Reduce Pressure Research Articles

FENCE TYPES, FENCING PRACTICES AND BETTER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS IN HILLY REGION OF UTTARA KANNADA DISTRICT, WESTERN GHATS, INDIA

ABSTRACT: Types of fences, fencing practices, plant species used for fencing in different land uses, and reason for preferring particular species were assessed by interviewing the fence owners and by field visits in hilly area of Sirsi taluk in Uttara Kannada district. Out of twenty species used for fencing in the study area, 11 were mainly considered for fencing and planted; 9 wild species used for fencing are not planted. Agave sisalana and Duranta plumieri are planted extensively either as single species or mixed with others along the trench-cum- mound fence of the betta (leaf manure forests) and bena lands. Many useful species without spines or thorns are planted along the border of tenured properties. As compared to other studies, number of species observed and benefits derived from the fences were less. Options for meeting the requirements of fencing poles, fodder, green manure and fuel wood; enhancing ecological, economic and environmental services from fences, and reducing pressure on forests by choosing suitable species for planting on fences are discussed.

The Removal of Benzene From a Multi Component Industrial Hydrocarbon Mixture by Pervaporation

In the present work, variations of operating parameters such as feed temperature, permeate-side pressures, and volumetric feed flow rate in removal of benzene from a mixture mainly consisting of aliphatic components by pervaporation have been studied. Investigations indicate that increasing temperature in the 45–65°C range and reducing pressure in the 1–10 mm Hg range considerably enhances membrane performance in reduction of benzene content in the feed. Furthermore, increasing feed flow rate enhance membrane performance only below 400 mL/min and has no effect at higher flow rates, specially above 700 mL/min.

Preparation of Water-Soluble Lanthanum Fluoride Nanoparticles and Evaluation of their Tribological Properties

Water-soluble LaF3 nanoparticles surface-capped by two kinds of dialkyl polyoxyethylene glycol thiophosphate ester (denoted as DTP-10 and DTP-20) were synthesized via a surface-modification method. The morphology and microstructure of resultant surface-modified LaF3 nanoparticles (denoted as LaDTP-10 and LaDTP-20) were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and their thermal stability was examined by thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the tribological properties of as-synthesized LaF3 nanoparticles as additives in distilled water were evaluated with a four-ball friction and wear tester, and the morphology of wear scar and the chemical states of some typical elements thereon were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It has been found that as-prepared LaDTP-10 and LaDTP-20 nanoparticles have a size of 19.6 and 8.5 nm, respectively, and they have good dispensability in distilled water. Moreover, as-synthesized LaDTP-10 and LaDTP-20 nanoparticles as lubricant additives in distilled water exhibit good friction reducing, antiwear, and extreme pressure properties as well as high load-carrying capacity even at a concentration of 1 % (mass fraction). This is because LaF3 nanoparticles can be deposited on sliding steel surfaces to afford a surface protective layer, and they may also tribochemically react with rubbing steel surfaces to generate a boundary lubricating film mainly composed of phosphate, sulfide, sulfate, La2O3, and LaF3. Therefore, it is feasible for LaDTP-10 and LaDTP-20 nanoparticles to be used as water-soluble lubricant additives under harsh conditions.

The anticancer agent doxorubicin disrupts mitochondrial energy metabolism and redox balance in skeletal muscle

The combined loss of muscle strength and constant fatigue are disabling symptoms for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Doxorubicin, a standard chemotherapy drug used in the clinic, causes skeletal muscle dysfunction and premature fatigue along with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). As mitochondria represent a primary source of oxidant generation in muscle, we hypothesized that doxorubicin could negatively affect mitochondria by inhibiting respiratory capacity, leading to an increase in H2O2-emitting potential. Here we demonstrate a biphasic response of skeletal muscle mitochondria to a single doxorubicin injection (20mg/kg). Initially at 2h doxorubicin inhibits both complex I- and II-supported respiration and increases H2O2 emission, both of which are partially restored after 24h. The relationship between oxygen consumption and membrane potential (ΔΨ) is shifted to the right at 24h, indicating elevated reducing pressure within the electron transport system (ETS). Respiratory capacity is further decreased at a later time point (72h) along with H2O2-emitting potential and an increased sensitivity to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. These novel findings suggest a role for skeletal muscle mitochondria as a potential underlying cause of doxorubicin-induced muscle dysfunction.

The Study of the Ventilation Influence to Gas-Based Direct Reduction Shaft Furnace Flow Field

Direct reduced iron (DRI) shaft furnace flow field has important influence to the DRI production process, and the ventilation is a key factor for the velocity and pressure distribution of the gas flow in the furnace. At present works, the direct reducing gas velocity distribution and pressure distribution of DRI shaft furnace were studied with different ventilation. By the analysis of numerical simulation, the result was found that the direct reducing gas velocity increase with height in the shaft furnace reduction section. The velocity of the direct reducing gas augment with the increase of ventilation. The direct reducing gas pressure add with increasing height in the shaft furnace reduction section. With ventilation increasing, the pressure of the shaft furnace ventral part increase, and the pressure gradient increase in the direction of height in the DRI shaft furnace.

Parameters for Attenuation and Suppression of Detonation Wave with Inert Particles

The method of gas detonation wave attenuation and suppression by chemically inert particles injection before the leading shock front is considered. Parameters and cell size of a steady detonation wave are calculated. The minimum mass fraction and total mass of particles and the characteristic size of the cloud, which are necessary for detonation wave suppression, are calculated. Methane-, Cyclohexane-, Hydrogen- and Silane-air mixtures with particles of W, WC, Al2O3, SiO2 and KCl are considered. Results of calculations quite good correspond to available experimental data. The process of suppression is more effective, if particles have high heat capacity and heat of melting. Among the particles under consideration Al2O3 and SiO2 particles are better for detonation suppression.Detonation limits for different chemical compositions of methane-air mixtures and mass fractions of SiO2 particles are calculated. An increase of particles concentration leads to increase of the lower and decrease of the upper detonation limit. If a mass fraction of condensed phase is high enough, detonation wave propagation is impossible.A steady detonation wave reflection from a rigid wall (D ? D reflection) in cyclohexane- and silane-air mixtures with SiO2 particles is considered. It is shown, that particles can drastically reduce pressure and temperature behind the reflected wave and therefore prevent crucial destruction of equipment.The efficiency of detonation wave suppression at different relations between fuel and oxidizer is calculated. Methane- and cyclohexane-air mixtures with Al2O3 particles are considered. It is shown, that for every particles concentration the value of cell size has a minimum, which corresponds to a fuel-rich chemical composition. It means that for this relation between fuel and oxidizer the efficiency of detonation wave suppression by particles injection has a maximum.

What are the impacts of urban agriculture programs on food security in low and middle-income countries?

Abstract Background Issues of food security and nutrition have wide reaching implications for people and their environments, particularly in low and middle-income countries. One proposed solution is urban agriculture, which has been widely upheld as a solution to the food-crisis facing increasingly metropolitan populations. It is believed to provide the urban poor with food and a source of potential income, whilst improving the urban environment and reducing pressure on finite farmland. Although it faded from many development agendas in the 1990’s, urban agriculture has seen a resurgence since a peak in global food prices in the late 2000’s. There are, however, potential disadvantages to this increasing drive for urban agriculture including associated urban health risks and implications for the environment. The usage of waste-water, for example, may contaminate produced food and intensive irrigation might lead to the spread of malaria and water borne diseases, as well as threatening already limited water supplies. Soil erosion and the intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides might also present health risks to urban populations and damage the environment. Despite the potential benefits and harms of urban agriculture, the evidence-base is not well understood. Given the current policy drive to promote urban agriculture, there is an urgent need to understand its effects on urban populations and their environments. Methods/design This review will seek out, select, appraise and synthesise evidence on the impacts of urban agriculture on food security and nutrition. We will employ systematic review methodology to ensure that our review of the evidence is comprehensive, transparent and replicable. In addition to searching electronic databases, we will examine websites and contact academics, practitioners and policy-makers for relevant research. All potentially relevant literature will be screened against pre-specified criteria and assessed for risk of bias using established critical appraisal tools. This is to ensure that we only include the evidence in which we have confidence. Depending on the nature of the available data, we will then synthesise the available evidence using statistical meta-analysis and/or narrative synthesis. Our findings will be disseminated in a variety of ways to ensure that the evidence is available for policy-makers and practitioners.

Simulation of Pressure Transient Behavior for Asymmetrically Finite-Conductivity Fractured Wells in Coal Reservoirs

Based on Fick’s law in matrix and Darcy flow in cleats and hydraulic fractures, a new semi-analytical model considering the effects of boundary conditions was presented to investigate pressure transient behavior for asymmetrically fractured wells in coal reservoirs. The new model is more accurate than previous model proposed by Anbarci and Ertekin, SPE annual technical conference and exhibition, New Orleans, 27–30 Sept 1998 because new model is expressed in the form of integral expressions and is validated well through numerical simulation. (1) In this paper, the effects of parameters including fracture conductivity, coal reservoir porosity and permeability, fracture asymmetry factor, sorption time constant, fracture half-length, and coalbed methane (CBM) viscosity on bottomhole pressure behavior were discussed in detail. (2) Type curves were established to analyze both transient pressure behavior and flow characteristics in CBM reservoir. According to the characteristics of dimensionless pseudo pressure derivative curves, the process of the flow for fractured CBM wells was divided into six sub-stages. (3) This paper showed the comparison of transient steady state and pseudo steady state models. (4) The effects of parameters including transfer coefficient, wellbore storage coefficient, storage coefficient of cleat, fracture conductivity, fracture asymmetry factor, and rate coefficient on the shape of type curves were also discussed in detail, indicating that it is necessary to keep a bigger fracture conductivity and fracture symmetry for enhancing well production and reducing pressure depletion during the hydraulic fracturing design.

Implementing a Continuous Quality Improvement Program for Reducing Pressure Prevalence in a Teaching Hospital in China

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a continuous quality improvement program would reduce pressure ulcer prevalence. The study sample comprised 2913 patients who were used as a baseline comparison group and 3019 patients who acted as the intervention group. The research setting was a 3000-bed teaching hospital with 61 nursing units located in Wuhan, China. This prospective study compared pressure ulcer prevalence of patients admitted to hospital before and after implementation of a continuous quality improvement program designed to reduce the incidence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. The program was implemented after baseline data were collected in April and the comparison prevalence survey was completed in October of the same year. Pressure ulcer prevalence data were collected on a single day. The overall pressure ulcer prevalence (combining ulcers that were hospital acquired and present on admission) was 1.8% at baseline as compared to 1.4% following implementation of the quality improvement program. The prevalence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers was 1.5% at baseline; it was 1.1% following the intervention. Excluding stage 1 pressure ulcers, the prevalence was 0.8% and 0.6%, respectively. No stage 4 pressure ulcers were identified when prevalence was measured after initiation of the prevention project. Pressure ulcer prevalence, which was low at baseline measurement, did not statistically significantly decrease, despite a comprehensive quality improvement program.

Experimental study of the drag reduction and separation efficiency for a new hydrocyclone with a Reducing Pressure Drop Stick

In order to save energy, a Reducing Pressure Drop Stick (Repds) was installed in a new hydrocyclone to reduce the pressure drop. The flow field was disturbed by the introduction of the Repds and the separation efficiency was also affected. Experimental results of this study show that the circumferential position of the Repds can be neglected in reducing the pressure drop of the hydrocyclone. The drag reduction of the Repds increases with the increase of radial position of the Repds. There is an optimum ratio of the dRepds/D which reduces the pressure drop the most. The reduction of separation efficiency can be ignored if the parameters co-operate well.

Effect of the pour ‘T' fixed method on the subarachnoid hemorrhage treatment of lumbar cistern drainage

Objective To explore the effect of the pour ‘T' fixed method on the subarachnoid hemorrhage treatment of lumbar cistern.Methods Totals of 120 subarachnoid hemorrhage cases with the lumbar cistern drainage were randomly divided into observation group( n =60) and control group(n =60),and observation group adopted the pour ‘T' fixed method to fix the drainage tube while control group adopted the ‘ —' fixe method to fix the tube.Tape roll edge or shift,tube falling off number,pressure,impeded drainage,tape allergic of two groups were observed and compared.Results The incidence of tape roll edge or shift during 48 h and after 48 h,the incidence of tube falling off after 48 h,the incidence of pressure occurred of the control group,respectively,was 31.7％,56.7％,13.3％,51.7％ and that of the observation group was 1.7％,8.3％,0％,18.3％,and the difference was statistically significant ( x2 =19.440,31.947,6.563,14.652,respectively;P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The application of the pour‘ T' fixed method reduce the incidence of the infection,increase the effectiveness of tube fixed,reduce pressure occurrence,and good for nurses' operation. Key words: Suharachnoid hemorrhage; Drainage; Lumbar pool; Pour‘T' word fixed method

J027053 ギャッチアップ角度が仰臥位姿勢における背圧軽減に及ぼす影響

J027053 ギャッチアップ角度が仰臥位姿勢における背圧軽減に及ぼす影響

Rethinking crop diversification under changing climate, hydrology and food habit in Bangladesh

Extreme temperature, frequent and intensive flood, cyclone and other natural disasters due to climate change became acute in Bangladesh and would be severe in future. Besides, water crisis due to shortage of upstream flow and very little rainfall in dry season would affect in a same way. Gradual higher dependency on groundwater irrigation during last few decades created pressure on groundwater even after a huge discharge during rainy season. Using secondary data, this research analyzed the changes in cropping pattern along with a forecast of area to be distributed among various crops in 2029-30 and proposed a re-distribution considering probable crop failure, water crisis and change in food habit. Inherit rice-dominated food habit and government incentive policy encouraged farmers to be concentrated highly on water-intensive rice farming. However, a recent tendency of less rice consumption would encourage crop diversification in future. An incentive policy for farming of diversified crops and their intensification in all crop seasons would be effective to reduce pressure on groundwater and to persuade a balanced food basket in Bangladesh.

Should we treat the brain in glaucoma?

The loss of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma may lead to blindness, and current therapies are directed at reducing pressure within the eye. Most of the retinal ganglion cell axon lies outside the eye, and evidence from experimental primate and human glaucoma suggests that axon injury extends from the optic nerve to visual pathways in the brain. Neurodegenerative changes in the central visual system may contribute to the pathology of glaucomatous progression. Thus, intraocular pressure-lowering strategies combined with neuroprotective therapies to protect visual neurons in the retina and brain may help to preserve vision in patients with glaucoma.

Analysis on cause of death of 969 middle-aged inpatients

Objective To investigate the causes of death of 969 middle-aged inpatients in order to provide reasonable evidences for establishing measurements to reduce the morbidity and mortality.Methods A total of 969 death cases of middle-aged inpatients were collected in our hospital from 2000 to 2010.Statistical summary was conducted on principal discharge diagnosis based on international classification of disease.Results The mortality rate of male was significantly higher than that of female;The top three death causes in order of frequency were tumor(56.04%),cardiovascular disease(16.20%)and digestive diseases(7.33%),hepatic carcinoma is the most important part of the tumor group.Conclusion Medical service should attach great importance to strengthen the prevention and control of common disease and frequently-occurring disease in middle-aged patients to reduce the morbidity and mortality.The effective methods include the follows:carry out all kinds of health education,enhance the health conscious,early medical examination and inspection,improve dietary habit,build up good mental states,increase the happiness and reduce pressure from all fields. Key words: Middle-aged inpatients; Cause of death; Disease composition; Statistic analysis

The Effect of a New Gelatinous Elastomers Cushion on Reducing Pressure and Temperature

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of a new air cell cushion (Elaston cushion) made of gelatinous elastomers, a newly developed material with a novel structure on reducing pressure and temperature. Methods: We compared the pressure and thermal responses of the Elastone cushion to three other available cushions (foam, gel-filled and air-filled villous) and four regular wooden or spongy chair seats. The skin temperature at the buttocks was also continuously measured for eight-hours sitting. Results: The Elastone cushion reduced the peak pressure (39.7 mmHg) compared with foam (60.0 mmHg), gel-filled (60.3 mmHg) and air-filled cushions (69.3 mmHg), as well as with the wooden and spongy chair seats (84.7 to 200 mmHg). The peak temperature with the Elastone cushion was 29℃. Higher temperatures were found with the gel-filled (33.8℃), air-filled (35℃) and foam (35.9℃) cushions, as well as with the wooden and spongy chair seats (34.5 to 35.9℃). Conclusion: Our findings clearly showed that the Elastone cushion was more advantageous in relieving pressure and minimizing temperature.

Urban Water Demand Management in ASEAN Countries: Challenges and Solutions

ASEAN member countries face significant challenges in managing urban water demand given rising populations, urbanization and water scarcity. Depending on country circumstances, they have responded to these challenges with both short term and long term solutions including tariff solutions, management solutions, technical/engineering solutions, institutional/regulatory solutions and leadership, public education and community involvement. Short term solutions include reducing commercial losses, checking on meter accuracy and reducing pressure. Long term solutions include pipe placement programs, shifting towards economic valuation of water service, performance and process benchmarking and 100% metering. Other long term institutional solutions include more effective regulation, private sector participation and financial restructuring of water utilities. Pushing these solutions forward require continuing capacity building programs including formal training, staff exchange, advisory services, twinning arrangements and networking and leadership development. Singapore can play an important role in this process.

Aero‐Acoustic Optimisation of Airflow Components in Gas Turbines

AbstractThere is always a great interest in the improvement of the efficiency of gas turbines. This requires the reduction of energetic losses like pressure losses induced by vortices, turbulence and secondary flow. In the current investigation, effects caused by aero‐acoustic oscillation are of interest. The possibility to control these effects or to make them usable has several advantages, for example reducing pressure losses, reducing noise, and influencing the heat transfer and charging effects. This concerns potentially oscillatory flow systems in gas turbines like pipes, cavities and annuli. In particular annuli can not be considered theoretically using one‐dimensional pipe acoustic. The start of oscillation occurs due to turbulent shear stress, solid oscillating surfaces and time fluctuating pressure fields as well as thermal stimulation. This study focuses on the impact of aero‐acoustic oscillation caused by shear stress and rotating pressure fields on the through flow. A numerical study of axial, radial and circumferential acoustic eigen‐modes and a time harmonic analysis have been done with several boundary conditions. The achieved results have to be proved in a further experiment. An improvement in the aero‐acoustical design of gas turbine flow components will be possible thanks to the results gained from both the numerical study and planned experiment. (© 2009 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The Clinical Observation on the Treatment of Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head with Comprehensive Therapy Dominated by Medical Ozone

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of treating avascular necrosis of femoral head with comprehensive therapy dominated by medical ozone. Methods Joint cavity of femoral articulation was performed blockage and injected with fluids for eliminating inflammation and reliving pain. After 5 to 10 minutes interval, if the patients did not show any abnormal reaction, medical Ozone with the concentration of 30%, 8 to 10ml, was injected to the joint cavity. Meanwhile, needle-knife therapy was used to reduce pressure inside the cavity. Traditional Chinese medicine was also used for the treatment. Results of all 183 femoral articulations of 135 cases, the therapeutic result of 38 articulations perfect, occupying 20.8% (38/183), 88 were good, occupying 48.1% (88/183), 31 were normal, occupying 16.9% (31/183) and 26 were bad, occupying 14.2% (26/183).The total effective rate was 85.8% (157/183). Conclusion The treatment of avascular necrosis of femoral head with comprehensive therapy dominated by medical ozone had outstanding therapeutic effects. Key words: Medical ozone; Avascular necrosis of the femoral head; Comprehensive Therapy

Reduction of patient-ventilator asynchrony by reducing tidal volume during pressure-support ventilation

To identify ventilatory setting adjustments that improve patient-ventilator synchrony during pressure-support ventilation in ventilator-dependent patients by reducing ineffective triggering events without decreasing tolerance. Prospective physiological study in a 13-bed medical intensive care unit in a university hospital. Twelve intubated patients with more than 10% of ineffective breaths while receiving pressure-support ventilation. Flow, airway-pressure, esophageal-pressure, and gastric-pressure signals were used to measure patient inspiratory effort. To decrease ineffective triggering the following ventilator setting adjustments were randomly adjusted: pressure support reduction, insufflation time reduction, and change in end-expiratory pressure. Reducing pressure support from 20.0 cm H(2)O (IQR 19.5-20) to 13.0 (12.0-14.0) reduced tidal volume [10.2ml /kg predicted body weight (7.2-11.5) to 5.9 (4.9-6.7)] and minimized ineffective triggering events [45% of respiratory efforts (36-52) to 0% (0-7)], completely abolishing ineffective triggering in two-thirds of patients. The ventilator respiratory rate increased due to unmasked wasted efforts, with no changes in patient respiratory rate [26.5 breaths/min (23.1-31.9) vs. 29.4 (24.6-34.5)], patient effort, or arterial PCO(2). Shortening the insufflation time reduced ineffective triggering events and patient effort, while applying positive end-expiratory pressure had no influence on asynchrony. Markedly reducing pressure support or inspiratory duration to reach a tidal volume of about 6 ml/kg predicted body weight eliminated ineffective triggering in two-thirds of patients with weaning difficulties and a high percentage of ineffective efforts without inducing excessive work of breathing or modifying patient respiratory rate.