Rate Of Poverty Reduction Research Articles

Rural tourism in South Africa: A local economic development strategy

This study aims to assess the potential of rural tourism as a strategy for local economic development in three rural villages in the Thulamela Local Municipality, which falls under the Vhembe District Municipality in the Limpopo province of South Africa. Rural tourism is considered a promising industry for rural development and a popular approach to local economic growth. Sustainable rural tourism is recognised as a crucial component of rural development and is particularly important in developing nations, such as South Africa, where substantial rural populations and limited economic activity exist. The study utilised a qualitative research approach, drawing on an exploratory design and interpretive paradigm. A purposive sampling technique was adopted to select participants. Focus group discussions were conducted with the participants, and content analysis was used to analyse the collected data. The study indicates that rural tourism could effectively promote local economic growth in the three rural villages by providing residents with employment opportunities, thereby reducing poverty rates in rural areas. However, challenges remain, including the lack of funding to support small tourism businesses and the need for human capital development in local communities. The study recommends a gradual approach to knowledge and skills development within local communities to support the business aspects of rural tourism development, as well as the provision of funding assistance.

Peran Zakat dalam Pengentasan Kemiskinan di Indonesia

This research aims to determine the role of zakat in alleviating poverty in Indonesia. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with content analysis techniques and library research. The research results show that zakat has an important role in reducing poverty rates in Indonesia. With professional management of zakat funds, it is possible to increase the level of demand and purchasing power of the community, so that the community becomes more prosperous. Apart from that, zakat funds are also able to increase investment activities and community productivity in business activities, so that in the end, professional management of zakat funds can reduce poverty rates.

IMPLEMENTASI DESENTRALISASI FISKAL DALAM UPAYA MENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN DI KABUPATEN DAN KOTA PROVINSI JAWA BARAT

The implementation of fiscal decentralization is driven by the belief that the regional government is the vehicle that best understands the needs of regional communities rather than the central government. This delegation of authority is then followed by budget allocation and provision of public goods to the regional government. This then opens up a new assessment that simply fiscal decentralization has an impact on poverty alleviation. However, the report on the implementation of fiscal decentralization over two decades in Indonesia shows that the rapidly increasing allocation of transfer funds has not been accompanied by a rapid reduction in poverty rates. Therefore, this research aims to determine the effect of fiscal decentralization indicators on the percentage of poverty, namely local government revenue, fiscal balance transfers and local government spending. By using Panel Least Square (PLS) regression estimates, we used specific samples based on districts and cities in West Java from 2014 to 2019. The regression results show that regional income can significantly reduce poverty, while the allocation of fiscal balance transfers makes poverty increase. Apart from that, local government spending was found to have no significant influence on the percentage of poverty. This paper is expected to help the government in carrying out financial management that is right on target. The ineffective allocation of balanced transfers in West Java needs to be responded by the regional government according to the priority scale in each disctrict or city.

ANALISIS KINERJA EKONOMI DAERAH HASIL PEMEKARAN (STUDI KOMPARATIF KABUPATEN PASAMAN BARAT, DHARMASRAYA, SOLOK SELATAN)

Regional Autonomy is implemented so that regions can explore regional potential and be independent in managing existing resources. One of the policies for implementing regional autonomy is the granting of authority to regions to carry out expansion as part of community aspirations. After regional expansion, regions are required to be able to overcome their economic problems, such as increasing economic growth, reducing poverty rates, reducing unemployment rates, improving income distribution, and reducing development inequality. This research aims to see how far the regions resulting from this expansion have developed, An evaluation was carried out by measuring the Economic Performance Index (IKE) in the three districts resulting from the expansion, namely West Pasaman district, Dharmasraya district, and South Solok district. The economic performance index is the result of the average rate of economic growth, the ratio of district GRDP to provincial GRDP, GDP rate per capita, and poverty level. This research uses secondary data with descriptive analysis. The research results show that Dharmasraya district is a district with a better economic performance index than West Pasaman district and South Solok district.
 

A DYNAMIC HETEROGENEOUS NEXUS BETWEEN PADDY AND POVERTY: EVIDENCE FROM DUMITRESCU-HURLIN CAUSALITY AND PMG-ARDL

Agriculture is supposed to have a pivotal role in assisting poverty alleviation in Indonesia. Hence, this paper empirically examines the causal link between paddy productivity and poverty rates in Sumatra, retrieving balanced panel data from ten provinces for the period 2010-2022. Dumitrescu-Hurlin (DH) causality and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) methods are applied in order to reveal the causal direction and the elasticity under heterogeneous panel models. This paper integrates slope homogeneity, panel unit root, and panel cointegration tests. The results reveal that poverty rates and paddy productivity, are integrated in mixed order, and , and they are cointegrated. The DH causality test denotes a unidirectional causality from paddy productivity toward poverty rates which implies the absence of a feedback effect. Following the PMG model, there is a positive impact of paddy productivity on poverty rates in the short run (∆β= 0.29); however, this linkage switches to become negative in the long run (β= -0.48). A 1% improvement in paddy productivity will be followed by a 0.48% reduction in poverty rates. Thus, augmenting paddy productivity has a favorable role in declining poverty rates. The estimated parameters of long-run PMG are robust, i.e., consistent with alternative methods of cointegrated regressions.

Magnitude of health expenditure induced removable poverty in India: Some reflections of Ayushman Bharat

The authors have measured the health expenditure-induced removable poverty in India using nationally representative consumer expenditure surveys of three quinquennial rounds conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO). This study has also focused on the reflections of Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY), the world's largest Government-funded health insurance scheme, on these poverty rates in the country. The study has used headcount, payment gap, and concentration index to measure the economic burden and impoverishment impact of out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure. The analysis shows that the incidence and depth of poverty are substantially understated because of overlooking OOP health expenditure in the country's standard poverty measure. Outpatient care contributes almost four times more than inpatient care to health expenditure-induced impoverishment in India, though this care has not been covered in the AB-PMJAY. Muslims, among all religious groups, Scheduled Castes among social groups, and casual labourers among different household types are more vulnerable to OOP health expenditure-induced removable poverty in the country. Poverty, in general, has dropped significantly, but the share of health expenditure-induced poverty in general poverty has increased substantially. It has risen considerably in rural areas and among India's most vulnerable sections of society in the past 20 years. We emphasised that universal health insurance coverage is needed in India. Implementing comprehensive health insurance schemes that cover both inpatient and outpatient care can help alleviate the financial burden of healthcare expenses on households and contribute to reducing poverty rates.

The Impact of the Trickle Down Effect on the Program "Kampung Perikanan Budidaya" of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries on The Level of Community Welfare in Sebatuan Village Pemangkat District Sambas Regency

This study aims to describe and analyze the impact of the trickle down effect of the program ”Kampung Perikanan Budidaya” in Sebatuan Village, Pemangkat District, Sambas Regency. Sebatuan Village, Pemangkat Subdistrict, Sambas Regency has a huge potential of marine and fisheries resources with a beach of approximately 60 Km and ponds covering an area of approximately 10,329 Ha, with a total of 10 (ten) ponds spread across 4 (four) hamlets of Sebatuan village. However, it did not have an impact on improving welfare and reducing poverty rates because until 2023 the number of poor people in Sebatuan village still amounted to 67%. The results showed that in general the program ”Kampung Perikanan Budidaya” is considered appropriate because it refers to an aquaculture program that can avoid fish extinction. However, homogenizing one type of fish in one village limits the potential of fish farming that can be developed. The existence of the program ”Kampung Perikanan Budidaya”in Sebatuan Village can increase the income of farmers, but it is inversely proportional to the income and welfare of the community as the location of aquaculture because instead of realizing local economic improvement and creating new economic sources in the fisheries sector in the local area, the program has the potential to cause new problems and conflicts for fish farmers with the surrounding community. Environmental analysis shows that environmental damage occurs due to the entry of aquaculture businesses in the form of waste generated from the process of cultivation activities affecting water quality. Based on these findings to minimize environmental damage, it is expected that the use of chemicals: such as antibiotics and pesticides is done in minimal quantities. It is expected that there is synergy between pond entrepreneurs and the surrounding community in realizing the aquaculture village as a trigger in the economic movement in the village, so that the development of the trickle down effect model can be a new role model for the success of empowerment programs.

Islamic social enterprise model at Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil (BMT) Nurul Ummah Ngasem, Bojonegoro Indonesia

Poverty and economic injustice are classic problems that have never been resolved, especially after Covid-19. The economic burden on small communities is getting heavier, wages for agricultural workers are still low, employment opportunities are still tricky, many road access is damaged, and people's daily income needs improvement. This is what the residents of Kwangenrejo Leran Kalitidu Bojonegoro Hamlet experienced. To solve the problems mentioned above, the role of the government and private economic institutions such as Baitul Maall Wat Tamwil (BMT) is needed to encourage economic improvement in society. The National Committee for Sharia Economics and Finance (KNEKS) noted that Sharia microfinance increased national economic growth by 16% and reduced poverty rates. This type of research is qualitative with a qualitative descriptive nature. The approach used in this research is a Case Study. Data collection techniques used in-depth interviews, documentation studies, and participant observation with qualitative descriptive data analysis. The collected data was analyzed, referring to Miles and Huberman's theory of three activities: data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. Meanwhile, testing the validity of the data was carried out using triangulation techniques, namely a combined technique with various methods used to study the phenomenon of the research object. The findings of this research are: first, the Islamic Social Enterprise Model BMT Nurul Ummah Ngasem Bojonegoro is a business model that combines two instruments, namely commercial business and social business. First, the model is mutually supportive (integrated) of community economic independence and the embedded finance business model. Embedded means a business service that serves customers readily by simply showing their membership card during service.

Does the BRI contribute to poverty reduction in countries along the Belt and Road? A DID-based empirical test

Most countries along the Belt and Road are developing countries that face pronounced challenges due to poverty. The Chinese government has committed to implementing the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to establish a ‘Road to Poverty Reduction’. This study explores the impact of the BRI on poverty reduction in participating countries as well as the mechanisms underlying this impact. This research is of great significance to the continuing implementation of the BRI and global poverty governance. Based on a panel dataset extending from 2005 to 2019 and encompassing 151 countries, this article uses the difference-in-differences method to examine the Initiative’s impact and conducts heterogeneity analysis to explore the mechanism underlying this impact in further detail. This approach results in four findings. First, joining the BRI can significantly reduce poverty rates in these countries. Second, the policy effect exhibits a time lag. In the long term, the poverty reduction effect becomes more significant. Third, the BRI can significantly reduce poverty in countries neighbouring China and in lower-middle-income countries. The Land Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road distinctly reduce poverty. Fourth, the BRI contributes to poverty reduction in BRI countries by facilitating trade, enhancing financial and credit systems, increasing China’s greenfield investment, and establishing digital infrastructure. Additionally, the BRI promotes poverty reduction through increased bilateral visits and technical cooperation, whereas knowledge sharing remains an area in need of further development. Through theoretical analysis and empirical tests, this article evaluates the policy effect of the BRI on poverty alleviation, tests the underlying mechanism, and responds to some concerns expressed by the international community. The findings of this article provide a feasible direction for improving the ability of the BRI to reduce poverty more effectively in the future and thus achieve the United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDGs).

ENTREPRENEURIAL PLANNING STRATEGY AT MERUYA UTARA-KEMBANGAN-JAKARTA

The classic problems faced by MSMEs are internal problems, namely the low professionalism of MSME management staff, limited capital and lack of access to banking and markets, as well as the ability to master technology which is still lacking. In Indonesia, family entrepreneurship has begun to emerge and this can be seen in various franchise businesses such as fast food franchises, retail store franchises service businesses, and so on. With the above problems, the community service team held business plan socialization activities in creating family entrepreneurship. The development of family entrepreneurship can also support economic growth in countries such as the United States, where 90 percent of the 15 million companies are family companies and have contributed 40% of the GNP of the United States. Meanwhile, understanding business planning in developing family entrepreneurship can prevent disputes and conflicts. occurs in companies, so that in the end it can reduce poverty rates and improve community welfare. Family economic problems can be overcome by carrying out various family-based entrepreneurial activities. Family-based entrepreneurship can be developed to reduce dependence on work from both government and private companies.

Developing strategy for rural transformation to alleviate poverty in Pakistan: Stylized facts from panel analysis

Sustainable income growth and poverty reduction remain critical challenges at the forefront of research in Pakistan, particularly in rural areas. To overcome these challenges, the role of rural transformation (RT) has emerged and gained importance in recent years. The present study is based on district-level data and covers the period from 1981 to 2019. The study attempts to quantify the role of rural transformation in boosting rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty in the country. The study also aims to explore the impact of stages of rural transformation on rural per capita income and rural poverty alleviation. The empirical findings reveal that rural transformation (RT1 and RT2) is essential in enhancing rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty. The role of the share of high-value crops (RT1) is more pronounced than the share of non-farm employment (RT2) in boosting rural per capita income and poverty alleviation. The trend of larger contribution of RT1 to enhance rural per capita income also continued at 2nd stage of rural transformation. In the case of poverty reduction, at 3rd stage of rural transformation, the role of RT2 is dominant. Our results indicate that districts at higher stages of rural transformation (both RT1 and RT2) tend to correlate positively with increased rural per capita income and reduced poverty rates, suggesting that progress in rural transformation is associated with improved economic conditions. However, it is important to note that this correlation does not necessarily imply a direct causal relationship between rural transformation and these economic outcomes; other factors may have influenced this relationship. In addition, the welfare impacts are more noticeable among the districts where a simultaneous shift from grain crops to cash crops and from farm employment to non-farm employment is observed. The study provides baseline information to learn experiences from fast-growing districts and to replicate the strategies in other districts, which boosts the RT process that may increase rural per capita income and enhance poverty reduction efforts.

Overcoming Agricultural Challenges with GMOs as a Catalyst for Poverty Reduction and Sustainability in Lebanon

This study assesses the potential impact of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on poverty reduction and agricultural development in Lebanon, against a backdrop of economic crisis and agricultural uncertainties. GMO adoption is considered a viable strategy to enhance food security, spur economic growth, and alleviate poverty. Simulating various GMO adoption scenarios, specifically in the apple agriculture sector of Mount Lebanon’s Sannine–Baskinta area, this research examines their effects on poverty rates. The findings demonstrate a substantial reduction in poverty rates, from 55% to 36%, with a simulated GMO adoption rate of 70%, underscoring the transformative potential of GMOs in poverty alleviation. The study highlights the critical importance of well-informed decision-making and evidence-based policymaking to address challenges in the agriculture sector. It serves as a foundational pilot project for the introduction of genetically modified crops in Lebanese agriculture, with a focus on the Sannine–Baskinta region. The identified GMOs offer prospects for enhanced resilience to weather conditions and pests, reduced pesticide usage, elimination of chemical fertilizers, increased yield, and improved nutritional value. Future research endeavors aim to extend the project to encompass other crops and regions in Lebanon, as well as in other Arab countries.

Peran Koperasi Wanita “SUMBER JAYA” Dalam Meningkatkan Perekonomian Wanita

The economic condition of society in general, especially women, is a very important factor in empowering society in the economic sector. Economic empowerment is carried out to reduce poverty rates and increase welfare to develop women to be more productive so that they can increase the level and standard of living of women and improve family welfare. "SUMBER JAYA" Women's Cooperative, which is one of the women's cooperatives that has succeeded in doing this and is committed to providing business capital assistance so that it can help the economy of the people who are members of the organization. The purpose of writing this research is to describe and analyze the role of the "SUMBER JAYA" Women's Cooperative in improving the economy, especially women. This research uses a qualitative descriptive research method. The results of the research show that the role of cooperatives in improving women is still not optimal, there is a lack of administrators which causes multiple positions and there are still many bad loans which hinder the circulation of money in cooperatives.

Labour Mobility in the Asean Economic Community – A Story in Viet Nam's Sustainable Development Goals

Purpose: This article analyzes Vietnam's sustainable development strategy when participating in the Southeast Asian Community of Nations (ASEAN) based on 3 pillars: Political-Security Community, Economic Community and Socio-Cultural Community. The admission of labour by member states participating in ASEAN's labour market will become a more cohesive political-economic entity, a community "united in diversity"; continue to be an open and important regional cooperation organization in the Asia-Pacific. Theoretical reference: The overall objective of the ASEAN Community is to build the Association into a deeper and more binding intergovernmental cooperation organization based on the legal basis of the ASEAN Charter; but not a supranational and non-closed organization that still expands cooperation with the outside. Methods: the article analyzes the factors affecting the outlook, the labour market in ASEAN has gradually transformed into an intergovernmental cooperation organization with a higher level of legal binding and deeper links but has not become a supranational organization. In that process, Vietnam's participation in the ASEAN labour market is an inevitable process of the ASEAN Economic Community. Results and conclusions: In the economic field, this is an area with important strides and is currently a driving force for accelerating the process of regional integration. Up to now, ASEAN has basically fulfilled its commitments on the formation of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), with most tariff lines having been reduced to 0-5%. ASEAN has identified 12 priority areas for early integration to further boost intra-regional trade. Intra-regional trade currently reaches about US$300 billion and accounts for about 25 per cent of ASEAN's total trade. Vietnam's participation in the ASEAN Economic Community has favorable factors and challenges. Vietnam needs to improve policies in training high-quality human resources to meet labor standards in the ASEAN Economic Community. Implications of research: The ASEAN Economic Community aims to create a single common market and unified production base, including the free flow of goods, services, investment, capital and skilled labour; thereby enhancing competitiveness and promoting shared prosperity for the whole region; making it attractive for investment – business from the outside. Viet Nam's extensive labour market participation in ASEAN will boost effectiveness in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Originality/value: With the goal of "For an ASEAN Economic Community for Sustainable Development", the article analyzed Vietnam's participation in the ASEAN labour market.Successful integration in the labour market will help Vietnam reduce poverty rates, improve the quality of human resources and develop sustainably.

Triple Bottom Line, Sustainability, and Regional Development

In a study of 74 Russian regions over the period of 2013–2018, this paper demonstrates that economic, social, and ecological dimensions of the triple bottom line triad positively and significantly affect regional development, thus validating the growing emphasis on sustainable development found in the literature and among policymakers. Investments in research and development, the creation of new firms, reductions in poverty rates, and lowering emission intensity lead to regional development. The study develops four models to analyze the regional resource allocation efficiency in relation to the economic, social, and ecological goals of sustainable development. To assess regional development, this paper calculates the technical efficiency of the regions concerning technological frontiers using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). As one of our variables (the border region dummy) is time-invariant, the study chose to estimate models with the help of a random effects estimator. The effects of startup rates and ecological factors are moderated by the per capita income within the region. The results suggest that the triple bottom line agenda is justified as a regional development paradigm.

Examining entry and exit rates of poverty in Turkey: A dynamic probit regression analysis

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to add to the current poverty dynamics literature by investigating the underlying causes of poverty persistence in Turkey, with an emphasis on both entry and exit rates.
 Methods: The study analyzes data from the Turkish Statistical Institute's "Survey on Income and Living Conditions" from 2018 to 2021 using dynamic probit models. This large dataset, which gives a detailed picture of socioeconomic situations, helps in properly understanding the complex aspects influencing poverty rates.
 Findings: The analysis reveals significant poverty persistence in Turkey, influenced by factors such as gender, marital status, employment, and health conditions. According to the research, these variables frequently interact, forming a complex structure that maintains poverty throughout the country.
 Implications: The findings necessitate targeted interventions to address persistent poverty, considering the diverse influencing factors. This could lead to a reduction in poverty rates and improved socioeconomic conditions for individuals.
 Originality/Value: This study offers a unique perspective on poverty dynamics in Turkey, focusing on both entry and exit rates. It provides valuable insights for those formulating policies or strategies aimed at poverty reduction, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to poverty alleviation.

No Poverty and No Hunger as Achievements in Implementing the SDGs Economic Pillar

The realization of the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the economic pillar is represented by the goal of development without poverty and without hunger, the achievement of which is expected to decrease further by 2030. Implementation of indicators in goal 1 and goal 2 of the Regency SDGs Bogor, which has been implemented according to the regional action plan during the 2020-2022 period, was observed for its achievements using descriptive explanation methods and qualitative analysis of achievement of indicator targets in Bogor Regency. The study results show that policy implementation in Bogor Regency looks very good, especially in reducing poverty rates, increasing health service rates, and reducing stunting and work programs. Apart from that, the activities of all Regional Apparatus Organizations in the Bogor Regency Government have led to the achievement of sustainable development goals, especially SDGs goal 1 and goal 2 as part of the economic pillar.

Peran Sekolah Lapangan Organik (Slapo) dalam Mengurangi Kemiskinan Menurut Perspektif Ekonomi Islam di Nagari Sumpur Kudus Kabupaten Sijunjung

The agricultural sector is one of the sectors that plays an important role in the economic growth of a country, while programs held by the government for farmers can be channeled through gapoktan platforms and farmer groups. Therefore, the formation of farmer groups often becomes a formal organization. By creating this farmer group, problems that arise can be resolved jointly by farmers starting from the technical aspects of carrying out production, meeting production facilities, and marketing their products.This study aims to find out how the role of Organic Field Schools (SLAPO) in Reducing Poverty According to the Perspective of Islamic Economics. This study used a qualitative research method with research informants Wali Nagari Sumpur Kudus and 10 members of the organic field school in Nagari Sumpur Kudus. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the role of organic field schools in Nagari Sumpur Kudus has been able to increase the income of the community, especially members of farmer groups, although there are still not many who can reduce poverty rates, they have been able to increase farmer productivity, namely by using organic fertilizers with ingredients that are easy to find in around the environment. So farmers no longer spend a lot of money in cultivating farmers' fields. With the existence of an organic field school in Nagari Sumpur Kudus with the aim of increasing knowledge, skills and being able to overcome the obstacles faced by farmers. Keyword: Islamic economics, Poverty, Organic Field School

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dan Inflasi Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Provinsi Kalimantan Utara

The objectives in this study are 1. Knowing that economic growth can have an effect on changes in reducing poverty rates in North Kalimantan Province 2. Knowing that inflation can have a changing effect in increasing the poverty rate in North Kalimantan Province. Using method Multi Regression Analysis. The results of this study are, 1.The level of welfare is related to the level of poverty, if the level of welfare of the community is low then the level of poverty is also high and if the level of welfare is high then the level of poverty will be low. 2. The use of inflation variables because inflation is a continuous increase in the price of general goods over a long period of time, the increase in the price of goods if left continuously will affect the decline in people's purchasing power. The decline in people's purchasing power is due to people's inability to buy these goods or low income. The conclusions in this study are as follows: 1. Economic growth can have an effect on changes in reducing poverty rates in North Kalimantan province. 2. Inflation can have a changing effect in increasing the poverty rate in North Kalimantan province.

Political Communication Realization of Sragen Regent in the 2nd Period of the Second Year (2020/2022)

This research focuses on the realization of political communication delivered by the Sragen Regent during the campaign at the 2020 Sragen regent election democratic party. Political communication is basically political messages containing the Regent's vision and mission, political communication is a political promise demanded by the community to be realized by the Regent of Sragen. The realization of the Regent's vision and mission is outlined in the main performance indicators of Sragen Regency. The realization of the Sragen Regent's political communication is important to continue to be monitored by the community so that the benefits can be felt by the people of Sragen Regency. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection methods are interviews and documentation. Data types are primary and secondary data, to analyze data using interactive models. The results of this research are the realization of the Sragen Regent's political communication for the second period of the second year 2022, namely: 1. Human Development Index (expected length of school, average length of school, life expectancy, gender development index, predicate of child-friendly district) target 74.25 % realization 74.65% achievement level 100.54 % 2. Bureaucratic Reform Index (Regency performance accountability predicate, community satisfaction index, level of regional financial independence, SPBE index) target 60.59% realization 60.36 achievement level 99.62%. 3. Growth (per capita income, realized value of capital investment, score on food expectations) target 4.29% realization 5.76% achievement level 134.27%. 4. Poverty rate (reducing poverty rate) target 12.28%, realization 12.94%, achievement level 94.63%. 5. Open unemployment rate (labor force participation rate) target of 4.37%, realization of 4.69%, achievement rate of 92.68%. 6. Environmentally Friendly Infrastructure Index (infrastruktus index. Environmental quality index) target 72.49% realization 73.80% achievement level 101.81%.