Reduced Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication Research Articles

Connexin 43 Prevents Radiation-Induced Intestinal Damage via the Ca2+-Dependent PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.

Radiation-induced intestinal damage (RIID) is a common side effect of radiotherapy in patients with abdominopelvic malignancies. Gap junctions are special structures consisting of connexins (Cxs). This study aimed to investigate the expression and role of connexins in RIID and underlying mechanism. In this study, a calcein-AM fluorescence probe was used to detect changes in gap junctional intercellular communication in intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells. Our results show that gap junctional intercellular communication of IEC-6 cells was reduced at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after irradiation, with the most pronounced effect at 24 h. Western blotting and immunofluorescence results showed that the expression of Cx43, but not other connexins, was reduced in irradiated intestinal epithelial cells. Silencing of Cx43 reduced gap junctional intercellular communication between irradiated intestinal epithelial cells with increased ROS and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Furthermore, knockdown of Cx43 reduced the number of clonal clusters, decreased cell proliferation with increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Western blotting results showed that silencing of Cx43 resulted in changed γ-H2AX and PI3K/AKT pathway proteins in irradiated intestinal epithelial cells. Administration of the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 inhibited the radioprotective effects in Cx43-overexpressing intestinal epithelial cells. Our study demonstrated that Cx43 expression is decreased by ionizing radiation, which facilitates the radioprotection of intestinal epithelial cells.

Connexin 43 Prevents Radiation-Induced Intestinal Damage via the Ca2+-Dependent PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.

Radiation-induced intestinal damage (RIID) is a common side effect of radiotherapy in patients with abdominopelvic malignancies. Gap junctions are special structures consisting of connexins (Cxs). This study aimed to investigate the expression and role of connexins in RIID and underlying mechanism. In this study, a calcein-AM fluorescence probe was used to detect changes in gap junctional intercellular communication in intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells. Our results show that gap junctional intercellular communication of IEC-6 cells was reduced at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after irradiation, with the most pronounced effect at 24 h. Western blotting and immunofluorescence results showed that the expression of Cx43, but not other connexins, was reduced in irradiated intestinal epithelial cells. Silencing of Cx43 reduced gap junctional intercellular communication between irradiated intestinal epithelial cells with increased ROS and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Furthermore, knockdown of Cx43 reduced the number of clonal clusters, decreased cell proliferation with increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Western blotting results showed that silencing of Cx43 resulted in changed γ-H2AX and PI3K/AKT pathway proteins in irradiated intestinal epithelial cells. Administration of the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 inhibited the radioprotective effects in Cx43-overexpressing intestinal epithelial cells. Our study demonstrated that Cx43 expression is decreased by ionizing radiation, which facilitates the radioprotection of intestinal epithelial cells.

Connexin 43 trafficking and regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication alters ovarian cancer cell migration and tumorigenesis

Ovarian cancer persists to be the most lethal gynecological malignancy, demanding rigorous treatments involving radio-chemotherapy that trigger toxicity and consequently mortality among patients. An improved understanding of the disease progression may pioneer curative therapies. Mouse epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines, ID8 and ID8-VEGF (overexpressing VEGF) were intraperitoneally injected in C57BL/6 female mice to develop a Syngeneic Ovarian cancer mouse model. It was observed that ID8-VEGF cells were able to induce aggressive tumor growth in mice compared to ID8 cells. Furthermore, results of the current in vitro study comparing ID8 and ID8-VEGF demonstrated that highly tumorigenic ID8-VEGF had reduced gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) due to intracellular Connexin 43 (Cx43) expression. Additionally, ID8 cells with reduced tumorigenic capability expressed significant GJIC. Furthermore, loss of GJIC in ID8-VEGF cells induced shorter tunneling nanotube formations, while ID8 cells develops longer tunneling nanotube to maintain cellular crosstalk. The administration of a pharmacological drug 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) ensured the restoration of GJIC in both the ovarian cancer cell lines. Additionally, 4PBA treatment significantly inhibited the migration of ovarian cancer cell lines and tumor formation in ovarian cancer mice models. In summary, the 4PBA-mediated restoration of GJIC suppressed migration (in vitro) and tumorigenesis (in vivo) of ovarian cancer cells. The present study suggests that Cx43 assembled GJIC and its supportive signaling pathways are a prospective target for restricting ovarian cancer progression.

Connexin43 in the development and progression of breast cancer: What's the connection? (Review).

Connexin 43 is a prominent gap junction protein within normal human breast tissue. Thus far, there have been a number of research studies performed to determine the function of connexin 43 in breast tumor formation and progression. Within primary tumors, research suggests that the level of connexin 43 expression in breast tumors is altered when compared to normal human breast tissue. While some reports indicate that connexin 43 levels decrease, other evidence suggests that connexin 43 levels are increased and protein localization shifts from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. In either case, the prevailing theory is that breast tumor cells have reduced gap junction intercellular communication within primary tumors. The current consensus appears to be that the loss of connexin 43 gap junction intercellular communication is an early event in malignancy, with the possibility of gap junction restoration in the event of metastasis. However, additional evidence is needed to support the latter claim. The purpose of this report is to review the connexin 43 literature that describes studies using human tissue samples, in order to evaluate the function of connexin 43 protein in normal human breast tissue as well as the role of connexin 43 in human breast tumor formation and metastatic progression.

Disease-linked connexin26 S17F promotes volar skin abnormalities and mild wound healing defects in mice

Several mutant mice have been generated to model connexin (Cx)-linked skin diseases; however, the role of connexins in skin maintenance and during wound healing remains to be fully elucidated. Here we generated a novel, viable, and fertile mouse (Cx26CK14-S17F/+) with the keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness mutant (Cx26S17F) driven by the cytokeratin 14 promoter. This mutant mouse mirrors several Cx26-linked human skin pathologies suggesting that the etiology of Cx26-linked skin disease indeed stems from epidermal expression of the Cx26 mutant. Cx26CK14-S17F/+ foot pad epidermis formed severe palmoplantar keratoderma, which expressed elevated levels of Cx26 and filaggrin. Primary keratinocytes isolated from Cx26CK14-S17F/+ neonates exhibited reduced gap junctional intercellular communication and migration. Furthermore, Cx26CK14-S17F/+ mouse skin wound closure was normal but repaired epidermis appeared hyperplastic with elevated expression of cytokeratin 6. Taken together, we suggest that the Cx26S17F mutant disturbs keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal remodeling following wound closure. We further posit that Cx26 contributes to epidermal homeostasis by regulating keratinocyte differentiation, and that mice harboring a disease-linked Cx26 mutant display epidermal abnormalities yet retain most wound healing properties.

Glucocorticoid Suppresses Connexin 43 Expression by Inhibiting the Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Osteoblasts.

The inhibition of proliferation or functional alteration of osteoblasts by glucocorticoids (GCs) has been recognized as an important etiology of GC-induced osteoporosis (GIO). Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the most abundant connexin isoform in bone cells and plays important roles in bone remodeling. Despite the important role of Cx43 in bone homeostasis and the prevalence of GIO, the direct action of GCs on Cx43 expression in osteoblasts has been poorly described. The aim of the present study was to evaluate how GCs affect Cx43 expression in osteoblasts. Dexamethasone (Dex) treatment decreased expression of Cx43 RNA and protein in MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblastic cells. Reduction of Cx43 expression by Dex was dependent on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), as it was abolished by pretreatment with a GR blocker. Treatment with PTH (1-34), a medication used for GIO management, counteracted the suppression of Cx43 by Dex. Akt or mTOR signaling modulators revealed the involvement of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in Dex-induced reduction of Cx43 expression. Moreover, overexpression of Cx43 significantly attenuated Dex-inhibited cell viability and proliferation, as evidenced by MTT and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay of MC3T3-E1 cells. To account for possible species or cell type differences, human primary osteoblasts were treated with Dex and similar downregulation of Cx43 by Dex was observed. In addition, immunofluorescent staining for Cx43 further demonstrated an apparent decrease in Dex-treated human osteoblasts, while analysis of lucifer yellow propagation revealed reduced gap junction intercellular communication by Dex. Collectively, these findings indicate that GCs suppress Cx43 expression in osteoblasts via GR and the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and overexpression of Cx43 may, at least in part, rescue osteoblasts from GC-induced reductions in proliferation.

Abstract LB-A02: trans,trans-Conjugated linoleic acid induces apoptosis by enhancing gap junctional intercellular communication inhuman breast cancer MCF-7 cells

Abstract t,t-Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers reported to exert antitumor effects by inducing apoptosis. However, the precise mechanism underlying remains unclear. Restoration of reduced gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in cancer cells inhibits cell growth by apoptosis. We hypothesized, t,t-CLA might cause apoptosis with enhanced GJIC in MCF-7 cells. Growth inhibitory effects of t9,t11-and t10,t12-CLA were investigated with reference to t10,c12-CLA,which is equally effective with c9,t11-CLA. Results demonstrated, t,t-CLA inhibited cell growth with cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, increased cell population in sub-G1 phase in cell cycle and elevated caspase-3 which indicate apoptosis. It enhanced GJIC with increased connexin43 (Cx43) at the mRNA and protein levels with higher efficacy as compared to t10,c12-CLA but t9,t11-CLA is superior to t10,t12-CLA. Findings suggest, the growth inhibitory effect of t,t-CLA isomers might be associated with the up-regulation of Cx43, which enhances GJIC in MCF-7 cells. t,t-CLAs inhibited nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB) translocation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation which might trigger up-regulation of Cx43 and restore GJIC. Keywords: t,t-CLA, Apoptosis,Cx43, GJIC, ROS. Citation Format: Yeong Lae Ha, Abdur Rakib, Jeong O. Kim. trans,trans-Conjugated linoleic acid induces apoptosis by enhancing gap junctional intercellular communication inhuman breast cancer MCF-7 cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr LB-A02.

Gap Junction Intercellular Communication Mediated by Connexin43 in Astrocytes Is Essential for Their Resistance to Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with various neurological disorders including aging, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as traumatic and ischemic insults. Astrocytes have an important role in the anti-oxidative defense in the brain. The gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) forms intercellular channels as well as hemichannels in astrocytes. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of Cx43 to astrocytic death induced by the ROS hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the mechanism by which Cx43 exerts its effects. Lack of Cx43 expression or blockage of Cx43 channels resulted in increased ROS-induced astrocytic death, supporting a cell protective effect of functional Cx43 channels. H2O2 transiently increased hemichannel activity, but reduced gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). GJIC in wild-type astrocytes recovered after 7 h, but was absent in Cx43 knock-out astrocytes. Blockage of Cx43 hemichannels incompletely inhibited H2O2-induced hemichannel activity, indicating the presence of other hemichannel proteins. Panx1, which is predicted to be a major hemichannel contributor in astrocytes, did not appear to have any cell protective effect from H2O2 insults. Our data suggest that GJIC is important for Cx43-mediated ROS resistance. In contrast to hypoxia/reoxygenation, H2O2 treatment decreased the ratio of the hypophosphorylated isoform to total Cx43 level. Cx43 has been reported to promote astrocytic death induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation. We therefore speculate the increase in Cx43 dephosphorylation may account for the facilitation of astrocytic death. Our findings suggest that the role of Cx43 in response to cellular stress is dependent on the activation of signaling pathways leading to alteration of Cx43 phosphorylation states.

Antiproliferative Action of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Mediated by Enhancement of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication through Inactivation of NF-κB

The major conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA, have anticancer effects; however, the exact mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. Evidence suggests that reversal of reduced gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in cancer cells inhibits cell growth and induces cell death. Hence, we determined that CLA isomers enhance GJIC in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. The CLA isomers significantly enhanced GJIC of MCF-7 cells at 40 μM concentration, whereas CLA inhibited cell growth and induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. CLA increased connexin43 (Cx43) expression both at the transcriptional and translational levels. CLA inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. No significant difference was observed in the efficacy of c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA. These results suggest that the anticancer effect of CLA is associated with upregulation of GJIC mediated by enhanced Cx43 expression through inactivation of NF-κB and generation of ROS in MCF-7 cells.

Human dermal fibroblasts derived from oculodentodigital dysplasia patients suggest that patients may have wound‐healing defects

Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is primarily an autosomal dominant human disease caused by any one of over 60 mutations in the GJA1 gene encoding the gap junction protein Cx43. In the present study, wound healing was investigated in a G60S ODDD mutant mouse model and by using dermal fibroblasts isolated from two ODDD patients harboring the p.D3N and p.V216L mutants along with dermal fibroblasts isolated from their respective unaffected relatives. Punch biopsies revealed a delay in wound closure in the G60S mutant mice in comparison to wild-type littermates, and this delay appeared to be due to defects in the dermal fibroblasts. Although both the p.D3N and p.V216L mutants reduced gap junctional intercellular communication in human dermal fibroblasts, immunolocalization studies revealed that Cx43 gap junctions were prevalent at the cell surface of p.D3N expressing fibroblasts but greatly reduced in p.V216L expressing fibroblasts. Mutant expressing fibroblasts were further found to have reduced proliferation and migration capabilities. Finally, in response to TGFβ1, mutant expressing fibroblasts expressed significantly less alpha smooth muscle actin suggesting they were inefficient in their ability to differentiate into myofibroblasts. Collectively, our results suggest that ODDD patients may have subclinical defects in wound healing due to impaired function of dermal fibroblasts.

Unexpected role for the human Cx37 C1019T polymorphism in tumour cell proliferation

Connexins are a large family of proteins that form gap junction channels allowing exchange of ions and small metabolites between neighboring cells. They have been implicated in pathological processes such as tumourigenesis in which they may act as tumour suppressors. A polymorphism in the human connexin37 (Cx37) gene (C1019T), resulting in a non-conservative amino acid change in the regulatory C-terminus (CT) of the Cx37 protein (P319S) has been suggested to be implicated in predisposition to angiosarcomas. In this study, we have used communication-deficient HeLa and SK-HEP-1 cells transfected with Cx37-319S, Cx37-319P or empty vector. We showed that the expression of Cx37-319P limited proliferation of HeLa and SK-HEP-1 cells, whereas Cx37-319S expression was without effect. Using an in vitro kinase assay, we demonstrated phosphorylation of Cx37 CT by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a kinase known to be implicated in cell proliferation and cancer. GSK-3-induced phosphorylation was associated with reduced gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) as measured by microinjection of the tracer neurobiotin. Inhibition of GSK-3 by LiCl or SB415286 reduced phosphorylation of Cx37-319P and increased GJIC. This latter effect on GJIC involved the beta and not the alpha isoform of GSK-3. In contrast, GSK-3 inhibitors were without effect on HeLa cells expressing Cx37-319S. In conclusion, our data indicate functional effects of the Cx37 C1019T polymorphism on GJIC that might contribute to tumour cell growth.

High Glucose–Induced Downregulation of Connexin 43 Expression Promotes Apoptosis in Microvascular Endothelial Cells

This study aims to determine whether high glucose-induced inhibition of connexin 43 (Cx43) expression and reduced gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) promote microvascular endothelial cell loss. To downregulate Cx43 protein expression in rat microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs), the cells were grown in high (30 mM) glucose medium for 7 days, or transfected with antisense-Cx43 (AS-Cx43) oligonucleotides. Western blot analysis confirmed significant inhibition of Cx43 protein expression. Scrape load dye transfer (SLDT) assay showed significant reduction in GJIC activity in these cells compared to cells grown in normal medium or transfected with random oligonucleotides. In parallel, Cx43 immunostaining showed significant decrease in number of Cx43 plaques in cells with reduced Cx43 expression. DNA ladder assay, TUNEL assay, and differential staining were performed to identify cells undergoing apoptosis. DNA ladder analysis, TUNEL assay, and differential staining indicated a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells when Cx43 protein expression was reduced in both high-glucose cells or cells transfected with AS-Cx43 oligonucleotides with concomitant downregulation of GJIC activity. Additionally, DNA fragmentation, which was evident in cells with reduced Cx43 expression, suggested early phases of apoptosis. These results provide the first evidence that high glucose-induced downregulation of Cx43 expression is an early trigger for inducing apoptosis in microvascular endothelial cells. This finding may have important implications toward breakdown of vascular homeostasis and initiation of apoptosis in diabetic retinopathy.

Hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni in mice deficient for connexin 43 present lower cell proliferation and higher collagen content

Granuloma formation involves a coordinated interaction between monocytes and macrophages, epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and fibroblasts. It has been established that extracellular communication via cytokines is important for the assembly of granulomas. However, the importance of gap junctions and intercellular communication to granuloma formation and development had never been assessed. Connexins are proteins that form gap junctions, and connexin 43 (Cx43) is present in macrophages, lymphoid cells, myelogenous cells, fibroblasts and others. We analyzed the effect of heterologous deletion of Gja1 (Cx43 gene) on the formation and development of hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Heterozygous (Cx43 +/−) and wild-type (Cx43 +/+) mice were infected subcutaneously with S. mansoni cercarie and evaluated after 6, 8 and 12 weeks. Granuloma cells express Cx43, as revealed by real-time PCR in isolated granulomas, and by immunohistochemistry. Cx43 expression was reduced in Cx43 +/− mice, as expected. No differences in the average area of granulomas or number of cells per granuloma were observed between mice of different genotypes. However, granuloma cells from Cx43 +/− mice displayed a reduced index of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling at 8 and 12 weeks post-infection. Moreover, Cx43 +/− granulomas unexpectedly presented a higher degree of fibrosis, quantified by morphometric analysis in Sirius Red-stained slides. Our results indicate that the deletion of one allele of the Cx43 gene, and possibly the reduced gap junction intercellular communication capacity (GJIC), may impair the interactions between granuloma cells, reducing their proliferation and increasing their collagen content, thereby modifying the characteristics of S. mansoni granuloma in mice.

A Novel N14Y Mutation in Connexin26 in Keratitis-Ichthyosis-Deafness Syndrome: Analyses of Altered Gap Junctional Communication and Molecular Structure of N Terminus of Mutated Connexin26

Connexins (Cxs) are transmembranous proteins that connect adjacent cells via channels known as gap junctions. The N-terminal 21 amino acids of Cx26 are located at the cytoplasmic side of the channel pore and are thought to be essential for the regulation of channel selectivity. We have found a novel mutation, N14Y, in the N-terminal domain of Cx26 in a case of keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome. Reduced gap junctional intercellular communication was observed in the patient's keratinocytes by the dye transfer assay using scrape-loading methods. The effect of this mutation on molecular structure was investigated using synthetic N-terminal peptides from both wild-type and mutated Cx26. Two-dimensional (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism measurements demonstrated that the secondary structures of these two model peptides are similar to each other. However, several novel nuclear Overhauser effect signals appeared in the N14Y mutant, and the secondary structure of the mutant peptide was more susceptible to induction of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol than wild type. Thus, it is likely that the N14Y mutation induces a change in local structural flexibility of the N-terminal domain, which is important for exerting the activity of the channel function, resulting in impaired gap junctional intercellular communication.

Reduced gap junctional intercellular communication and altered biological effects in mouse osteoblast and rat liver oval cell lines transfected with dominant-negative connexin 43.

Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) maintains normal growth and differentiation of cells in a tissue. The intercellular molecules traversing gap junctions are largely unknown, but the molecular weight (MW) cutoff is normally 1200 Da. No differences in dye transfer were observed in normal or vector controls of WB-F344 rat liver epithelial or mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells with either Lucifer Yellow (LY) with a MW of 457 Da (LY-457) or LY with a MW of 649 Da (LY-649). Transfection of a dominant negative-connexin 43 (Cx43) gene decreased GJIC (>50%) when LY-649 was used, however, normal GJIC was observed in both cell lines when LY-457 was used. Therefore, the MW cut off in these clones was considerably less than the wild type. The dominant negative clones of the MC3T3-E1 cells exhibited over 90% less alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and calcium deposition after the induction of differentiation. Similarly, dominant negative Cx43 inhibited gene expression of ALPase and bone sialoprotein but not osteocalcin in MC3T3-E1. WB-F344 cells normally exhibit a biphasic response to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) where inhibition of GJIC recovers after 2 h, but the dominant negative clones showed no recovery from inhibition of GJIC by TPA. Dominant negative Cx43 also inhibited the formation of network-like structures by WB-F344 cells on Matrigel. These results demonstrate that the dominant negative gene transfected into cell types containing the wild-type connexins result in diminished channel sizes, thus allowing the determination of whether distinct biological endpoints, i.e., differentiation, are dependent upon either small or high MW intercellular signals.

Role of Gap Junctions in Lung Neoplasia

Reduced gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) has been noted in many types of neoplastic cells and may contribute to the neoplastic phenotype. This study assessed GJIC (by fluorescent dye-coupling) and gap junction protein (connexin) expression in mouse and human lung carcinoma cell lines and investigated whether reduced GJIC was involved in their neoplastic phenotype. Dye-coupling and connexin43 (Cx43) expression were much lower in most of the carcinoma lines (16 of 22) compared to nontransformed lung epithelial cells. Other connexins were not detected. A poorly communicating mouse lung carcinoma cell line (E9) was transfected with Cx43 or transduced with Cx32 and several stable clones were isolated that had 2- to 4-fold increased dye coupling. When evaluated for growth in vitro, the population doubling times were increased and the saturation densities were decreased in the clones. When assessed for tumorigenicity, the parental E9 cells formed tumors with a 100% incidence (6/6 mice), whereas the clones varied in tumorigenic response (0-88% incidence). The best communicating clone (E9-2) was not tumorigenic. The highly communicating Cx32 clone, E9/32-9, gave a tumor incidence of 88%. These results suggest that restoration of GJIC by forced connexin expression can reduce the growth and tumorigenicity of lung carcinoma cells in a connexin-specific manner.

Frequent reduction of gap junctional intercellular communication and connexin43 expression in human and mouse lung carcinoma cells

The reduced gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and gap junction protein (connexin) expression that have been noted in many neoplastic cell types may contribute to the neoplastic phenotype. We assessed GJIC (by fluorescent dye micro-injection) and connexin expression (by Northern blotting, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry) in five mouse and 17 human lung carcinoma cell lines; both measures were lower in neoplastic cells compared to non-transformed lung epithelial cells. Other connexins were not detected in these cells. Co-culture experiments indicated that carcinoma cell lines able to transfer dye among themselves (homologous GJIC) had little capacity for dye-coupling with non-transformed cells (heterologous GJIC). Southern blot analyses indicated that reductions in GJIC and connexin43 expression were not due to deletions or rearrangements of this gene, but were more likely accounted for by transcriptional down-regulation and/or post-transcriptional factors. No correlations between GJIC and known oncogene and tumor suppressor gene alterations in the human lung carcinoma cells were apparent, suggesting that other mechanisms down-regulate GJIC in these cells. Since the neoplastic cell lines exhibited low GJIC (either homologous or heterologous), this characteristic may be involved in expression of the neoplastic phenotype.

Inhibition of superoxide dismutase is associated with reduced gap junctional intercellular communication in an in vitro system.

Conference Article| February 01 1992 Inhibition of superoxide dismutase is associated with reduced gap junctional intercellular communication in an in vitro system PAUL T. TOMKINS; PAUL T. TOMKINS 1Toxicology Unit, Department of Applied Biology, Regional Technical College, Athlone, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar SUSAN M. MOLLOY; SUSAN M. MOLLOY 1Toxicology Unit, Department of Applied Biology, Regional Technical College, Athlone, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar MDNICA T. FINNEGAN MDNICA T. FINNEGAN 1Toxicology Unit, Department of Applied Biology, Regional Technical College, Athlone, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1992) 20 (1): 64S. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst020064s Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation PAUL T. TOMKINS, SUSAN M. MOLLOY, MDNICA T. FINNEGAN; Inhibition of superoxide dismutase is associated with reduced gap junctional intercellular communication in an in vitro system. Biochem Soc Trans 1 February 1992; 20 (1): 64S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst020064s Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1992 Biochemical Society1992 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Infection of rat liver epithelial cells with v‐Ha‐ras: Correlation between oncogene expression, gap junctional communication, and tumorigenicity

The role of v-Ha-ras oncogene in tumorigenesis in an in vitro/in vivo model system was studied by investigating the expression of the Ha-ras gene, gap junctional intercellular communication, and tumorigenicity as endpoints. Infection of a Fischer 344 rat liver epithelial cell line (WB 344) with a retrovirus containing the v-Ha-ras oncogene resulted in altered cell morphology and decreased contact sensitivity. Gap junctional intercellular communication in v-Ha-ras infected WB cells (WBHa-ras), assessed by fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP), microinjection/dye transfer, and scrape-loading/dye transfer techniques, was markedly decreased compared with the level in control WB cells. Injection of 10(7) WBHa-ras cells into the portal vein of male F344 rats caused multiple focal hepatic lesions within 1 and 2 wk, merging to large invading tumors after 3 and 4 wk. Examination of the methylation pattern of the Ha-ras gene in WBHa-ras and control WB cells showed that the infected Ha-ras gene was relatively hypomethylated in comparison to the normal cellular Ha-ras gene, indicating a greater potential for expression. There was an increased level of Ha-ras mRNA in hepatomas as compared with both adjacent nontumor liver tissue and liver tissue obtained from normal animals. Three cell lines derived from three different primary hepatic tumors induced by an injection of WBHa-ras cells in a F344 rat displayed similar growth characteristics, levels of gap junctional communication, and methylation patterns as the original WBHa-ras cells. The results of these studies have established a strong positive correlation between expression of the Ha-ras oncogene, reduced gap junctional intercellular communication, decreased contact sensitivity, and tumorigenicity of the v-Ha-ras-infected rat liver epithelial cells.