Reduction In Power Output Research Articles

Down-dip circulation at the united downs deep geothermal power project maximizes heat recovery and minimizes seismicity

Fault damage zones potentially represent native permeable channels within otherwise ultra-tight igneous formations that may be used to promote fluid circulation for convective heat recovery. The United Downs Deep Geothermal Power (UDDGP) project aims to recover geothermal energy by directly injecting, circulating then recovering fluids from such a fault. The UDDGP project injects fluid into the fault at 2500 m where rock temperature is ~75 °C – 80 °C and recovers the injectate from 4500 m, where the bottom hole temperature is predicted to be 190 °C. We explore such down-dip circulation through numerical modeling to determine the anticipated temperature and longevity of the thermal recovery and the potential for induced seismicity (fault reactivation) by contrasting response for up-dip circulation. The results reveal that down-dip circulation not only maximizes water temperature and flow rate at the outlet but also simultaneously suppresses fault reactivation over the long term. In down-dip circulation, fault permeability in the critically stressed shallow fault damage zone is more greatly enhanced than that of the deep fault as a result of the strong injection-induced thermal stress. Fault sealing is breached as a result of reactivation in the shallow fault, prompting transverse fluid penetration and subsequent fluid circulation in the footwall. Switching the injection scheme from down-dip circulation to up-dip circulation, while maintaining an identical injection rate, leads to a drastic increase in the cumulative number of seismic events, with the average magnitude increasing from 1 to 2. This reversed well configuration (circulation bottom to top) also reduces power output from 6 to 7 MWthermal to 2 MWthermal, due to reduced enthalpy and flow rate in the production well. The outcomes from this study confirm the preferred design of the well pattern as circulating top to bottom, to both maximize heat recovery and limit induced seismicity. A lower production pressure is necessary to avoid pressure build-up inside the fault . Production pressure at 15–20 MPa could ensure both high cumulative power generation and a stable fault state.

A Novel Magic Square Based Physical Reconfiguration for Power Enhancement in Larger Size Photovoltaic Array

Partial shading is the prevailing problem in Photovoltaic arrays. It results in severe consequences like multiple peaks in electrical characteristics, hot spots on Photovoltaic panels, disruptions in tracking maximum power and reduced output power. During most of the shading conditions, the shade concentrates in a particular area of the Photovoltaic (PV) array. This shading reduces PV array efficiency. Several physical reconfiguration schemes based on puzzle patterns are proposed to minimize this problem. The majority of these methods deduced to fixed PV array size for which the algorithm has proposed. Further, few of them are applicable only to lower size PV array. This paper presents a novel magic square puzzle for scattering the shade in the PV array to overcome the above constraints. In this method, the module physical position remains the same. However, the electrical wiring alters according to the puzzle pattern to change the row current in the Total-Cross-Tied topology PV array. The efficiency of the proposed system is examined under different shading conditions using characteristic curves. The relative analysis was carried between the conventional Total-Cross-Tied topology and the proposed Novel Magic Square-based Total-Cross-Tied topology. The MATLAB/SIMULATION results demonstrate that placing the modules according to the proposed reconfiguration method minimizes the peaks and enhances the output power (11.53%), with the global peak always on the right side of the PV curve under partial shading conditions.

확장된 백오프 출력에서 고효율 동작을 위한 최적화된 대칭 이단 도허티 전력 증폭기 설계

This article presents a symmetric two-stage Doherty power amplifier (DPA) for the extended output power back-off level, which can be attained even with a reduced circuit size by changing the output impedance of the peaking amplifier to be inductive without the offset line. The ABCD matrix is employed to design the output matching network of the peaking amplifier with a simple transmission line. Consequently, we can reduce the design complexity by applying the same circuit to the carrier amplifier as the DPA is symmetric. To deal with reduced output power of the class-C peaking amplifier, a two-stage DPA structure was applied. The power amplifier exhibited a drain efficiency (DE) of 63.5 %, and a power added efficiency (PAE) of 50.6 % at 7.5 dB output backoff was obtained using the 3.5 GHz pulsed continuous wave (CW) signal. Furthermore, a DE of 53.3 %, a PAE of 43.2 % and a power gain of 18 dB were obtained at the power level of 41 dBm using a 20 MHz LTE signal with a peak-to-average power ratio of 7.5 dB.

Effect of a non-uniform annular electron beam on the microwave characteristics in a coaxial structure Ka-band RKA output cavity

The influence of electron beam uniformity on the microwave characteristics of coaxial structure Ka-band RKA output cavity is investigated with particle-in-cell simulations. The electron beam non-uniformity is simulated in four different electron emission models: (1) continuous non-emission area, (2) spaced emission, (3) enhanced emission and (4) current density variation emission. The simulation results with the first emission model shows that the output power of Ka-band RKA decreases as the non-emission area increases, while the continuous non-emission area has little effect on the frequency and pulse width of Ka-band microwave; The simulation results with the second emission model shows that the output power of Ka-band RKA is related to the distribution of Z-component of electric field and excitation electric field strength in the beam–wave interaction gap. The more uniform the distribution of Z-component of electric field is, the greater the output power is. The stronger the excitation electric field is, the greater the output power is; The simulation results with the third emission model shows that the intense current density in local area will cause the reduction of output power. The higher the current density of the enhanced emission area is, the smaller the output power is; The simulation results with the fourth emission model shows that the fluctuation of current density during the steady-state phase will cause the fluctuation of microwave frequency and output power. The fluctuation amplitude of frequency and output power are positively related to the fluctuation amplitude of the current density. The larger the fluctuation amplitude of current density is, the greater the fluctuation amplitude of frequency and output power are. The faster the current density changes, the greater the fluctuation amplitude of frequency and output power are.

Effect of injection timing on combustion and IMEP variation of a bi‐fuel compressed natural gas SI engine

AbstractCompressed natural gas (CNG) is a gaseous fuel stored under high pressure in a cylindrical tank. When the CNG is injected into the intake manifold, it expands in the manifold and displaces the air which reduces the volumetric efficiency of the engine. Thus, the corresponding overall energy inside the combustion chamber is also reduced, resulting in reduced power output. CNG injection timing with respect to intake valve opening and closing can be optimized to minimize the losses in volumetric efficiency loss and hence, the power output of the engine. In this study, the combustion instability of the CNG fueled engine has been studied under low throttle condition and compared with gasoline. A comparative investigation of the effects of the start of injection (SOI) timing on combustion stability was conducted on a single‐cylinder spark‐ignition (SI) engine fuelled with gasoline and CNG at 25% throttle opening condition. The ignition timing was kept fixed at 35°, and 40° CA bTDC for gasoline and CNG, respectively, and the SOI timing was varied from 240° CA bTDC to 100° CA aTDC of the intake stroke. The results indicated that SOI timing significantly affects in‐cylinder air‐fuel mixture formation and combustion stability for gasoline and CNG engine. SOI timing corresponds to the closed valve period, shows the higher fluctuation in combustion for gasoline compared to CNG. CNG shows lower fluctuation throughout SOI timing due to homogeneous air‐fuel mixture formation. Early SOI timing forms fuel stratification in the intake port and forms a rich air‐fuel mixture, which reduces the net power output of the CNG engine. CNG requires optimum SOI timing for improved combustion compared to gasoline. It reduced the combustion instability and fluctuation in indicated mean effective pressure. The results will benefit the development of a closed‐loop engine control system for a CNG system.

Effect of solar photovoltaic and various photovoltaic air thermal systems on hydrogen generation by water electrolysis

A novel photovoltaic thermal air (PVTa) system with semi length fins in the downstream portion of the air channel was tested experimentally for its performance capability for the generation of hydrogen in the present work. Fins are passive devices used to overcome the main detrimental effect of reduced power output due to photovoltaic panel heating. For this purpose, 2 semi length fin configurations namely longitudinal fin and wavy fin were placed in second half length of the channel in the direction of air flow. To compare the impact of PVTa systems with semi lengthened fins in hydrogen generation, the performance study of PV and PVTa system assisted hydrogen generation were also conducted. The experiments were conducted at the site of Tiruchirappalli district, Tamilnadu state, India having latitude and longitude of 10.82 and 78.70 respectively during March–June 2019 from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. on clear and sunny days. The results indicated PVTa system with semi length wavy fins yielded maximum generation of hydrogen among the 4 cases of PV assisted hydrogen generation techniques considered. It was observed that downstream located longitudinal and wavy fins provided enhanced PV panel cooling which increased the current supply to the electrolyzer unit. The hydrogen generation rate was 13.5, 12.1, 9.5 and 7.8 ml/min for PVT with wavy fins, longitudinal fins, PVT and PV respectively. Keywords: Solar PV, fins, hydrogen, heat transfer.

Studies structure, surface morphology, linear and nonlinear optical properties of nanocrystalline thin films of manganese (III) phthalocyanine chloride for photodetectors application

Manganese (III) Phthalocyanine Chloride (MnClPc) thin films were deposited over glass substrates through the thermal evaporation technique. The structural characteristics of MnClPc films at various thicknesses have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed an amorphous structure. The atomic force microscope (AFM) investigates the surface morphology of MnClPc thin films and demonstrates that films have nanostructure with a size of 58 nm for thickness 55 nm and slightly increased with increasing film thickness. Spectrophotometer analyses of MnClPc thin films obtained over the wavelength range of 300−2500 nm were used to determine the linear and nonlinear optical parameters. Results indicate that the optical energy gap of MnClPc films was slightly changed due to thickness. The parameters of the optical dispersion were considered using a single-oscillator model. Also, the nonlinear refractive index and susceptibility were determined by the concepts of linear refractive index dispersion. The optical limiting characteristics by using two different types of laser showed a considerable reduction in the laser output power by increasing the film thickness. This intensive result for MnClPc will probably implement in an industrial approach in the field of photodetectors and optoelectronic devices.

Effect of Footwear on the Biomechanics of Loaded Back Squats to Volitional Exhaustion in Skilled Lifters.

Brice, SM, Doma, K, and Spratford, W. Effect of footwear on the biomechanics of loaded back squats to volitional exhaustion in skilled lifters. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2676-2684, 2022-This study examined whether footwear influences the movement dynamics of barbell back squats to volitional exhaustion in experienced lifters. Eleven men (1 repetition maximum [1RM] = 138 ± 19 kg; 1RM % body mass = 168 ± 18%) performed 3 sets (5-12 ± 4 repetitions per set) of loaded barbell back squats to volitional exhaustion using raised-heel and flat-heel footwear. Barbell motion as well as moments, angles, angular velocity, and power in the sagittal plane at the ankle, knee, hip, and lumbopelvis were examined during the second repetition of the first set (T second ) and the final repetition of the third set (T final ). There were significant reductions ( p < 0.05) in lower-limb concentric angular velocity and power output for both footwear conditions. For the raised-heel condition at T final , hip and knee concentric angular velocities were significantly slower ( p < 0.05), and knee concentric power output was significantly less ( p < 0.05) compared with the flat-heel condition. A reduction in barbell velocity was not observed for the raised-heel condition despite there being reduction in hip and knee angular velocities. Furthermore, no differences were identified in lower-limb joint moments or any of the biomechanical characteristics of the lumbopelvis between the footwear conditions. The findings of this study suggest that neither type of footwear reduced joint loading or improved joint range-of-motion.

A DC chopper‐based fast active power output reduction scheme for DFIG wind turbine generators

Increasing penetration level of renewable energy results in unprecedented operational challenges of AC grids due to generation uncertainty and reduced inertia. In grid emergencies, Fast active Power output Reduction (FPR) is demanded to drop wind turbine generator (WTG) power outputs faster than usual. However, the power mismatch between WTG mechanical power input and reduced electrical power output resulted from FPR can lead to rotor overspeed, which cannot be timely nullified by slow-responding pitch control. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel FPR scheme for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WTG through coordinated control of DC chopper and pitch angle. Specifically, the FPR command is executed by DFIG rotor-side converter control, while rotor overspeed is restricted by triggering the DC chopper to dissipate the mismatched power. The pitch angle is actuated at a maximal rate to eliminate the mismatched power and switch off the DC chopper. The effectiveness of the proposed FPR scheme is verified through comparative simulation studies under FPR command execution and a grid fault. It shows the proposed scheme can achieve FPR in tens of milliseconds, avoid rotor overspeed and provide low-voltage ride-through capability in a fully-controlled manner.

Power enhancement of a monostable energy harvester by orbit jumps

Energy harvesting has been regarded as a potential solution for power problems in wireless sensor network applications over batteries. Nonlinear configurations, as one of the most promising methods for broadening bandwidth, still make the system suffer from the coexistence of high-energy orbit and low-energy orbit, which significantly reduces output power. This paper proposes the electromagnetic kick method to enhance the output power of a monostable energy harvester through orbit jumps. The so-called electromagnetic kick is introduced by a solenoid consisting of a coil from the electromagnetic energy harvester and a three-volt button battery. The modeling and analysis demonstrate the excitation capability of the electromagnetic kick for orbit jumps. Inspired by a swing, two strategies are derived as the single kick and cycled kick. Based on an experimental setup, parameters for two strategies are first determined. The single kick and the cycled kick are then respectively employed to realize orbit jumps for the energy harvester under varying excitation and loading conditions. For each scenario, twenty trials are repeated to investigate the probability and capability. The system power output can be boosted from null to over 360 µW after orbit jumps, and the consumed energy can be resumed within 20 s. In addition, to evaluate different orbit jumping approaches in the literature, a figure of merit is developed, and the comprehensive advantages of the electromagnetic kick approach are demonstrated. The proposed effortless and efficient orbit jumping strategy expands the possibilities of realistic applications of nonlinear energy harvesters. The defined figure of merit not only makes it possible to compare different orbit jumping methods but also opens the door to new strategy development.

Design and Analysis of Integrated CO2 Enriched CCGT Plant Coupled with CCS

Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) power plants are the main emitting CO2 sources in the UAE. However, the main problem with capturing CO2 from the NGCC plant is that it is highly diluted by a large amount of air used in a gas turbine; 300 to 400% of the theoretical air is required. This leads to inefficient absorption, requiring a large amount of reactive solvent to absorb CO2. In this work, we examine the potential of enriching CO2 with air in the combustion chamber in order to increase the CO2 content in the flue gas, aiming to reduce the cost of the capture plant. We develop a detailed model of the integrated system comprising of combustion chamber kinetics, CCGT plant, and MEA-based CO2 capture plant using Ansys CHEMKIN®, Aspen HYSYS v10, and Aspen Plus 10, respectively. We also performed techno-economic analyses of the integrated system to examine the viability of the system considering varying enrichment rates. The study results show a slight reduction in NGCC power output and a decrease in the reboiler duty from building a capture plant with an enriching CO2 rate. However, the economic assessment reveals that the installation of a CCP is not profitable for electricity plants with a modest production (less than 200 MW), as the whole efficiency is reduced to 10%. This is due to the increased amount of CO2 that need to be treated.

The effect of reduced power operation of faulty wind turbines on the total power generation for different wind speeds

High failure rates have greatly limited the development of the wind power industry. Improving the operation and maintenance of wind turbines can help resolve this problem. Research in this area has thus far focused on the early detection of faults and the prediction of the remaining useful life of wind turbines and has rarely discussed remedies following failure. Currently, wind turbines are shut down for maintenance immediately after the occurrence of a failure, often resulting in large downtimes. However, this is not always necessary since turbines can continue to operate with a reduced power output to improve the total power generation. In this study, the continuous operation time after fault detection is calculated by principal component analysis, and its effectiveness is verified. The effect of reduced power operation on the continuous operation time and the total power generation of wind turbines is analyzed. Finally, the effect of wind speed on reduced power operation is analyzed. The results show that reduced power operation can prolong operational time and increase the total power generation of a wind turbine.

Plant efficiency: a sensitivity analysis of the capacity factor for fusion power plants with high recirculated power

The plant efficiency of a nuclear fusion power plant is considered. During nominal operation, the plant efficiency is determined by the thermodynamic efficiency and the recirculated power fraction. However, on average the reactor operates below the nominal power, even when the long shutdown periods for large maintenance are left outside the averaging. Hence, next to the recirculated power fraction the capacity factor must be factored in. An expression for the plant efficiency which incorporates both factors is given. It is shown that the combination of high recirculated power fraction and a low capacity factor, results in poor plant efficiency. This is due to the fact that in a fusion reactor the recirculated power remains high if it runs at reduced output power. It is argued that, at least for a first generation of power plants, this combination is likely to occur. Worked out example calculations are given for the models of the power plant conceptual study. Finally, the impact on the competitiveness of fusion on the energy market is discussed. This analysis stresses the importance of the development of plant designs with low recirculated power fraction.

Effect of Glucocorticoids on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To determine the effects of glucocorticoids in enhancing athletic performance. At least 2 independent reviewers conducted study selection and extracted demographic and outcome data. Relevant outcomes were stratified by administration time frame and the specific type of drug used. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool and the Cochrane Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Education scale. Where appropriate, meta-analyses were performed. Data sources: Embase, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus were searched from their beginning to April 2020. Participants of any sex and training status aged 18 to 65 years were included. Any type of published randomized controlled trial (RCT) that examined any enhancement in sport as well as aerobic, anaerobic, or body compositional parameters for glucocorticoids compared with placebo. There is low-to-moderate evidence suggesting that the administration of glucocorticoids may be more beneficial than placebo in enhancing athletic performance. short-term administration of glucocorticoids significantly improved time to exhaustion, maximal force, and total distance travelled. By contrast, acute administration of glucocorticoids predominantly yielded no changes to athletic performance, except for reductions in total work and maximal power output. Although there is evidence suggesting glucocorticoids have ergogenic effects, these improvements may differ depending on the specific type of drug, dose, and the administration time frame and are also limited by small sample sizes. Therefore, there is a need for large, high-quality RCTs as this may influence future doping policy and athlete care.

Active and Passive Cooling Comparison of PV Panels Applied in Tropical City: Case Study Palembang, South Sumatra

The renewable energy generation is currently a trending topic due to the reduced availability of conventional fossil fuel while the demand for energy keeps on increasing. This condition insists on a particular action in search of renewable energy to substitute fossil fuel. One of the unlimited energy offered by nature is the energy from the sun, which also environmentally friendly. Palembang is located in equator blessed with abundant of sun rays which can be utilized maximally by eliminating things that can cause adverse effects such as overheated solar panels. Tropical weather comes with high temperature, and this heat is even more on the surface of the solar panel. The overheated solar panels lead to the reduction of power output and efficiency. Therefore, the cooling system should be applied to ensure the surface temperature is below 35°C, which an average ambient temperature for solar panels. The cooling system can be active that needs power and passive, which naturally generated from the surrounding environment. This paper discusses the comparison of the cooling system applied to solar panels, the passive (heatsink application) and active (water cooling). The active cooling system produced 8.64 Watt higher than a normally installed panel, and passive cooling is 2.7 Watt higher. The active cooling system efficiency is 0.33% more than regular panels, and passive cooling system has 1,2% more. This paper can be a reference to the choice of cooling system for solar panels installed in a city with a tropical climate.

Improvement of Self-Predictive Incremental Conductance Algorithm with the Ability to Detect Dynamic Conditions

This paper presents a new version of the incremental conductance algorithm for more accurate tracking of the maximum power point (MPP). The modified algorithm is called self-predictive incremental conductance (SPInC), and it recognizes the operational region. It is capable of detecting dynamic conditions, and it detects sudden changes in power resulting from changes in the intensity of radiation or temperature. By selecting the appropriate step size, it obtains maximum power from the panel at any moment. The improved algorithm reduces output power ripple and increases the efficiency of the system by detecting the operating area and selecting the appropriate step size for each region. The SPInC algorithm divides the system’s work areas into three operating zones. It calculates the size of the appropriate step changes for each region after identifying the regions, which allows for more accurate tracking of the MPP and increases the system efficiency at a speed equal to the speed of the conventional method. These additional operations did not result in a system slowdown in the tracking maximum power. According to the MATLAB/Simulink simulation results, the SPInC algorithm is more efficient than conventional InC, and the ripple output power is reduced. SPInC is also compared to the improved perturb and observe (P&amp;O) algorithm. In general, SPInC can compete with the popular algorithms that have been recently proposed for MPPT in the other researches.

Low-Noise Dual-Way Magnetron Power-Combining System Using an Asymmetric H-Plane Tee and Closed-Loop Phase Compensation

To meet the increasing power demands of microwave industries and scientific innovations, a dual-way magnetron (MGT) power-combining system based on an asymmetric H-plane tee combined with closed-loop phase compensation (CLPC) was developed and tested. Only one external injection was used, which could lock both frequencies of the two MGTs via the port coupling of the asymmetric H-plane tee. Additionally, phase control was achieved simultaneously in both MGTs. By tuning the external frequency, the frequencies of both MGTs could be shifted to optimize the power-combining efficiency. The optimal combining efficiency was 95.7%. By adjusting the phase of the external injection, the phase for the combining output was adjusted with a control scope in the 0°-360° range. The phase noise level of the combined output was largely inhibited by implementing only one closed-loop phase compensation subsystem. The phase jitter was limited to approximately ±0.5°, and spur suppression ratios of -61.0 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz, -80.9 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz, -91.6 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz, and so on were achieved. Moreover, we deduced the corresponding power-combining theories in the asymmetric H-plane tee and noise reduction using the closed-loop compensation method. The numerical predictions qualitatively agreed with the experimental results. Additionally, this research reveals that the proposed techniques have great potential for future power-combining systems because they provide higher power output and noise reduction.

Mavacamten preserves length-dependent contractility and improves diastolic function in human engineered heart tissue.

Comprehensive functional characterization of cardiac tissue includes investigation of length and load dependence. Such measurements have been slow to develop in engineered heart tissues (EHTs), whose mechanical characterizations have been limited primarily to isometric and near-isometric behaviors. A more realistic assessment of myocardial function would include force-velocity curves to characterize power output and force-length loops mimicking the cardiac cycle to characterize work output. We developed a system that produces force-velocity curves and work loops in human EHTs using an adaptive iterative control scheme. We used human EHTs in this system to perform a detailed characterization of the cardiac β-myosin specific inhibitor, mavacamten. Consistent with the clinically proposed application of this drug to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, our data support the premise that mavacamten improves diastolic function through reduction of diastolic stiffness and isometric relaxation time. Meanwhile, the effects of mavacamten on length- and load-dependent muscle performance were mixed. The drug attenuated the length-dependent response at small stretch values but showed normal length dependency at longer lengths. Peak power output of mavacamten-treated EHTs showed reduced power output as expected but also shifted peak power output to a lower load. Here, we demonstrate a robust method for the generation of isotonic contraction series and work loops in engineered heart tissues using an adaptive-iterative method. This approach reveals new features of mavacamten pharmacology, including previously unappreciated effects on intrinsic myosin dynamics and preservation of Frank-Starling behavior at longer muscle lengths.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We applied innovative methods to comprehensively characterize the length and load-dependent behaviors of engineered human cardiac muscle when treated with the cardiac β-myosin specific inhibitor mavacamten, a drug on the verge of clinical implementation for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We find mechanistic support for the role of mavacamten in improving diastolic function of cardiac tissue and note novel effects on work and power.

SFC Optimization of Gas Turbine Cycle Using Air Pre-cooling Unit: Performance Improvement

A critical issue concerning the gas turbine cycle of combined cycle power station is the reduction in net power output considerably with increasing ambient air temperature. The present simulation study aims to improve the performance of gas turbine cycle of combined cycle power station through use the fresh air handling units of mechanical chiller. To obtains the influence of use the mechanical chiller as pre-cooling units on a performance of gas turbine cycle, the thermodynamic analysis are used to simulate the performance of gas turbine cycle for three different operating loads (66.67, 83.33, and 100% full load). Based on results of the simulation analysis, the mechanical chiller which is inserted as a pre-cooling unit can; (i) increase the average monthly net power output by values varying between 7.33-18.17 MW compared to the original case without pre-cooling units; (ii) the rate of improvement in the average monthly net power output varies between 4.6-11% compared to the case without pre-cooling units; (iii) reduce the specific fuel consumption (SFC) by a rate varying between 5.21-10.81 kgfuel /MWh compared to the original case without pre-cooling units; and (iv) the saving in SFC reached to 4.4% compared to the original case without pre-cooling units.

WRF Prediction of Operational Wind Farm Data and Influence of Upwind Farms on Power Production

Accuracy of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is determined for prediction of wind resource and power supply of an operational wind farm located in complex terrain in Baja California and the influence of upwind-farm wakes on energy production is assessed. The WRF model initialized with the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) provides time-variation and annual occurrence of wind speed within 12% and 1.4%, using either the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) or Pleim-Xu (PX) land-surface models. Energy supply is within 5.25% (RUC) and 2% (PX) of SCADA data from a 10 MW wind farm. The wind resource at several sites in the region offers the potential for wind farms with capacity factors in the range 32-34%. This reduces to 29% when wind turbine momentum extraction is modelled and the wakes of these farms extend over 12 km downwind, with greater extent for larger-diameter 5 MW turbines than 2 MW turbines. The farm wakes reduce power output from an operational farm by over 20% for wind speeds below rated speed resulting in 1.3-1.7% reduction in annual energy. This analysis establishes confidence in use of numerical weather prediction tools for wind farm operational data and informs use for wind farm planning.