Reduced Glutathione Levels Research Articles

Protective effects of melatonin in cisplatin-induced cardiac toxicity: possible role of BDNF-TNF-α signaling pathway.

ABSTRACTPurpose:The present study explored the role of melatonin in cisplatin-induced cardiac injury along with the possible role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in melatonin-mediated effects.Methods:Wistar rats were administered cisplatin (10 mg/kg), and cardiac injury was assessed by measuring the levels of cardiac troponin (cTnT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-1).The extent of apoptosis was measured by measuring caspase-3 (pro-apoptotic) and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) in hearts. The levels of BDNF, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and reduced glutathione were measured in heart. Melatonin (5 and 10 mg/kg) was administered for 15 days, and the role of BDNF was identified by co-administering BDNF inhibitor, ANA-12 (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg).Results:Melatonin attenuated cTnT and LDH-1 levels along with reduction in caspase-3 and increase in Bcl-2. It also increased cisplatin-induced decrease in BDNF, increase in TNF-α and decrease in reduced glutathione levels. Moreover, ANA-12 abolished the cardioprotective effects, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of melatonin suggesting the role of BDNF in melatonin-mediated effects in cisplatin-induced cardiac injury.Conclusions:Melatonin is useful in cisplatin-induced cardiac injury, which may be due to an increase in BDNF, decrease in inflammation and increase in antioxidant activities.

Blood biochemistry and antioxidant status altered by anthropogenic impact in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae).

Human activities are increased in Antarctica during decades, primarily due to the logistic and tourism operations, which consequent negative impact on penguin populations, altering their physiological responses. Therefore, we aimed to assess the blood biochemistry and oxidant/antioxidant balance of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) inhabiting two selected colonies: Potter Peninsula, considered as a low impacted colony, and Esperanza/Hope Bay as a high impacted colony. The levels of calcium, uric acid, and fructosamine, showed significant high values (p<0.05) for the Potter Peninsula´s penguins. Besides, this population showed high levels of plasma protein oxidation and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation (p<0.005) while the Esperanza/Hope Bay population presented high levels of erythrocyte protein oxidation and plasma lipid peroxidation (p<0.005). The oxidative damage values were similar in the Potter Peninsula population and slightly lower in the Esperanza/Hope Bay penguins if the results were compared to previous reports. The enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase had significantly (p<0.005) high activity in the Esperanza/Hope Bay population, which also showed high reduced glutathione levels. The glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly high (p<0.005) in the Potter Peninsula population. The obtained results might take into account for making decisions about management and protection plans for the different penguin nesting areas in Antarctica.

Eucalyptus globulus Methanol Leaf Extract Improves Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Lipid Profile Levels and Haematological Sub-inflammatory Biomarkers in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Background: Eucalyptus leaf is used traditionally to treat a lot of diseases, but little is known about its use in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Objectives: Antidiabetic property of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract (EGLEX) was assessed on recent Makers of therapeutic response and diabetic disease progression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Eucalyptus globullus leaf powder (200 g) was extracted with methanol using standard procedure. Hyperglycemia was induced in Wistar rats with single intravenous dose of 50 mg/kg/bwt streptozotocin. The rats were divided into five groups (n = 5): Anormal control, B- diabetic control, C, D and E were diabetic rats treated with Eucalyptus globullus leaf extract (EGLEX), metformin and insulin respectively for four weeks. Samples were collected for biochemical and hematological studies. Data obtained were analysed using One Way Analysis of Variance at &lt;0.05 significance level. Results and Conclusion: The results showed significant (p&lt;0.05) blood glucose reduction of 68%, 51% and 68%, and weight gain of 17%, 18% and 11% in rats treated with EGLEX, metformin and insulin respectively. HBA1c level was significantly (p&lt;0.05) raised (9.30%) in diabeticuntreated rats when compared with normal control (3.77%), EGLEX (4.24%), metformin (4.94%) and insulin (5.33%) groups. The deranged lipid profile indices, malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase activity, platelet count, % neutrophil and % lymphocyte were normalized in diabetic rats treated with EGLEX when compared with the values in diabetic untreated rats. The findings concluded that EGLEX possesses antidiabetic property and improves biomarkers of diabetic disease progression.

Evaluation of the antitumor and antioxidant effects of jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril) extracts / Avaliação do efeito antitumoral e antioxidante de extratos do jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril)

Ethnobotanical surveys have revealed the use of jatobá for the treatment of several diseases. This study determined the effect of plant extracts on the development of Ehrlich carcinoma. Male Swiss mice (n=6) were subcutaneously inoculated with 106 tumor cells and intragastrically administered ethanol (2 mg·mL-1, 5 mg·mL-1, or 10 mg·mL-1) or aqueous extracts of jatobá seed or bark for 90 days. Tumor development did not significantly differ between the groups studied; however, animals treated with the aqueous extract of the seed (2.205 mg·mL-1) had a reduction in tumor size compared to those treated with the aqueous extract of the bark (1.7 mg·mL-1). The treatment was not found to influence the survival of the animals studied. A new group of animals (n=7), with or without the tumor, received the aqueous extract of jatobá seed for 7, 14, and 30 days to evaluate oxidative stress. The extract reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels at 7 days in the liver and kidneys, and 14 days in brain and renal tissue. Protein carbonylation levels were also reduced at 7 days in the liver and brain tissue and 14 days in the liver. The reduced glutathione levels diminished in animals treated for 7 and 14 days. We conclude that treatment with the aqueous extract of the jatobá seed presents promising activity in the reduction of oxidative stress.

Spondias mombin leaf extract ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiohepatorenal oxidative stress in rats

BackgroundStroke remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Ischemic stroke is the most prevalent type of stroke and it is characterized by increased oxidative stress and other pathophysiological processes resulting from the reduction of blood flow to the brain. Medicinal plants have been reported to protect against oxidative stress and possess therapeutic potential for the management of stroke. In particular, Spondias mombin leaf extracts have been reported to possess antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. However, the ability of Spondias mombin leaf extract to protect distant organs against ischemicstroke mediated oxidative stress is not yet established. This study therefore evaluated the protective effects of Spondias mombin leaf extract (SML) on bilateral common carotid artery occlusion/reperfusion (BCCAO/R) ischemicstroke model-induced cardiac, hepatic, and renal oxidative stress in rats. MethodMale Wistar rats underwent 30 min of BCCAO and 24 h of reperfusion. Some groups of animals were post-treated with SML (25–100 mg/kg) or quercetin (20 mg/kg). Markers of oxidative stress were evaluated in the heart, liver, and kidney of the experimental animals. ResultsBCCAO/R significantly (p < 0.0001) induced oxidative stress in the heart, liver, and kidney of rats. This was reflected in decreased superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione level. Also, there was increased lipid peroxidation, elevated nitric oxide level, and increased activity of myeloperoxidase. Post-treatment with SML significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated BCCAO/R-induced oxidative stress in all the organs. ConclusionsCerebral ischemia/reperfusion significantly induced oxidative stress in the heart, liver, and kidney of rats and Spondias mombin leaf extract showed appreciable therapeutic potential against post-stroke cardiohepatorenal oxidative damage.

HPLC profiling and studies on Copaifera salikounda methanol leaf extract on phenylhydrazine-induced hematotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats

Anemia is a clinical disorder orchestrated by factors such as drugs, including phenylhydrazine (PHZ). This study explored the protective roles of Copaifera salikounda methanol leaf extract (CSMLE) against PHZ-induced hematotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. In vitro antioxidants studies of CSMLE using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and quantification of CSMLE bioactive compounds using High-Performance-Liquid-Chromatography (HPLC) were done. In vivo , thirty rats in five groups (n = 6) were used. Anemia was induced intraperitoneally in groups 2 to 5 with 40 mg/kg body-weight/day PHZ for two days. Group 1 received normal saline, group 2 (untreated: negative-control), group 3 received 1 ml/kg-body-weight Vit B 12 syrup while groups 4 and 5 received 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg-body-weight CSMLE, respectively, daily for fourteen days. Result of CSMLE profiling showed luteolin (76.49 ng/Ml) and squalene (38.31 ng/Ml) as the most abundant flavonoid and terpenoid, respectively. In vitro CSMLE demonstrated dose-dependent antioxidant effects on DPPH and FRAP with IC 50 of 0.1085 mg/ml and 0.07344 mg/ml (EC 50 ), respectively. In vivo, CSMLE improved the body weight, red blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations, significantly (P < 0.05), reduced serum malondialdehyde and nitic oxide but increased reduced glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and attenuated the levels of Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in dose-dependent manner in treated groups relative to the negative control. The spleen tissues histology results corroborated biochemical results. The results indicated that CSMLE possesses anti-anemic potentials and attenuate spleenotoxic effects of PHZ.

Syringic Acid Reversed Depression-Resembling Behavior Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Paradigm in Mice

The aim of the present investigation was to explore the anti-depressive potential of syringic acid in Swiss albino male mice. Mice were exposed to unpredictable stress for 21 sequential days. Imipramine (15 mg/kg, p.o.) and syringic acid (10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered for three consecutive weeks to unstressed and stressed mice. Tail suspension test and sucrose preference test were used to evaluate antidepressant potential of the drugs. Syringic acid and imipramine significantly decreased immobility periods of stressed mice as compared to vehicle treated stressed mice in tail suspension test, indicating their antidepressant effects. Syringic acid (20 mg/kg) and imipramine also significantly restored the reduced sucrose preference (%) in stressed mice, which further substantiated their antidepressant effects. Syringic acid and imipramine did not produce significant antidepressant effects in unstressed mice. These drugs did not significantly affect locomotor activity scores of mice. Syringic acid (20 mg/kg) and imipramine significantly reversed chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced increase of plasma nitrite and corticosterone levels; brain malondialdehyde levels and monoamine oxidase (MAO(-A activity. Both the drugs also significantly reversed CUMS-induced decrease in brain reduced glutathione levels and catalase activity. Thus, syringic acid showed significant antidepressant-like activity in mice subjected to CUMS through alleviation of oxidative and nitrosative stress; and inhibition of brain MAO-A activity. Further, antidepressant-like activity of syringic acid in mice subjected to CUMS might also be due to decrease in plasma corticosterone levels. Fig. 1 Illustrates further the scheme of protocol designed with various groups of animals.

Ethanolic Extract of the Red Algae Meristiella echinocarpa (Areschoug) Confers Neuroprotection in Mice

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the ethanolic extract obtained from red algae marine Meristiella echinocarpa (Areschougiaceae) – EEMe. Methods : EEMe was used in doses ranging from 10 to 40 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally in mice. Behavioral tests were performed to assess locomotor activity (open field), anxiety (elevated plus maze), depression (tail suspension), and motor coordination (rota-rod). The anticonvulsant effect of the algae extract was evaluated in two models of seizures induced by strychnine and pentylenetetrazol. The level of oxidative stress was also evaluated in the following brain areas: the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Statistical analysis was performed applying ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. Results : EEMe reduced significantly the number of crossing (36%) and rearing (54%) in the open field test and increased 1.3x the immobility time in the tail suspension test. In brain areas EEMe also reduced significantly malondialdehyde levels (striatum: 45%, hippocampus: 38%, prefrontal cortex: 37%) and nitrite levels (striatum: 72%, hippocampus: 79%, prefrontal cortex: 63%), and increased the reduced-glutathione levels (striatum: 72%, hippocampus: 73%, prefrontal cortex: 42%). In addition, the extract significantly prolonged the latency of seizures induced by strychnine (38%) or pentylenetetrazol (57%), and the latency of death induced by pentylenetetrazol (6.1x). Conclusion : EEMe exhibits antioxidant and anticonvulsant effects, probably involving GABAergic and glycinergic pathways. extract exhibits antioxidant and anticonvulsant effects, involving GABAergic and glycinergic pathways.

Landomycins as glutathione-depleting agents and natural fluorescent probes for cellular Michael adduct-dependent quinone metabolism

Landomycins are angucyclines with promising antineoplastic activity produced by Streptomyces bacteria. The aglycone landomycinone is the distinctive core, while the oligosaccharide chain differs within derivatives. Herein, we report that landomycins spontaneously form Michael adducts with biothiols, including reduced cysteine and glutathione, both cell-free or intracellularly involving the benz[a]anthraquinone moiety of landomycinone. While landomycins generally do not display emissive properties, the respective Michael adducts exerted intense blue fluorescence in a glycosidic chain-dependent manner. This allowed label-free tracking of the short-lived nature of the mono-SH-adduct followed by oxygen-dependent evolution with addition of another SH-group. Accordingly, hypoxia distinctly stabilized the fluorescent mono-adduct. While extracellular adduct formation completely blocked the cytotoxic activity of landomycins, intracellularly it led to massively decreased reduced glutathione levels. Accordingly, landomycin E strongly synergized with glutathione-depleting agents like menadione but exerted reduced activity under hypoxia. Summarizing, landomycins represent natural glutathione-depleting agents and fluorescence probes for intracellular anthraquinone-based angucycline metabolism.

Effect of lyophilization and spray-drying on cytokine levels and antioxidant capacity in human milk

Human milk is important for modulating the newborn’s immune and antioxidant response. The applicability of lyophilization and spray-drying processes in human milk donated to human milk banks are alternatives for storage and distribution when breastfeeding is not possible. Therefore, the aim of this work was to detect and quantify cytokines (IFN-ɣ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17 A/F, IL-21, and IL-22) and to evaluate the antioxidant capacity in different phases of donated HM submitted to lyophilization and spray-drying processes. The HM donated in natura was submitted to pasteurization, lyophilization and spray-drying processes, then cytokine concentrations were measured using Luminex technology and antioxidant capacity of the superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes and reduced glutathione levels in vitro. Cytokine profiles, catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione profiles were preserved after processing of lyophilization and spray-drying in all phases of donated human milk.

Recent advances in enhancing reactive oxygen species based chemodynamic therapy

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), defined as an in situ oxidative stress response catalyzed by the Fenton or Fenton-like reactions to generate cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) at tumor sites, exhibits conspicuous inhibition of tumor growth. It has attracted extensive attention for its outstanding edge in effectiveness, lower systemic toxicity and side effects, sustainability, low cost and convenience. However, the inconformity of harsh Fenton reaction conditions and tumor microenvironment hamper its further development, based on which, numerous researchers have made efforts in further improving the efficiency of CDT. In this review, we expounded antitumor capacity of CDT in mechanism, together with its limitation, and then summarized and came up with several strategies to enhance CDT involved tumor therapy strategies by 1) improving catalytic efficiency; 2) increasing hydrogen peroxide levels at tumor sites; 3) reducing glutathione levels at tumor sites; 4) applying external energy intervention; 5) amplifying the distribution of hydroxyl radicals at tumor sites; and 6) combination therapy. Eventually, the perspectives and challenges of CDT are further discussed to encourage more in-depth studies and rational reflections.

Arctigenin alleviates cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity: Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress, Nrf2 signaling, and the associated inflammatory response

AimNephrotoxicity is a critical consequence of cadmium toxicity. Cadmium induces nephrotoxicity through disruption of cellular redox balance and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and inflammatory responses. The present study investigated the renoprotective effects of the naturally occurring arctigenin against the cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity. Main methodsMale Wistar rats were randomized into normal control, arctigenin control, cadmium, and cadmium/arctigenin groups. Cadmium and arctigenin were administered daily over a seven-day period. On the eighth day, blood and kidney tissue specimens were collected and subjected to spectrophotometric, ELISA, and immunoblotting analysis. Key findingsArctigenin significantly improved renal functions and reduced renal tubular injury in the cadmium-intoxicated rats as reflected by increased GFR and reduced levels of serum creatinine, BUN, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and protein expression of KIM-1. Arctigenin alleviated the cadmium-induced oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation while boosted reduced glutathione level and antioxidant enzymes activity. Mechanistically, arctigenin enhanced nuclear translocation of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and up-regulated its downstream redox-regulating enzymes HO-1 and NQO1. Importantly, arctigenin ameliorated the cadmium-evoked ERS as demonstrated by reduced protein expression of the key molecules Bip, PERK, IRE1α, CHOP, phspho-eIF2α, and caspase-12 and diminished activity of caspase-12. Additionally, arctigenin down-regulated the cadmium-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation and decreased its downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. SignificanceThe current work underlines the alleviating activity of arctigenin against cadmium-evoked nephrotoxicity potentially through mitigating ERS and targeting Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling. The current findings support possible therapeutic application of arctigenin in controlling cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity although clinical investigations are necessary.

Mnemonic and neuroprotective properties of Sclerocarya birrea root bark decoction on mouse model of monosodium glutamate-induced neurotoxicity involve by its antioxidant activities

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. (Anacardiaceae) is a medicinal plant known for the treatment of several diseases such as epilepsy, hypertension, inflammation and memory disorders in Cameroonian folk medicine. Aim of the study: The aim of this work is to evaluate the memory improvement and neuroprotective effects of Sclerocarya birrea aqueous root bark extracts and investigate it antioxidant properties. Materials and methods: T-maze and the object recognition test in an open field were used for behavioral testing to detect its neuroprotective and memory improvement properties. The DPPH test was used to predict antioxidant activities in vitro. The in vivo antioxidant activities of the aqueous extracts were investigated using the Monosodium glutamate induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity mouse model. After the behavioral testing, animals were decapitated and the brains were removed for oxidative stress biomarkers determination. Results: Sclerocarya birrea decreased the preferred arm choice latency and the time spent in the discriminated, in the T-maze. It increased exploration time and recognition index, and decreased the latency to explore the new object B. In addition, Sclerocarya birrea increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and reduced glutathione level. Conclusion: These results suggest that Sclerocarya birrea possess neuroprotective and mnemonic activities in mice that might involve by its free radicals scavenging properties

The combined impact of decabromodiphenyl ether and high fat exposure on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in vivo and in vitro

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a public health concern. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and high fat (HF) exposure cause liver injury, yet the combined impact on NAFLD development remains unclear. HepG2 cells were incubated with BDE-209 or/and HF reagent (Csodium oleate/Csodium palmitate = 2/1) for establishing the in vitro model, while C57BL/6 mice fed BDE-209 or/and HF diet (HFD) was the in vivo model. Oil Red O staining and the determination of triglyceride, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents proved the elevated lipid accumulation and oxidative stress by the mixture of BDE-209 and HF in HepG2 cells, consistent in C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, the action analysis showed the synergistic effect between BDE-209 and HF, suggesting that the population preferring the HFD is more susceptible to BDE-209 to aggravate the progression of NAFLD. Further, the increased protein expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 was considered to be responsible for hepatic steatosis. The impairment of antioxidant system was reflected by the lower hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione transferase activities and reduced glutathione level, explaining the detected excessive ROS production. Besides, using high content analysis, the decline of mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, which was closed to the NAFLD pathogenesis, was also demonstrated in HepG2 cells.

Sulforaphane Causes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma U87MG and U373MG Cell Lines under Hypoxic Conditions.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain tumor. The median survival rate from diagnosis ranges from 15 to 17 months because the tumor is resistant to most therapeutic strategies. GBM exhibits microvascular hyperplasia and pronounced necrosis triggered by hypoxia. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables, has already demonstrated the ability to inhibit cell proliferation, by provoking cell cycle arrest, and leading to apoptosis in many cell lines. In this study, we investigated the antineoplastic effects of SFN [20–80 µM for 48 h] in GBM cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Cell viability assays, flow cytometry, and Western blot results revealed that SFN could induce apoptosis of GBM cells in a dose-dependent manner, under both conditions. In particular, SFN significantly induced caspase 3/7 activation and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, our results demonstrated that SFN suppressed GBM cells proliferation by arresting the cell cycle at the S-phase, also under hypoxic condition, and that these effects may be due in part to its ability to induce oxidative stress by reducing glutathione levels and to increase the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Overall, we hypothesized that SFN treatment might serve as a potential therapeutic strategy, alone or in combination, against GBM.

Neuroprotective Potentials of Cocculus hirsutus Leaf Extract Against 6,7-Epoxytropine Tropate-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats

Cocculus hirsutus, a tropical South Asian creeper,traditionally used as a diuretic, laxative, cardiotonic, anti-microbial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and spermatogenic. However, the neuroprotective role was less explored; therefore, this researchwas conducted to investigate neuroprotective potentials of Cocculus hirsutus leaf hydroalcoholic extract in 6,7-Epoxytropine tropate (Scopolamine) induced cognitive impairment and oxidative lipid peroxidation in the brain of wistar albino rat. Scopolamine (1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) was given in rats for 14 days to induce transient cognitive impairment. Donepezil (2 mg/kg body weight, orally) has been used for this research as a positive control. Behavioral studies were done using Morris water maze and elevated plus maze and neurobiochemical parameters such as acetylcholinesterase activity, reduced glutathione levels and activity of catalase were assessed in rats brain homogenate. Cocculus hirsutus leaf hydroalcoholic extract(200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) exhibited an improvement in spatial, exteroceptive learning and memory. The extract showed significant decline in the activity of acetylcholinesterase, enhancement of reduced glutathione levels and catalase activity (p&lt;0.001). All the outcomes were assessed by Bonferroni post hoc tests with ANOVA for multiple comparison studies. This study reveals that hydroalcoholic extract of Cocculus hirsutusleaf acts as neuroprotective against scopolamine induced behavioral and neurobiochemical changes.

Linoleic Acid Triggered a Metabolomic Stress Condition in Three Species of Bifidobacteria Characterized by Different Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Producing Abilities

Abundant conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) producers exist among Bifidobacterium species. This CLA production is related to the mitigation of LA toxicity. However, there is still a lack of information on the metabolic response underlying this detoxification strategy. In this study, six bifidobacteria strains belonging to three different species were used to characterize growth and CLA accumulation in the presence of LA. A combination of non-targeted metabolomics techniques and biochemical indicators were used to explore metabolic profile changes in response to LA and the expression of important factors driving CLA production in Bifidobacterium species. The results suggested that free LA had growth inhibitory effects on bifidobacteria, resulting in a global metabolic stress response that caused metabolic reprogramming on all tested strains and promoted malondialdehyde production, inducing a redox imbalance. In particular, a strong decrease in reduced glutathione level was observed in Bifidobacterium breve CCFM683 [log2(FC) = -3.29]. Furthermore, LA-induced oxidative stress is an important factor driving high CLA production in certain strains.

Pullu sazan (Cyprinus carpio Linneaus, 1758)’da ellajik asidin büyüme ve bazı antioksidan parametrelere etkisi

In the present study, it was investigated the effects of various levels of dietary ellagic acid on growth performance and antioxidant status in scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were fed with the control diet and three different experimental diets containing three graded levels of ellagic acid (50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1 diet) for 60 days. On 30th and 60th days of experiment, the growth performance [live weight gain, relative growth and specific growth rate] and oxidant/antioxidant parameters [malondialdehyde level, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activities and reduced glutathione level] were analysed. There was no statistically significant difference in the live weight gain, relative growth and specific growth rates of the control and ellagic acid treated groups (p &gt; 0.05). When compared to the control group, the liver and kidney malondialdehyde levels of ellagic acid treated groups were significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.05). The liver and kidney catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activities and reduced glutathione levels of ellagic acid treated groups were significantly increased when compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). It was concluded that ellagic acid can be used as an antioxidant in fish.

Thromboxane A2 synthase inhibition ameliorates endothelial dysfunction, memory deficits, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in rat model of streptozotocin diabetes induced dementia

RationaleVascular dementia (VaD) is the second leading cause of dementia worldwide. It is very important to find the possible pharmacological agents which may be useful in management and therapy of VaD. ObjectivesThe present study investigates the effect of ozagrel, a selective thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthase inhibitor, in a rat model of VaD. MethodsSingle intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin [STZ, (50 mg/kg)] was administered to Wistar rats to induced diabetes-associated vascular endothelial dysfunction and memory impairment. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed to assess learning and memory. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed in the isolated aorta by observing endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation and levels of serum nitrite. Various biochemical and histopathological estimations were also performed. ResultsSTZ treatment produced endothelial dysfunction, impairment of learning and memory, reduction in body weight and serum nitrite/nitrate, and increase in serum glucose, brain oxidative stress (increased brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species and decreased reduced glutathione levels), brain acetylcholinesterase activity and brain myeloperoxidase activity. Further a significant rise in brain tumor necrosis factor-α & interleukin-6 levels and brain neutrophil infiltration were also observed. Treatment of ozagrel (10 & 20 mg/kg, p. o.)/donepezil (0. 5 mg/kg, i.p., serving as standard) ameliorated STZ induced endothelial dysfunction; memory deficits; biochemical and histopathological changes. ConclusionsIt may be concluded that ozagrel markedly improved endothelial dysfunction; learning and memory; biochemical and histopathological alteration associated with STZ induced dementia and that TXA2 can be considered as an important therapeutic target for the management of VaD.

Nanocurcumin alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-induced mastitis via activation of Nrf2 and suppressing TLR4-mediated NF-κB and HMGB1 signaling pathways in rats.

Coliform mastitis is a worldwide serious disease of the mammary gland. Curcumin is a pleiotropic polyphenol obtained from turmeric, but it is hydrophobic and rapidly eliminated from the body. However, nanoformulation of curcumin significantly improves its pharmacological activity by enhancing its hydrophobicity and oral bioavailability. Our study aimed to investigate the possible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of nanocurcumin as a prophylactic against LPS-induced coliform mastitis in rat model, where LPS was extracted from a field strain of Escherichia coli (bovine mastitis isolate). The study was conducted on twenty lactating Wistar female rats divided into four equal groups, and the mastitis model was initiated by injection of LPS through the duct of the mammary gland. The results showed that nanocurcumin significantly attenuated the lipid peroxidation (MDA), oxidized glutathione, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), and the gene expression of TLR4, NF-κB p65, and HMGB1. Meanwhile, it improved the reduced glutathione level and Nrf2 activity and preserved the normal alveolar architecture. These findings suggested that nanocurcumin supplementation can be a promising potential protective approach for coliform mastitis.