the filter, the pressure drop will be less than in lower cross sections, including the pressure drop in the lowest cross section. This leads to a larger amount of leaking gas, to a larger mass of impurities settling in the lower part of the filter elements of cylindrical coarse and fine cleaning and to a greater degree of their clogging. Therefore, it is recommended to place gas pressure sensors in the lower part of the internal volume of the coarse and fine-cleaned CFE, so that the flow direction of the coarse and finely purified gas washing the sensors at the location of the hole for measuring statistical pressure is tangential to the side surface of the sensor tube. Then the flow direction of the roughly and finely purified gas entering the holes of the sensors is carried out at an angle of 90° and the pressure gauges measure the static pressure. Conclusions. The locations of pressure drop sensors on coarse and fine filter elements installed one inside the other in a single gas filter housing are substantiated. The proposed arrangement of differential pressure sensors will significantly increase the possibility of receiving an earlier signal about the degree of clogging of the gas filter at the control room, as well as have a significant amount of time for timely removal of blockages formed in the coarse cleaning CFE and replacement of fine cleaning CFE.

Unraveling Reactivity Origin of Oxygen Reduction at High-Entropy Alloy Electrocatalysts with a Computational and Data-Driven Approach.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs), characterized as compositionally complex solid solutions with five or more metal elements, have emerged as a novel class of catalytic materials with unique attributes. Because of the remarkable diversity of multielement sites or site ensembles stabilized by configurational entropy, human exploration of the multidimensional design space of HEAs presents a formidable challenge, necessitating an efficient, computational and data-driven strategy over traditional trial-and-error experimentation or physics-based modeling. Leveraging deep learning interatomic potentials for large-scale molecular simulations and pretrained machine learning models of surface reactivity, our approach effectively rationalizes the enhanced activity of a previously synthesized PdCuPtNiCo HEA nanoparticle system for electrochemical oxygen reduction, as corroborated by experimental observations. We contend that this framework deepens our fundamental understanding of the surface reactivity of high-entropy materials and fosters the accelerated development and synthesis of monodisperse HEA nanoparticles as a versatile material platform for catalyzing sustainable chemical and energy transformations.

Integrated catalytic systems for simultaneous NOx and PM reduction: a comprehensive evaluation of synergistic performance and combustion waste energy utilization.

The global transition towards sustainable automotive vehicles has driven the demand for energy-efficient internal combustion engines with advanced aftertreatment systems capable of reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. This comprehensive review explores the latest advancements in aftertreatment technologies, focusing on the synergistic integration of in-cylinder combustion strategies, such as low-temperature combustion (LTC), with post-combustion purification systems. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), lean NOx traps (LNT), and diesel particulate filters (DPF) are critically examined, highlighting novel catalyst formulations and system configurations that enhance low-temperature performance and durability. The review also investigates the potential of energy conversion and recovery techniques, including thermoelectric generators and organic Rankine cycles, to harness waste heat from the exhaust and improve overall system efficiency. By analyzing the complex interactions between engine operating parameters, combustion kinetics, and emission formation, this study provides valuable insights into the optimization of integrated LTC-aftertreatment systems. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of considering real-world driving conditions and transient operation in the development and evaluation of these technologies. The findings presented in this article lay the foundation for future research efforts aimed at overcoming the limitations of current aftertreatment systems and achieving superior emission reduction performance in advanced combustion engines, ultimately contributing to the development of sustainable and efficient automotive technologies.

Optimization of a damper system for noise and vibration reduction in a PMSM

PurposeThis paper aims to optimize passive damper system (PDS) design by configuring its parameters to improve its performance and behavior in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM).Design/methodology/approachFirst, the principle and effectiveness of the PDS are recalled. Second, the impact of different PDS parameters on its operation is analyzed. Third, a multi-objective optimization is proposed to explore a compromise design of PDS. Finally, the transient finite element method simulation is performed to validate the optimized design, which can ensure an excellent noise reduction effect and weaker negative impacts.FindingsA suitable capacitance value in PDS is a key to realizing the damping effect. A larger copper wire can improve the noise reduction performance of PDS and reduce its Joule losses. A compromise solution obtained from a multi-objective optimization remains the excellent noise reduction and reduces Joule losses.Originality/valueThis paper explores the impact of PDS parameters on its operation and provides an orientation of PDS optimization, which is favorable to extend its application in different electrical machines.

Circular Economy Integration in 1G+2G Sugarcane Bioethanol Production: Application of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, Closed-Loop Systems, and Waste Valorization for Sustainability

Bioethanol production is a vital player in the renewable energy landscape. However, it faces pressing issues regarding carbon emissions and resource management. Traditional open-loop systems generate substantial waste and pollution, exacerbating environmental concerns. Various emerging technologies offer promising solutions. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) presents avenues for tackling carbon emissions. Utilization transforms CO2 emissions into valuable products, while Storage securely stores emissions to prevent atmospheric release. Closed-loop processes and waste valorization capitalize on material reuse, conserving natural resources, and minimizing waste. By promoting resource efficiency and waste minimization, circular economy principles align seamlessly with CCUS, closed-loop systems, and waste valorization. This study delves into utilizing Utilization technologies tailored to sugarcane 1G+2G bioethanol production, evaluates CO2 capture options, and presents applications. Storage strategies suitable for bioethanol production facilities are scrutinized, and deployment options are explored, highlighting the closed-loop system and waste valorization's role in waste reduction and environmental preservation. Through synergistic integration, these technologies pave the way for sustainable sugarcane bioethanol production, addressing economic and technological challenges while fostering innovation and collaboration. This comprehensive study will serve as a guide for transitioning to a circular economy model in bioethanol production.

Dual Nickel- and Photoredox-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Cross-Couplings: Just a Change of the Reduction System?

ConspectusIn recent years, nickel-catalyzed asymmetric coupling reactions have emerged as efficient methods for constructing chiral C(sp3) carbon centers. Numerous novel approaches have been reported to rapidly construct chiral carbon-carbon bonds through nickel-catalyzed asymmetric couplings between electrophiles and nucleophiles or asymmetric reductive cross-couplings of two different electrophiles. Building upon these advances, our group has been devoted to interrogating dual nickel- and photoredox-catalyzed asymmetric reductive cross-coupling reactions.In our endeavors over the past few years, we have successfully developed several dual Ni-/photoredox-catalyzed asymmetric reductive cross-coupling reactions involving organohalides. While some probably think that this system is just a change of the reduction system from traditional metal reductants to a photocatalysis system, a question that we also pondered at the beginning of our studies, both the achievable reaction types and mechanisms suggest a different conclusion: that this dual catalysis system has its own advantages in the chiral carbon-carbon bond formation. Even in certain asymmetric reactions where the photocatalysis regime functions only as a reducing system, the robust reducing capability of photocatalysts can effectively accelerate the regeneration of low-valent nickel species, thus expanding the selectable scope of chiral ligands. More importantly, in many transformations, besides reducing nickel catalysts, the photocatalysis system can also undertake the responsibility of alkyl radical formation, thereby establishing two coordinated, yet independent catalytic cycles. This catalytic mode has been proven to play a crucial role in achieving diverse asymmetric coupling reactions with great challenges.In this Account, we elucidate our understanding of this system based on our experience and findings. In the Introduction, we provide an overview of the main distinctions between this system and traditional Ni-catalyzed asymmetric reductive cross-couplings with metal reductants and the potential opportunities arising from these differences. Subsequently, we outline various chiral carbon-carbon bond-forming types obtained by this dual Ni/photoredox catalysis system and their mechanisms. In terms of chiral C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond formation, extensive discussion focuses on the asymmetric arylations of α-chloroboronates, α-trifluoromethyl alkyl bromides, α-bromophosphonates, and so on. In the realm of chiral C(sp3)-C(sp) bond formation, asymmetric alkynylations of α-bromophosphonates and α-trifluoromethyl alkyl bromides have been presented herein. Regarding C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation, we take the asymmetric alkylation of α-chloroboronates as a compelling example to illustrate the great efficiency of this dual catalysis system. This summary would enable a better grasp of the advantages of this dual catalysis system and clarify how the photocatalysis regime facilitates enantioselective transformations. We anticipate that this Account will offer valuable insights and contribute to the development of new methodologies in this field.

Developing a solar PV system for cost-effective electricity reduction in an aluminium extrusion plant

Abstract The demand for solar photovoltaic systems has been steadily increasing over the years, driven by the collective goal to reduce both CO2 emissions and electricity bills in order to foster a sustainable world. Industries with high energy consumption, particularly manufacturing, are actively pursuing the establishment of more sustainable plants to align with net-zero objectives. The primary aim of this project is to design a solar photovoltaic system tailored for an aluminium manufacturing plant, with the intent to curtail electricity consumption and minimize CO2 emissions by harnessing and utilizing energy generated from the photovoltaic system. The comprehensive analysis encompasses meteorological data, daily load demand configuration, photovoltaic array assessment, and simulation of grid-connected inverter sizing through the utilization of PVsyst software. According to the simulation results, the collective operational capacity of the solar photovoltaic system reaches 5240 kWp, effectively meeting 85% of the factory’s maximum demand. To fulfil the plant’s requirements, a total of 12780 panels are necessary. The analysis reveals that this solar system can generate a total of 7,609,690 kWh annually, constituting approximately 26.10% of the total electricity bill for the year 2022, amounting to 29,146,841.28 kWh. The estimated savings from implementing this solar solution amount to around RM 2,701,518 per year. Moreover, the solar system significantly reduces CO2 emissions by an annual total of 4,224.467 tons, contributing to a healthier surrounding environment. The anticipated return on investment, as per the PVsyst projections, is expected to occur within approximately 3.4 years.

Synthesis of La1-xSrxCoO3-δ and its catalytic oxidation of NO and its reaction path

The oxidation rate of NO to NO2 is a critical parameter in the removal of NOx within selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. LaCoO3-δ is a kind of potential catalyst to enhance the oxidation of NO to NO2, it may offers an economic and stable alternative to noble metal catalysts, particularly at elevated temperatures. This study aimed to enhance the catalytic efficiency of LaCoO3-δ through strontium (Sr) doping. La1-xSrxCoO3-δ (with varying x values of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) was synthesized using a sol-gel method. La1-xSrxCoO3-δ exhibited superior NO oxidation catalytic activity compared to LaCoO3-δ, with the most notable enhancement observed at x = 0.3 (84 % conversion). This improvement can be attributed to the substitution of La3+ with Sr2+, which induces lattice distortion and charge imbalance, thereby creating more oxygen vacancies that enhance the catalytic oxidation capability of La1-xSrxCoO3-δ. However, it's important to note that an excessive amount of Sr can result in the formation of SrCO3 deposits on the surface of La1-xSrxCoO3-δ, thereby diminishing its catalytic oxidation performance. The catalytic oxidation reaction behavior adhered most closely to the O2-adsorbed E-R model, the surface defects in La1-xSrxCoO3-δ playing a pivotal role in the catalytic reaction.

Suitability of cyclic voltammetry for the measurement of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in a solution of Cr(VI)/organic compounds/NaBH4

ABSTRACT Cr(VI) reduction by NaBH4 enhanced by organic compounds has been proven to be an effective method. The effort for optimized and efficient application of the method was the reason for the determination of residual NaBH4 in the Cr(VI)/organic compounds/NaBH4 reduction system for reducing agent dosage efficiency. This work showed a suitable detection of NaBH4 standard samples using Pt and Au as working electrode, respectively, and graphite rod as an auxiliary electrode and Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. In the presence of organic compounds (acetate, citrate, and EDTA), interference was observed in the NaBH4 measurement on Pt electrode making it an unsuitable method for NaBH4 measurement in the presence of organic compounds. As the Au plate electrode was used as a working electrode, NaBH4 solutions measurement in the presence of organic compounds (acetate, citrate and EDTA) by peaks at −0.55 V was found to be affected by the coexisting organic compounds. However, no significant interference of the aforementioned organic compounds was observed at the −0.27 V peak values. The presence of Cr(VI) coexisting with NaBH4 was found to interfere with the NaBH4 measurement using both working electrodes, with a strong correlation between Cr(VI) concentration and the peak values obtained at 0.27 V of Au electrode.

Determining infrared radiation intensity characteristics for the exhaust manifold of gas turbine engine ТВ3-117 in МІ-8МSB-B helicopter

The object of this study is the screen-exhaust device in the TV3-117 engine of the Mi-8MSB-B helicopter. To reduce visibility in the thermal range, a system of mixing hot engine exhaust gases with ambient air is used; this technique makes it possible to reduce the infrared radiation of engines. For this purpose, a new sample of screen-exhaust device was designed for testing. A thermal imaging survey of the helicopter was conducted. Three variants of thermal images were acquired: a helicopter without installation of a thermal visibility reduction system, a helicopter with standard exhaust shields installed, and a helicopter with newly developed shield exhaust devices installed. Based on the obtained experimental results, the characteristics of the intensity of infrared radiation were determined for three variants of research in the range of thermal waves of 3–5 μm. The study uses a comprehensive approach to solving the tasks, which includes a statistical analysis of known and promising ways to protect a helicopter from guided missiles with infrared homing heads based on reduced radiation forces and a theoretical method for calculating flow and temperature fields. The advantages of placing the section of the exhaust channel of the designed screen-exhaust device in the horizontal plane for complete shielding of infrared radiation in the lower hemisphere have been experimentally proven. The benefits of directing the flow of exhaust gases from the screen-exhaust device into the space above the helicopter propeller and dividing this flow into four separate flows were shown. The results of experimental research could be used to design new or improve existing screen-exhaust devices by the developers of military aviation

Aptamer and Thiol Co-Regulated Color-Shifting Fluorophores via Dynamic Through-Bond/Space Conjugation for Constructing Ratiometric RNA Sensor.

Fluorophores with color-shifting characteristics have attracted enormous research interest in the quantitative application of RNA sensors. It reports here a simple synthesis, luminescent properties, and co-transcription ability of de-conjugated triphenylmethane leucomalachite green (LMG). This novel clusteroluminescence fluorophore is rapidly synthesized from malachite green (MG) in reductive transcription system containing dithiothreitol, emitting fluorescence in the UV region through space conjugation. The co-transcribed MG RNA aptamer (MGA) bound to the ligand, resulting in red fluorescence from the through-bond conjugation. Given the equilibrated color-shifting fluorophores, they are rationally employed in a 3WJ-based rolling circle transcription switch, with the target-aptamer acting as an activator to achieve steric allosterism. This one-pot system allows the target to compete continuously for allosteric sites, and the activated transcription switches continue to amplify MGA forward, achieving accurate Aflatoxin 1 quantification at the picomolar level in 1h. Due to the programmability of this RNA sensor, the design method of target-competitive aptamers is standardized, making it universally applicable.

Adaptation of Conventional Wheat Flour Mill to Refine Sorghum, Corn, and Cowpea

This study evaluated the refinement of sorghum, corn, and cowpea grains using the processing steps and equipment originally designed for wheat milling that consists of a conventional gradual reduction system. The need to mill these grains resulted from a desire to produce alternative ingredients for developing new fortified blended extruded foods used for food aid programming. Milling of white sorghum grain resulted in a crude protein content of 7.4% (wb) for both whole and coarse-milled flour. The crude protein content in whole fine-milled sorghum was 6.8% (wb), which was significantly lower than that of whole coarse flour at 9.3% (wb). A decrease in the ash content of sorghum flour correlates with the decortication process. However, degermed corn, fine and coarse, had significantly different crude protein content of 6.0 ± 0.2% (wb) and 7.7 ± 0.06% (wb), respectively. Degerming of corn improved the quality of corn flour (fine and coarse) by reducing the crude fat content from 3.3 ± 0.18% (wb) to 1.2 ± 0.02% (wb) and 0.6 ± 0.13% (wb), respectively. This helped increase the starch content from 60.1 ± 0.28% (wb) in raw corn to 74.7 ± 0.93% (wb) and 71.8 ± 0.00% (wb) in degermed fine and coarse corn flour, respectively. Cowpea milling did not produce differences in the milling stream outputs when the crude fat and crude protein were compared. Whole flour from the grains had higher milling yields than decorticated flour. This study demonstrated that a mill dedicated to wheat size reduction can be adapted to refine other grains to high quality.

Butanol and selective catalytic reduction of gaseous emissions in a heavy-duty diesel engine

The impact of renewable fuels and their blends on vehicle exhaust emissions remains of high interest. In this study, we investigate the effect of butanol on the conversion efficiency of a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system installed on a commercial Euro V heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE). Exhaust emissions were measured upstream and downstream of the SCR during dynamometer tests using diesel fuel and various butanol-diesel blends (5/95 %v, 10/90 %v, and 20/80 %v). Steady-state tests according to the World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) on an engine bench were conducted including measurements of nitrogen oxides (NOX), total hydrocarbons (THC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions utilizing a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The results showed a reduction in exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of around 4 % for a butanol content of 20 %. The use of butanol increased conversion efficiency of the SCR system by 4 % compared to diesel. The maximum SCR system conversion rate of around 96 % was obtained with a butanol content of 10 %. For all fuels, NOX conversion decreased at high engine loads (above 400 °C), while, as expected, was zero at low engine loads (below 200 °C). Reductions in CO and THC emissions were observed downstream of the SCR system. In general, this study shows that an SCR originally designed for a Euro V diesel engine can be equally effective when the engine is running on a partial blend of butanol.

Enhanced synergistic removal of tetracycline and uranium in wastewater using Defective-Enriched S-scheme hollow dodecahedron K3PW12O40@WS2 heterojunction

In aquatic environments, the coexistence and interaction of multiple the pollutants complicate remediation process. This study focuses on developing a defective-enriched S-scheme heterojunction of K3PW12O40@WS2 (KPW@WS2) with hollow structure for the simultaneous removal of tetracycline (TC) and hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) in wastewater. The internal electric field (IEF) within this heterojunction plays a crucial role in efficiently separating photo-generated carriers, creating high reduction and oxidation active sites. The band structure and optical properties suggest that WS2-Vs have a narrower band gap energy compared to conventional WS2, leading to improved charge carrier separation and transfer rates. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the reduced recombination of electron-hole pairs in WS2-Vs due to the presence of S vacancies. Experimental results reveal a synergistic effect between the removal of TC and U(VI), with a significant increase in the reaction rate constant for the reduction of U(VI) to 0.0426 min−1, 1.6 times higher than in a single U(VI) reduction system. Additionally, the reaction rate constant for the oxidation of TC also rises from 0.0573 to 0.0729 min−1. The study also delves into the photocatalytic mechanism, degradation pathways, and intermediate products. Overall, this research offers an innovative strategy for simultaneous pollutant removal and optimizing photocatalytic redox reactions to enhance solar energy utilization.

Environmental impact investigation of combined CCS and SCR on a ship by a case study

AbstractThe environmental and economic performance of a post‐combustion solvent‐based carbon capture system (CCS) combined with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is investigated on a 48,600 kW engine container ship to meet the International Maritime Organization's emission reduction strategies through 2050. The proposed system uses aqueous ammonia to mitigate the produced CO2 and NOX emissions onboard a ship. Moreover, the combined system is investigated through a voyage‐based case study using an engine room simulator, assuming that CCS and SCR are implemented on the reference ship. During the case study, the referenced container ship sailed from Rotterdam to New York, and the estimations were made by using Netpas Distance 4.0 software program. Results indicate that a total of 3,606.04 ton‐CO2 and 92.40 ton‐NOX are produced, while 3,345.43 ton‐CO2 and 40.67 ton‐NOX are captured during the voyage. Furthermore, an economic analysis is carried out after the case study. Findings of the economic analysis are: CAPEX of CCS is $32.07 MM and SCR is $2.19 MM, while OPEX of CCS and SCR are $188,873 and $103,681, respectively. In addition, it was calculated that implementing CCS could avoid the CO2 tax cost of $19,472, while the economic value of the CO2 captured was $113,590. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Simulation and experiment on improving NOX conversion efficiency of ship selective catalytic reduction system

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is the main means of reducing NOX emissions. Urea injection structure parameters (i.e., the hole number in a nozzle, spray angle, the distance between the nozzle and the front section of the catalyst) and operating parameters (i.e., exhaust gas temperature, gas hourly space velocity, ammonia-to-nitrogen ratio (ANR)) of the SCR systems have a significant impact on denitrification efficiency (deNOX). A three-dimensional simulation model is developed to investigate the impact of diverse parameters on deNOX. The influence of temperature, ANR and space velocity on the deNOX of SCR system is studied by using the control variable method. The simulation model is modified according to the SCR catalyst gas distribution test results. A diesel bench experiment is conducted to test the deNOX of the SCR system of D2 cycle and two additional operating points to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation model. Based on this model, the influence of key factors on the deNOX of SCR system is studied. In SCR system, the optimal urea injection angle is about 75°, the optimal number of nozzle holes is 4, the distance between the optimal urea injection point and the front section of the catalyst is 8 times of the pipe diameter, and the optimal operating temperature is 300 ∼ 420℃. The influence trend of ANR on deNOX at different temperatures is obtained. This provides a theoretical support for the realization of SCR system in the future.

A Review of Coupled Geochemical–Geomechanical Impacts in Subsurface CO2, H2, and Air Storage Systems

Increased demand for decarbonization and renewable energy has led to increasing interest in engineered subsurface storage systems for large-scale carbon reduction and energy storage. In these applications, a working fluid (CO2, H2, air, etc.) is injected into a deep formation for permanent sequestration or seasonal energy storage. The heterogeneous nature of the porous formation and the fluid–rock interactions introduce complexity and uncertainty in the fate of the injected component and host formations in these applications. Interactions between the working gas, native brine, and formation mineralogy must be adequately assessed to evaluate the efficiency, risk, and viability of a particular storage site and operational regime. This study reviews the current state of knowledge about coupled geochemical–geomechanical impacts in geologic carbon sequestration (GCS), underground hydrogen storage (UHS), and compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems involving the injection of CO2, H2, and air. Specific review topics include (1) existing injection induced geochemical reactions in these systems; (2) the impact of these reactions on the porosity and permeability of host formation; (3) the impact of these reactions on the mechanical properties of host formation; and (4) the investigation of geochemical-geomechanical process in pilot scale GCS. This study helps to facilitate an understanding of the potential geochemical–geomechanical risks involved in different subsurface energy storage systems and highlights future research needs.

Real-time concentration detection of Al dust using GRU-based Kalman filtering approach

Kalman filter algorithms have been widely used in dust environment concentration detection systems. However, in industrial environments, methods such as KF and median filtering usually require about 10 s of detection time, which cannot meet the requirements of online real-time detection. For this reason, this present study proposes a framework that combines a gated recirculation unit (GRU) with the KF method to achieve online real-time detection of dust concentration. In this framework, the GRU is mainly responsible for handling dynamic and nonlinear characteristics and capturing instantaneous concentration trends. On the other hand, the Kalman filter utilizes its superior state estimation capability to provide more accurate system state estimation by fusing real-time predictions from GRU and sensor measurements. The results show that the KFGRU method is superior to the conventional linear filtering method with a response time of less than 2 s and can detect dust concentration online in real-time. In terms of prediction accuracy, the deviation value of the curve processed by the KFGRU method is only 0.334, which is a significant breakthrough compared with the Kalman filter algorithm 0.755, the sliding average method 0.843, and the median filter method 0.849 (the smaller the deviation value, the higher the prediction accuracy). This study provides a comprehensive and innovative approach for dust concentration monitoring in dust reduction and explosion suppression systems, which not only meets the real-time requirement but also makes important progress in explosion safety management. This will provide more reliable and advanced technical support for dust control and safety in industrial production processes.

CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES IN BANGLADESH

Climate change is a pervasive global challenge with far-reaching implications for both the environment and human society. A thorough comprehension of these repercussions is essential in crafting effective strategies to mitigate their effects. Climate change, a major threat to sustainable development, impacts the environment, economy, natural resources, food security, human health, and physical infrastructure globally. Bangladesh stands out among affected nations due to geographical and socio-economic vulnerabilities. Despite its vulnerability, Bangladesh has successfully mitigated the impact of extreme events over the years. This study focuses on examining climate change, its outcomes, and mitigation initiatives in Bangladesh. It endeavors to offer a comprehensive analysis of the current climate scenario in Bangladesh, delving into pivotal trends, impacts, adaptation strategies, and evaluating the effectiveness of national policies, legal frameworks, involvement of local governments, non-governmental organizations, and international collaborative efforts in developing an efficient disaster risk reduction and anticipatory action system. Despite achievements, safeguarding the livelihoods and properties of vulnerable communities from disaster-induced loss and damage remains a challenge. Additionally, addressing past adaptation failures is crucial. The paper highlights the necessity to enhance disaster risk reduction, green economy, promote economic development, implement government policies, and bolster anticipatory action systems, emphasizing the pivotal role of establishing a locally led climate-resilient system in addressing these challenges.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and its Downstream Chemicals: A Review of Catalytic Routes.

Biomass assumes an increasingly vital role in the realm of renewable energy and sustainable development due to its abundant availability, renewability, and minimal environmental impact. Within this context, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), derived from sugar dehydration, stands out as a critical bio-derived product. It serves as a pivotal multifunctional platform compound, integral in synthesizing various vital chemicals, including furan-based polymers, fine chemicals, and biofuels. The high reactivity of HMF, attributed to its highly active aldehyde, hydroxyl, and furan ring, underscores the challenge of selectively regulating its conversion to obtain the desired products. This review highlights the research progress on efficient catalytic systems for HMF synthesis, oxidation, reduction, and etherification. Additionally, it outlines the techno-economic analysis (TEA) and prospective research directions for the production of furan-based chemicals. Despite significant progress in catalysis research, and certain process routes demonstrating substantial economics, with key indicators surpassing petroleum-based products, a gap persists between fundamental research and large-scale industrialization. This is due to the lack of comprehensive engineering research on bio-based chemicals, making the commercialization process a distant goal. These findings provide valuable insights for further development of this field.