Reduction Of Environmental Pollution Research Articles

Resistance and resilience of soil bacterial community to zero-valent iron disposal of lindane contamination

Zero-valent iron (ZVI, Fe0) enables chemical reduction of environmental pollutants coupled with reactivity loss due to surface oxidation. During ZVI treatment process, however, microbial community stability in terms of resistance and resilience remains largely unclear. Here, we monitored bacterial community succession over a 4 weeks period in soil microcosms with or without 2% (w/w) Fe0 amendment. To simulate soil pollution, 100 μg g−1 chlorinated pesticide lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) was added to the microcosms as a model contaminant. In addition to microbial activity as measured by soil organic carbon mineralization, bacterial abundance, diversity and composition were determined using qPCR and high-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA genes. Co-occurrence analysis was performed to reveal the interaction patterns within the bacterial communities. The results indicated that ZVI caused near-complete transformation of lindane, while in the microcosms without Fe0 amendment the pesticide was recalcitrant. ZVI strongly inhibited CO2-efflux at the early stage of incubation, but the bacterial community appeared to be less sensitive to Fe0 amendment. The ratios of negative to positive correlations between network nodes suggested that Fe0 had marginal influence on community stability compared to the lindane treatments, which destabilized the bacterial community. Community succession occurred in the presence of ZVI, as exemplified by a dominancy transition from anaerobic to aerobic taxa. Yet, ZVI alleviated the stress of lindane on soil bacteria by improving community structure and increasing network complexity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the stability of soil bacterial community under Fe0 stress, which might be conducive to functional recovery of soil microorganisms following ZVI remediation.

Fiscal Expenditure Structure, Vertical Fiscal Imbalance and Environmental Pollution.

Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2007 to 2019, the authors of this paper conducted an empirical test on the direct effect of China’s fiscal expenditure structure on the reduction in environmental pollution with the use of a fixed effect model. We also creatively added an interaction item comprising vertical fiscal imbalance and the expenditure structure to further study the impact of vertical fiscal imbalance on reducing environmental pollution and its effect on the fiscal expenditure structure. The study results show that a structure in favor of expenditure on people’s welfare noticeably reduces environmental pollution. However, after the introduction of the vertical fiscal imbalance indicator, the pollution reduction effect decreases. That is, the vertical fiscal imbalance weakens and distorts the impact of the fiscal expenditure structure on the reduction in environmental pollution. Therefore, it is possible to further motivate local governments with incentive measures, such as fiscal decentralization and the centralization of administrative responsibilities, and regulate the environmental pollution of local governments through use of restrictive measures, such as the “green GDP” evaluation mechanism to further improve the fiscal expenditure structure of local governments, enhance the environmental pollution reduction capability of fiscal expenditure.

Nepenthes mirabilis Fractionated Pitcher Fluid Use for Mixed Agro-Waste Pretreatment: Advocacy for Non-Chemical Use in Biorefineries

This study determined whether it is feasible to pretreat mixed agro-waste of different particle sizes using the pitcher fluid of Nepenthes mirabilis (N. mirabilis), which is known to digest leaf litter due to the enzyme cocktail contained in the fluid. This is due to the need for the holocellulolysis (a source of fermentable sugars) of mixed agro-waste to produce fermentable hydrolysates. The pitcher fluid was fractionated (<3 kDa, >3 kDa, <10 kDa, >10 kDa) and slurrified with the mixed agro-waste, i.e., 25% (w/w) for each waste—orange peels, apple peels, maize cobs, grape pomace, and oak plant leaf litter of various particle sizes, i.e., >75 µm x < 106 µm and >106 µm. The process of producing a high concentration of total reducible sugars (TRSs) with the lowest production of total phenolic compounds (TPCs) was determined to be a particle size of >106 µm, pretreatment for 72 h, and an enzyme fraction of <10 kDa, whereby 97 g/L of TRSs were produced with a significantly lower TPCs load (1 g/L). Furthermore, the <10 kDa showed preferable physico-chemical properties, with the highest reduction-oxidation potential including acidity. Several enzymes, i.e., β-1,3-Glucanase, Putative peroxidase 27, Thaumatin-like protein, among others, were identified in the <10 kDa fraction, i.e., enzymes known to perform various functions in plant-based waste. Therefore, there is a need for the renewable energy industry to consider solely using pitcher fluids to pretreat mixed agro-waste for fermentable hydrolysates’ production, which can be used as liquid feedstock for the bioenergy and/or biorefinery industries for environmental pollution reduction.

An Efficacy of Covid – 19 Pandemic: Recovery of Workplace Environment and Ecosystem

The Covid-19 pandemic started in the late December 2019 and is still progressing globally at a rapid rate. The easy spreading nature of the covid-19 causative virus has made most of the countries to implement complete lockdown. The lockdown measure taken by most countries to combat the disease has not only assisted in decreasing the rate of spread but also the pollution of the workplace environment and environment as a whole. In the absence of most human and industrial activities that cause pollution, the nature is on its way in purifying itself. Without human intervention, the pollution free environment and its interaction with the ecosystem is bouncing back at a faster pace. The article explained the impact of lockdown measures on the reduction of environmental pollution on a global scenario.

Coke dry quenching and implications on coke quality and blast furnace performance

ABSTRACT The advent of coke dry quenching (CDQ) in coke-making benefited coke plants not only in reducing coke moisture but also in extracting a part of the sensible energy within the hot incandescent coke with a reduction in environmental pollution. In addition to these direct benefits, other advantages include (1) improved coke quality, (2) enablement of higher coke production without compromising quality, (3) online coal-cake bulk density measurement, and (4) improved blast furnace performance. The present study at Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, concentrates on the assessment of these additional benefits when CDQ units were operated at full capacity. Besides, the article also focuses on reviewing the major obstacles faced during CDQ operation, such as clinker formation and coke flotation issues.

Self Compacting Concrete Using Steel Slag as a Partial Replacement to Fine Aggregates

Concrete is the most widely used material in the building sector. Every year, hundreds of millions of cubic meters of concrete are utilized in India alone. Concrete is composed up of coarse and fine particles that have been cemented together using binding material. The typical concrete process in the construction industry is unsustainable since it consumes large amounts of natural resources such as sand, stone, and millions of tons of cement each year, which is harmful to the environment. Aggregate accounts for 70- 80% of the volume of concrete and has a considerable impact on its various properties. Even industrialized countries have suffered aggregate supply constraints as a result of the significant growth in concrete demand across the world. As a result, research is needed to identify an environmentally benign and readily available alternative to the usage of component elements in concrete. Slag is a by-product of the steel industry, created by impurities in the metals or ores being processed during smelting, welding, and other metallurgical and combustion operations. Slag is generally made up of mixed oxides of elements including silicon, Sulphur, phosphorus, and aluminium ash, as well as byproducts of their interactions with furnace linings and fluxing materials like limestone. According to estimates, around one thousand million tonnes of slag is created as solid waste in India alone, necessitating study into how to use this large byproduct of the steel industry, which is not recyclable, as one of the elements in concrete manufacturing. Steel slag in construction protects natural aggregates while also using slag waste from steel mills, resulting in a higher reduction in environmental pollution. The use of steel slag as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in different concrete mixes where varying percentages of cement have been replaced by fly ash and metakaolin is recommended in this study. The effect of increasing the proportion of steel slag on various parameters was researched and compared, as were tests on compressive strength, tensile strength, and water absorption.

Investigation of the Use of Marble Powder in Production of High Strength Concretes

The first of the aims of this study is to determine the amount of marble powder to be used in the optimum amount for high strength concrete (YDB). The second is to contribute to reducing the use of natural resources by using marble powder from waste materials in the production of YDB. For this purpose, marble powder was used by replacing it with fine aggregate at 0-8-16-24% by weight. In order to increase the pozzolanic activity in concrete mixtures and to ensure maximum use of marble powder, silica fume has been used by replacing it with cement at 10% by weight. The slump test was applied to the obtained mixtures. Then fc-7., fc-28. and fc-90. days, it was kept in the curing pool to be subjected to the compressive strength test. According to the results obtained from the compressive strength test, the optimum amount of marble powder was determined by taking into account the high strength value. In addition, it is thought that the use of marble powder contributes positively to the compressive strength of concrete, consumption of natural resources and reduction of environmental pollution. Keywords: High strength concrete, marble powder, compressive strength, silica fume.

Nitrogen Reduction with Bio-Organic Fertilizer Altered Soil Microorganisms, Improved Yield and Quality of Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino)

Excessively using fertilizers poses serious problems such as environmental pollution, soil degeneration, and quality and yield reduction of vegetables. This study aimed to illustrate the effect of different organic manure and inorganic fertilizers on the characteristics of soil, and the growth, yield, and quality of non-heading Chinese cabbage. There were 28 treatments in the first experiment: no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (100% nitrogen T1), 20% reduction of total nitrogen (T2), 30% reduction of total nitrogen (T3), and 20% or 30% reduction of total nitrogen with four kinds of fertilizers and three kinds of dosages (24 treatments). Six treatments, being selected from the first experiment based on growth of plants, were further applied to the second experiment. The results of the second experiment showed that the pH, nitrate nitrogen, and organic matter content of soil treated by N2 (20% reduction of total nitrogen with 1500 kg·ha−1 No.1: Bacillus-enriched bio-organic fertilizer) were significantly enhanced compared with T1 (100% nitrogen). The N2-treated plants showed an 11.66% increase in root activity, 9.24% enhancement in yield, 5.79% increase in vitamin C (VC), and 47.87% decrease in nitrate content compared with T1. Nitrogen reduction with bio-organic fertilizer significantly increased the dominant phyla of Gemmatimonadetes and Chytridiomycota and significantly decreased Ascomycota, and increased the dominant genera of Gemmatimonas and Bacillus and decreased Fusarium, indicating that this treatment altered the microbial community composition of soil. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that AP (available phosphorus), OM (organic matter), and UREA (urease activity) of the soil were significantly correlated with microbial community structure. Yield was significantly, positively correlated with Rhodanobacter and Olpidium. In conclusion, nitrogen reduction with bio-organic fertilizer benefited growth, yield, and quality of non-heading Chinese cabbage by improving the soil quality.

A degradable membrane based on lignin-containing cellulose for high-energy lithium-ion batteries

Traditional polyolefin separator has the defects of non-degradation and poor wettability with the electrolyte. In this paper, we have designed the porous membrane based on the lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) from the unbleached pulp by a facile method. In the designed membrane, the amorphous lignin can effectively adjust the dispersion of the cellulose to form a uniform mesoporous structure. And the abundant oxygen-containing functional groups both in cellulose and lignin can promote the affinity of the membrane with the electrolyte. Finally, the prepared the LCNF porous membrane shows a high electrolyte uptake of 276 % and high ionic conductivity of 1.86 mS cm−1. As the separator for LIBs, the batteries with high-voltage Li3V2(PO4)3 as cathode (up to 4.8 V), the batteries displayed 183 mAh g−1 with the energy density of 669 Wh kg−1, indicating the good application potential in high-energy LIBs. More importantly, the LCNF membrane made from the unbleached pulp has low cost and it can degraded in soil only after 16 days, which can largely reduce environment pollution of the LIBs. This research provided an efficient and low-cost method to fabricate a membrane with good biodegradability and high electrochemical performance for LIBs.

Elimination of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Utilization of Industrial Wastes in High Strength Concrete for Environmental Protection

Greenhouse gases prevalence in the atmosphere is a primary reason for global warming. The cement manufacturing sectors are a significant producer of greenhouse gases, contributing one metric tonne of carbon dioxide into the environment for every metric tonne of cement produced. The heat of concrete is increased by several degrees during the pozzolanic reaction, and CO2 is released. The development of binary and ternary cementitious systems has minimized the unfavorable reactions of conventional cementitious materials. Metakaolin and alccofine, two mineral admixtures derived as waste products from industries, were used as cement substitutes in this study. The compressive strength of alccofine was compared to a metakaolin-based high strength eco-friendly concrete mix of grade M50 in an experimental investigation. In the case of binary and ternary blended cementitious systems with alccofine and metakaolin, twelve alternative mix proportions were tested, ranging from 0 to 20% in 5% increments. Based on the observed mechanical characteristics of concrete, it was discovered that the optimum replacement of alccofine was 15% and metakaolin was 5% by volume of cement in the binary cementitious system. Similarly, in the ternary cementitious system, replacing 15% alccofine with 5% metakaolin in the cement mixture results in the greatest increase in compressive strength when compared to the other experiments. As a result, it is concluded that using extra cementitious materials in concrete with mineral admixtures such as alccofine and metakaolin results in significant cost and energy savings, as well as a notable reduction in environmental pollution.

Assessment of an independent solar/diesel power generation system for an inaccessible community in Algeria

In general, for isolated regions, the cost of extending the electricity grid is very high. Among the solutions, we can use diesel generators (DG) and photovoltaic systems. In this work, we have studied the two Structures using the hybrid system solar-diesel with AC/AC coupling and AC/DC coupling. With the help of the HOMER program, a technical-economic analysis of the system and comparing the cost and the optimal configuration in a mountainous area isolated from the power grid is made, as well as a comparison between the cost and amount of energy produced annually corresponding to two proposed structures. The results showed that hybrid system AC/AC coupling is the suitable solution that gives technical and economic performance and environmental pollution reduction, with low cost and ecology energy compared to the energy generated by the second structure.

Direct solar thermochemical CO2 splitting based on Ca- and Al- doped SmMnO3 perovskites: Ultrahigh CO yield within small temperature swing

Solar thermochemical CO2 splitting is a promising route to reduce environment pollution and mitigate energy crisis. However, traditional redox materials are limited by low CO production, slow reaction kinetics, and poor cycling stability, which results in low solar-to-fuel efficiency. Here, Ca- and Al- doped SmMnO3 perovskites are proposed for high-performance solar thermochemical CO2 splitting. The average CO yield of Sm0.6Ca0.4Mn0.8Al0.2O3 reaches a record-high value of 595.56 μmol g−1 when swinging between 1350 °C and 1100 °C. The CO yield is about 4.22 times as high as that of undoped SmMnO3 (140.97 μmol g−1) under the same conditions, and remains stable over multiple cycling. The ultrahigh CO yield can be attributed to the transformation of reaction mechanism from solid-state surface reaction (F2) to bulk diffusion model (D2). Besides, Ca- and Al- doped SmMnO3 perovskites possess high solar absorptance over 86.5% (in stark contrast to 12.1% of CeO2), so that only solar concentration ratio of 898 (Sm0.6Ca0.4Mn0.8Al0.2O3) is required to drive thermochemical reactions while benchmark CeO2 needs 1936. This work provides novel approaches for high-performance solar thermochemical CO2 splitting with high CO yield, good cycle stability, small temperature swing, and low solar concentration required.

Bridging the Gaps of Clean Mobility and Transport through Engineering Interventions

Transportation plays a significant role in sustainable development, civilization, industrialization and commercialization in many countries around the globe. This paper looked into bridging the gaps in clean mobility and transport through engineering interventions and other innovative ideas. Salient issues affecting clean mobility and an effective transport system were highlighted and possible solutions were suggested. The methodology includes a literature survey and consultation of environmental experts. A deeper understanding of the gaps between mobility and transportation management can provide insightful information into how cities must be structured. Clean mobility refers to all forms of transportation that do not require the use of fossil fuels exclusively. Mobility specializes in making ground-breaking solutions that enable mobility and industry to attain zero-emissions status. It was concluded that engineering interventions and other innovative ideas can be used to bridge the gaps in clean mobility and transport. Monitoring climate change and reduction of environmental pollution are very vital for the sustainable green environment in African urban communities. There is a need to strengthen digital advancements for integrated solutions in infrastructural development and transportation networks. Proper planning, adequate funding and sustainable development are very crucial for bridging the gap and attaining of a cleaner environment.

Does the Environmental Information Disclosure Promote the High-Quality Development of China’s Resource-Based Cities?

The high-quality development (HQD) of resource-based cities (RBCs) is the premise on which to ensure the healthy, stable, and sustainable development of China’s economy. In this study, we use the global Malmquist–Luenberger index based on the slacks-based measure of directional distance function (SBM-DDF-GML index), which is an improved data envelopment analysis (DEA) model of the non-radial and non-oriented, to calculate the HQD level of 102 RBCs in China from 2003 to 2019. Then, we empirically evaluate the effect of environmental information disclosure (EID) on HQD improvement in RBCs by adopting the method of time-varying difference-in-difference with propensity score matching (PSM-DID) and investigate the heterogeneous effects of EID. Additionally, the mediating effect model is employed to explore the impact mechanisms of EID on the HQD. The results show that: (1) EID has a significant and positive effect on the HQD of RBCs, and this conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. (2) EID plays a more effective role in the promotion of HQD in central RBCs, resource strong-dependent RBCs, growth RBCs, and regenerative RBCs than in other types of cities. (3) EID promotes the HQD of RBCs through the environmental pollution reduction effect and the industrial structure upgrading effect. These findings enrich the content of the relationship between EID and the HQD and present a feasible path for RBCs in China to achieve the HQD through environmental governance.

An electrostatic self-assembly approach to prepare tebuconazole nanoparticles with improved sustained release and enhanced antifungal activity

Compared with the traditional pesticides, the nanopesticides (NPs) exhibit better sustained release performance, higher utilization efficiency and reduction of environmental pollution. In this study, the antifungal tebuconazole (TEB) loaded nanoparticles (TEB NPs) were prepared by electrostatic self-assembly of the positively charged poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SCD) inclusion complex (TEB-SCD) with negative charge. The water solubility and thermal stability of TEB were significantly improved after forming the inclusion complex. The blank NPs and TEB NPs were both characterized by particle size, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), sustained release and antifungal activity. The average particle size of the TEB NPs were 411.75 ± 61.65 nm, and the polydispersity index (PDI) showed low values (< 0.3). The TEB NPs were stable for at least 28 days at 25 °C. Compared with pure TEB, TEB NPs showed the sustained release properties. In addition, TEB NPs exhibited better antifungal activity than TEB industrial concentrate (TC, 98%) and commercially available TEB suspension concentrate (SC) with the 96.33 ± 13.52% antifungal rate of fusarium graminearum. The results indicated that the TEB NPs can improve the antifungal activity and reduce environmental pollution.

Thermo-economic optimization of a new solar-driven system for efficient production of methanol and liquefied natural gas using the liquefaction process of coke oven gas and post-combustion carbon dioxide capture

The suitable use of hydrogen-containing industrial by-products such as coke oven gas (COG) leads to a reduction of environmental pollution and energy waste. This paper develops a novel integrated structure for the simultaneous production of portable and relatively clean liquid fuels from COG and power plant exhaust gases. The subsystems include a CO2 capture unit to separate carbon dioxide from exhaust gases, natural gas purification and liquefaction process to produce liquefied natural gas (LNG), and a methanol production cycle. Photovoltaic panels with a geographical location in Iran are used to provide the required power. This process provides 1.287 kg/s of methanol and 1.678 kg/s of LNG as the main product and 46 kg/s of hot water as an industrial utility. The integrated structure's total energy and exergy efficiencies are 65.36% and 68.72%, respectively. The largest share of exergy degradation belongs to the photovoltaic panels (81.33%), heat exchangers (5.66%), and distillation towers (3.152%). The results of the economic assessment show that the payback period and the prime cost of product are 4.29 years and 0.3967 US$/kg methanol. The sensitivity analysis outcomes demonstrate that the efficiency of the whole process and the prime cost of the product increase to 69.05% and 0.4005 US$/kg methanol when the hydrogen content of the coke oven gas decreases from 65 to 54 mol%. Moreover, the flow rate decrease of COG from 991.6 to 901.6 kmol/h, reduces the prime cost of the product and the irreversibility of the whole system to 0.3855 US $/kg methanol and 55382 kW. Thermo-economic optimization of the hybrid system based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is implemented with TOPSIS and LINMAP being the decision-making methods. From the optimization results, the optimum values for the efficiency of the whole hybrid system and the prime cost of the methanol are calculated to be 65.83% and 0.3611 US$/kg methanol.

Creation of 3d model of the object for real estate cadastre purposes

This article describes the effects of waste on the environment, the problem of environmental pollution by landfills, the amount of waste is growing every year, solid municipal waste. Under the influence of atmospheric air, water and biota, various biochemical and chemical processes occur in these soils, which emit heat and form biogas and filtrates. The need to monitor the state and pollution of the atmosphere. Sampling and analysis of filtrate, groundwater pollution, waste recycling. The results of the monitoring are used to evaluate and analyze the effectiveness of measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of waste disposal facilities on the environment, education standards, waste disposal limits. The need for container sites, the separation of garbage by types and groups, the environmental benefits of operating sites, waste recycling and recycling companies are described, the result will be a reduction in environmental pollution, the production of secondary raw materials.

Nanomaterial’s synthesis, types and their use in Bioremediation and Agriculture

The particle ranges between 1 to 100 nanometers in size is called a nanomaterial. The reduction in size results in to change in redox behaviour, thermodynamic property and internal cohesive forces of the resulted particle from its bulk. This enhances the delivery and interaction of the particle with the active site. These features of the matter are considered in the synthesis of nanomaterials either by the bottom-up or top-down approaches. Nanomaterials may be organic, inorganic, biogenic and natural depending on their process of formation. The smaller size of nanomaterials makes them useful to be utilized as sensors that can be easily deployed in remote locations. Currently, nanomaterials are being proved successful both in efficiency as well as cost-effective for agricultural production. The use of biologically synthesized nanomaterials has been increasing because of their stable, eco-friendly and cost-effective nature. Earlier studies have reported the influence of nanoparticles on plant growth and production. This review has focused on the application of nanomaterials as Nano-fertilizers, Nano-sensors, pollutant remediating, diseases detector, pathogen attack preventer, stress detector and precision farming techniques. Further, efforts have been made in describing that the biosynthetic route of nanomaterial synthesis could emerge as a better and safer option for environmental pollution reduction. Thus, nanoscience may increase agricultural production to feed a huge population in near future.

Sunlight activated ultra-stable long persistent luminescence glass ceramic for outdoor information display

Natural sunlight activated persistent luminescence (PeL) is ideal candidate for optical information display in outdoors without the requirement of electric supply. Except the brightness and duration, the stability especially water resistance of the PeL materials is of significant importance for practical application, which remains a great obstacle up to date. Herein, we report a new sunlight activated PeL glass ceramic containing hexagonal Sr13Al22Si10O66:Eu2+ crystals, which exhibits strong blue PeL and can last more than 200 h. The PeL can be charged by the full wavelengths located in AM 1.5G due to the broad distribution of traps in the crystal structure. The PeL is clearly observed by the naked eye even after 24 h upon sunlight irradiation irrespective of the weather, and the photoluminescence intensity only decreased ∼3.3% after storing in water for 365 d. We demonstrate its potential application for thermal and stress responsive display as well as long-term continuous security indication upon sunlight irradiation, which not only save vast energy and reduce environment pollution, but also are appropriate for outdoor usage.

The Short and Long-term Effects on Soil Stability of Active Sand Dunes from Filter Cake Powder Administered by Dispersal and Spraying Methods

Active sand dunes (ASD) may cause significant damage to field crops and livelihood, and therefore, it is necessary to find a treatment that would enhance ADS soil stability. Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) contain microorganisms on the soil surface. Metabolic polysaccharides secreted by biocrust cyanobacteria glue the soil particles into aggregates, thereby stabilizing the soil surface.&lt;br/&gt; Filter cake powder (FCP) is a waste by-product in the final stages of the production of sugar from sugarcane, and its disposal causes significant environmental pollution. FCP contains high concentrations of polysaccharides, and has recently been shown to be a soil stability enhancing agent in ASD. It has been reported that adding FCP to the ASD soil surface by dispersal significantly increases the level of penetration resistance of soil biocrust (PRSB) nine weeks after a single treatment.&lt;br/&gt; However, it was not known whether a similar effect could be obtained by administering the FCP in liquid form by means of spraying. It has now been found that spraying a water solution of FCP onto the ASD soil surface significantly increased the level of penetration resistance of soil biocrust (PRSB) three weeks after a single treatment.&lt;br/&gt; These results suggest that FCP spraying can be used as a short-term soil stability-enhancing agent for ASD, while administration by dispersal might be more efficient over the long term.&lt;br/&gt; Finally, an additional benefit of using FCP as a soil stabilizer, either by dispersal, or by spraying, is the reduction in environmental pollution that would otherwise result from the disposal of FCP solid waste.