Reduction In Plaque Scores Research Articles

INTERVENTIONS ENHANCING DENTAL HEALTH IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

Introduction: Elderly patients with cognitive impairments are at a heightened risk of poor dental health due to various barriers that impede their access to oral care and their ability to maintain proper oral hygiene. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed to enhance dental health in this vulnerable population. Methods A comprehensiveliterature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, using a combination of keywords related to dental health, cognitive impairment, and elderly care. The review was limited to interventional studies and clinical trials published in English. Inclusion criteria were studies on populations aged 65 years and above with diagnosed cognitive impairments that assessed the outcomes of dental health interventions. Studies were excluded if they were observational, reviews, or did not directly measure dental health outcomes. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed on the included studies. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a range of interventions from professional dental care and the use of therapeutic dental products to caregiver training programs. Sample sizes ranged from 30 to 200 participants. Notable findings include a significant reduction in plaque scores and gingival inflammation with a risk ratio of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.59 -0.94), a 40% decrease in dental caries incidence (95% CI: 20-60%), and a 30% improvement in oral hygiene practices (95% CI: 15 -45%) following various interventions. Caregiver training programs were particularly effective, showing a 50% reduction in oral health-related complications (95% CI: 30-70%). Conclusions: The review highlights the effectiveness of multifaceted interventions in improving dental health among elderly patients with cognitive impairments. These interventions, especially when involving caregiver support, significantly contribute to better oral hygiene, reduced incidence of dental diseases, and overall improved quality of life for this demographic. Future research should focus on optimizing intervention designs and integrating caregiver involvement to enhance outcomes.

INTERVENSI PERMEN HARD CANDY DENGAN KANDUNGAN TEH HITAM DAN SORBITOL UNTUK PENURUNAN SKOR PLAK ANAK-ANAK USIA SEKOLAH

Background: The use of black tea as an anti-plaque and anti-caries material is still very limited in Indonesia. Various studies have shown the benefits of black tea which can reduce plaque scores, increase fluoride levels and inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The innovation of black tea in the form of candy is expected to be liked by children and does not eliminate its benefits as an alternative to anti-cariogenic ingredients. Objective: To determine the difference in effectiveness between consuming black tea candy with sorbitol and placebo candy (sorbitol only) in reducing plaque accumulation. Methods: This study is a experimental using a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (RCT) design and a single blind method. The research subjects consisted of 42 students at SDN 019 Cempaka Putih and SDN 03 Pagi Pasar Minggu, aged 7-8 years. The sample was selected based on the inclusion criteria of the study. The examination was carried out to determine plaque scores using the Loe and Sillness index and pufa index scores which were measured in 3 measurement times, namely day 1, day 7 and day 23. Results: The average PUFA index of research subjects was 1,05. The results of this study showed that there was a significant decrease in plaque scores in each group before and after consuming sweets on the 1st day, 7th day and 23rd day measurement (p-value 0.05). In the black tea group, there was a greater reduction in plaque scores than the placebo group.. Conclusion: Consuming black tea candy compared to placebo candy containing sorbitol had the same effectiveness in reducing plaque scores.

Clinical Effects of Subgingival Application of Salvadora persica Gel in Generalized Chronic Periodontitis

Background: Salvadora persica (SP), or miswak, possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-coagulant and anti-bacterial properties that may provide therapeutic benefits in the treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP). In developing countries, prevalence of CP, bacterial resistance and adverse effects of antibacterial agents, has increased over the years. The current study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a locally delivered SP gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of CP. Methods: Sixty-six subjects with chronic periodontitis were selected and full-mouth periodontal parameters (periodontal pocket depth, recession, clinical attachment loss, plaque score and bleeding) were measured. The subjects were divided into a control group [scaling and root planning (SRP)] and an SP group [subgingival placement of Salvadora persica gel in periodontal pockets]. On 6 weeks’ follow-up, the periodontal parameters were recorded. The distributions of variables were analyzed by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and paired t-test. The p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A reduction in periodontal pocket depth (PPD), plaque score (PS) and bleeding on probing (BOP) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) was observed within both SP and control group on 6 weeks follow-up. Comparison of changes in periodontal parameters between the groups revealed a statistically significant difference in bleeding on probing score in SP group compared to control group (p = 0.002), while there was no statistically significant difference in changes in periodontal pocket depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment loss and plaque score between both groups. Conclusion: The SP group demonstrated improved gingival health (p=0.001), reducing bleeding score compared to the control group. However, insignificant results were observed in periodontal pocket depth, recession, clinical attachment loss and plaque score. Keywords: Miswak; Chronic Periodontitis; Scaling and Root Planing; Periodontal Pocket; Clinical Attachment Level.

Comparing the effectiveness of water flosser and dental floss in plaque reduction among adults: A systematic review.

Interdental aids such as dental floss and water flossers have been found to be effective in removing interdental plaque. This systematic review aimed to compare the available data on the efficacy of dental floss and water flossers in plaque removal among adults. Five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Lilac, and Google Scholar were searched from January 1, 2002, to October 31, 2022, to obtain the relevant articles. Based on the search strategy, the titles of the studies were screened independently by two reviewers. Randomized controlled trials were included in the review, in which the study participants were given either dental floss or water flosser. Reduction in plaque scores was the outcome that was assessed. Seven articles met the eligibility criteria and were further processed for qualitative analysis. The majority of the studies favored water flossers over dental floss in plaque reduction. Water flosser was also found to be effective in removing plaque from inaccessible interproximal areas of the tooth surfaces as compared to dental floss. Based on the scope of this review, results suggest that water flossers can be used as an effective alternative to dental floss in patients with manual dexterity, patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, and patients with dental prostheses.

Efficacy of a new sonic powered toothbrush versus a manual toothbrush in a young population. A randomized cross-over clinical trial.

To compare the effectiveness of dental plaque removal between a new sonic toothbrush and a manual toothbrush. In total, 75 healthy dental students participated in this randomized double-blind crossover clinical trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two groups (manual or sonic toothbrush) and underwent a single toothbrushing exercise. Seven days after, patients were asked to repeat the same procedure with the other toothbrush. Plaque scores were recorded before and after brushing. A significant mean reduction in the full-mouth plaque index was observed after the use of both type of brushes: 46.2% ± 0.28% (p=0.000) and 50.5% ± 0.24% (p=0.000) for the manual and sonic toothbrush, respectively. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two types of brushes (p=0.277). Regarding plaque reduction on the distinct tooth surfaces, differences between the groups reached statistical significance in favour of the sonic toothbrush only on the buccal sites (p=0.003). Both devices lead to similar plaque score reduction after a single tooth brushing.

Impact of the Visual Performance Reinforcement Technique on Oral Hygiene Knowledge and Practices, Gingival Health, and Plaque Control in Hearing- and Speech-Impaired Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of oral health education (OHE), incorporating a novel pre-validated visual performance reinforcement (VPR) technique and sign language, on gingival health, plaque control, and oral hygiene knowledge and practices in 12 to 15-year-old hearing- and speech-impaired adolescents. A double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted in a government school for deaf children in Belagavi, Karnataka, India. A total of 80 adolescents, aged 12-15 years, were randomly assigned, using a computer-generated table of random numbers, into two groups: Group A receiving the VPR technique (n = 40), and Group B receiving sign language (n = 40). A specially designed pre-validated closed-ended questionnaire was administered to both groups, followed by clinical examination to obtain the gingival and plaque index, before intervention and at a 16-week follow-up period. Group A showed a significant increase in the knowledge gained when compared to Group B. Similarly, a significant improvement in oral hygiene practices was also observed in Group A. However, at the 16-week follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences in gingival and plaque scores between the groups. OHE using the VPR technique can be as effective and satisfactory as sign language in the reduction of gingival and plaque scores and in the improvement of knowledge and its application in oral hygiene maintenance among hearing- and speech-impaired adolescents.

The Effectiveness of Electric Toothbrushes and Conventional Toothbrushes in Reducing Plaque Scores on School-Aged Children with Mental Impairment: Pilot Study

Introduction: Improving the quality of life of children is one of the goals of the health development program. The growth of children’s health is not discriminated against in this scenario. All children with special needs or impairments are covered by child health services, whether at Special Schools (SS), other institutions, or in the community. This study aimed to evaluated the effectiveness of using an electric toothbrushes, compared to conventional toothbrushes, in the reduction of dental plaque score. Methods: This study was designed as a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. All school-aged children with mental impairment in SS Jambi City, Indonesia were included in this study. Overall, 20 children were assigned to the intervention group (n=10) and to the control group (n=10). The Personal Hygiene Performance-Modified (PHP-M) was used to examine plaque index for the assessment of dental and oral hygiene. Results: In the pretest-posttest, mean difference values in plaque scores were statistically significant in both the intervention (19.50±3.89, p<0.009) and control (17.90±1.61, p<0.001) groups. A statistically significant reductions was showed in mean post-test plaque index (p<0.001) in the intervention group compared to the control group (14.50 ±7.83; 32.80± 13.14, respectively). Conclusion: When compared to conventional toothbrushes, electric toothbrushes are more effective in reducing plaque scores in mentally retarded children at SS Jambi City.

Effect of Pomegranate Mouthrinse on Gingival Health

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Punica granatum mouthrinse as compared to 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) on periodontal health. Settings and Design: This was a randomized controlled trial among patients aged ≥40 years selected from the outpatient department of Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research. Methodology: Fifty subjects diagnosed with chronic generalized gingivitis were selected and randomly divided into two groups, i.e., P. granatum mouthrinse group and CHX group. The mouthrinse extract was prepared using peel of P. granatum fruit. Patients were advised to use their prescribed mouthwash for 21 days. Clinical evaluation was done at baseline, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days using the gingival index and the plaque index. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS Inc 21 software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) was used. For inferential statistics, Friedman test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Mann–Whitney U-test were used. Results: There was significant improvement in gingival status in both the sites. Subjects using P. granatum rinse showed significant improvement in gingival scores as compared with CHX. In contrast, P. granatum was shown not to be so effective in reducing plaque scores. Conclusions: P. granatum rinse is beneficial in improving gingival status due to its profound styptic action, with sufficient reduction in plaque scores.

A Randomized Clinical Study of the Plaque Removal Efficacy of a Novel Manual Toothbrush With Micro-Pulse Bristles on Fixed Orthodontic Patients.

BackgroundFixed orthodontic appliances on tooth surfaces, such as brackets and bands, complicate oral hygiene and increase plaque accumulation, contributing to gingivitis, periodontitis, and tooth decay. While manual toothbrushes are an essential part of oral hygiene, there is little clinical evidence to demonstrate how effective manual toothbrushes with novel designs are at removing plaque from orthodontic patients. This study aims to evaluate three types of manual toothbrushes (Pulsar, conventional flat trim (C-TB), and orthodontic type (O-TB)) for their efficacy in plaque removal among patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.MethodologyThe study followed the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. It was a three-treatment, three-period, examiner-blinded crossover clinical trial conducted with a single brushing exercise. Twenty-four subjects were randomized to one of three different bristle designs (Pulsar, C-TB, and O-TB). The primary outcome measure was the difference (baseline minus post-brushing) in plaque scores assessed using the Turesky-Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index during each study period.ResultsOf the 27 subjects enrolled in the study, 24 met the inclusion criteria and completed all three periods of the study. The mean age was 19.58 ± 1.55 years, with a range of 18-23 years. The differences between treatments in plaque score reduction after brushing were statistically significant (p-value <0.001). The treatment differences were statistically significant (p-value <0.001), favoring the C-TB toothbrush and the O-TB over the Pulsar design. On the contrary, the difference between the O-TB and C-TB types was not statistically significant.ConclusionsC-TB and O-TB remove significantly more plaque than Pulsar toothbrushes after a single brushing exercise. Nevertheless, the C-TB tested in this study was more effective in removing dental plaque than the O-TB in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. Considering the limitations of this study, additional research is required before evidence-based advice concerning the relative performance of the Pulsar toothbrushes in fixed orthodontic patients can be proven.

EFFECTIVENESS OF BROMELAIN MOUTHRINSE IN GINGIVAL INFLAMMATION AND BACTERIAL PLAQUE AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Background: Mouthwashes are adjunct to regular brushing and flossing. Chlorhexidine is considered as a gold standard among mouth rinses. However, the most commonly known side effects include discolouration of teeth and the tongue particularly on the dorsum part. Hence the study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Bromelain mouth rinse in gingival inflammation and bacterial plaque among adolescents.&#x0D; Methods and methodology: This double-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted in accordance with Consolidated Standards of reporting Trials (CONSORT) in Public Health Dentistry Department at Saveetha University. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). 30 patients with moderate gingivitis were included in the study. All subjects signed an IRB-approved consent form. Participants from 15 to 19 years are recruited from the Urban health programmes through dental camps.&#x0D; Results: No attempt was made for oral prophylaxis before the commencement of the study. The severity of gingivitis and plaque accumulation were assessed by gingival and plaque indices. Gingival index (Löe and Silness, 1963) and plaque index (Löe, 1967) were measured initially at baseline The trial was followed up for 30 days. The participants were instructed to rinse with plain water thoroughly. They were then directed to spit into a sterile plastic container after 5 minutes.At baseline, there was no significant difference in GI and PI scores among the groups (P=0.78 and 0.62) respectively. At one month follow up, there was significant difference in the mean GI and PI scores (P=0.02 and P=0.01) respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Bromelain mouthwash is beneficial in improving gingival status due to its profound styptic action, with sufficient reduction in plaque scores without any adverse effects.&#x0D;

Dengzhan Shengmai capsule versus Aspirin in the treatment of carotid atherosclerotic plaque: A single-centre, non-inferiority, prospective, randomised controlled trial

BackgroundAspirin is an effective antiplatelet agent for the treatment of carotid atherosclerosis. However, the high risk of bleeding events associated with the drug makes it necessary to seek a safer alternative, with similar or more efficacy than aspirin. Dengzhan Shengmai (DZSM) capsules have been widely used to treat carotid atherosclerosis, and if proven to be non-inferior to aspirin, it may be preferable over the latter for carotid atherosclerosis treatment due to its numerous advantages. We conducted a randomised trial to test the non-inferiority of DZSM to aspirin for the treatment of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. MethodsWe performed a single-centre, prospective, open-label, randomised non-inferiority trial. Patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaques were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either DZSM capsules or aspirin. The follow-up period was 12 months. The primary outcome was the mean change in carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Secondary outcomes included ischaemic events, rate of lumen stenosis, lipid levels, and plaque scores, length, counts, and vulnerability. Adverse events and laboratory test results were recorded as safety outcomes. The non-inferiority of DZSM was demonstrated when the lower limit of the one-sided 97.5% confidence interval (CI) of the difference in IMT between groups was more than -0.06 mm (margin of non-inferiority). This trial has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (CHiCTR1900021365). ResultsFrom 1 April 2019 to 30 September 2019, 150 patients were enrolled, and there was no statistical difference in demographics between the groups. Intention-to-treat analysis showed that the decrease in IMT(∆IMT) was 0.216 ± 0.160 and 0.225 ± 0.149 mm in the DZSM and aspirin groups, respectively. The one-sided 97.5% CI for the difference between ∆IMTs was (-0.0593, +∞). The non-inferiority of DZSM was demonstrated (Pnon-inferiority = 0.0234). There was no significant difference in the incidence of ischaemic events between the groups (P = 1.0). The DZSM group had significantly reduced plaque scores (P < 0.0001), length (P < 0.0001), and counts (P < 0.0001), and improved plaque vulnerability (P < 0.0001). The DZSM group also had reduced levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P < 0.0001). Finally, the DZSM group had a lower incidence of total adverse events (14.7% vs. 28%, P = 0.046), especially gastrointestinal discomfort (5.3% vs. 16%, P = 0.034). Although there was no significant difference in bleeding events (0 vs. 5.3%, P = 0.120), the DZSM group tended to have a lower incidence. ConclusionThis trial demonstrated that DZSM was not inferior, in efficacy, to aspirin in treating carotid atherosclerotic plaques, and was found to be superior to aspirin in terms of safety. This study provides a new approach for treating carotid plaques, especially in aspirin-intolerant patients.

Using Egg-cartons as simulated models for teaching tooth brushing to Preschool Children - A randomized control trial

Background: Oral Health Programme, Ministry of health, Malaysia highlights the need to enhance oral health promotion and prevention of oral disease for preschool children. Developing and exploring engaging methods of education that enable young children in dental hygiene practices is a way forward in oral health promotion. Objectives: To develop novel activity based tooth brushing teaching method for preschool children using egg cartons as simulated teeth models and evaluate effectiveness of the same Methods: Two methods of teaching tooth brushing technique to preschool children in the age 4 to 6 years were compared through a Randomized Control Trial.: (i) Conventional method (N=32): Instructions on study model (ii) Egg carton simulation method (N=34): Hands on activity on egg cartons as simulated models. Outcome assessed was plaque index (Silness and Loe, 1964) Results: Plaque scores compared using Dependent t-test shows significant improvement in both groups after the teaching sessions (P&lt;.01 for both the methods). However, comparing both methods with each other by independent t-test shows an insignificant difference (P&gt;.01). Conclusion: Egg carton simulation method is as good as the conventional approach as there is significant plaque score reduction in children after the teaching session.

Comparison of Hand and Ultrasonic Periodontal Parameters in Ghanaian Patients with Moderate Chronic Periodontitis

Background: The traditional method of treating chronic periodontitis initially is non surgical therapy which involves oral hygiene instructions and mechanical instrumentation using either hand or machine driven instruments. This reduces infection and then subsequent healing of the periodontal tissues with a resultant pocket elimination or reduction.General Aim: The aim of this study was to determine if hand and ultrasonic instrumentation produce comparable periodontal pocket reduction among Ghanaian patients with moderate chronic periodontitis.Methodology: The study was an interventional study, spanning a period of 5 months for each patient. Twenty patients with pocket depth 5 – 7 mm between the ages of 30 – 81 years were treated using hand and ultrasonic instrumentation at the University of GhanaDental School clinic. Periodontal parameters measured include plaque scores, bleeding on probing (BOP) scores, probing pocket depth (PPD), probing attachment level (PAL) and gingival recession. Significance level was set at 0.05.Results: The mean PPD at baseline for patients treated using hand instrumentation was 5.5mm and was reduced to 3.4mm at fifth session of instrumentation. Ultrasonic instrumentation recorded a reduction of baseline value of 5.5mm to 3.6mm at fifth session.Bothmethods of instrumentation recorded a significant reduction of the mean PPD without a significant difference in the mean reduction between the two methods of instrumentation.Conclusion: The use of hand or ultrasonic instrumentation produced similar results with respect to reduction in BOP, plaque scores, PPD and PAL

Comparing the effectiveness of boric acid and chlorhexidine irrigation as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis patients – A randomized clinical trial

Introduction: Oral health is a part of the overall health and has a significant impact on both the physical and the psychological state. Dental caries and periodontal disease are the two major oral diseases that affect the human population worldwide. Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness of boric acid and chlorhexidine (CHX) irrigation as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis patients visiting VS Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru. Materials and Methodology: A total of 123 subjects were randomly allocated to three groups (group 1 - boric acid, group 2 - CHX, group 3 - distilled water as a control group). The study subjects were assessed for all the clinical parameters at baseline and 1 and 3 months after the intervention. ANOVA test was used to compare the results between the groups. Results: The mean age among group 1 was 50 ± 5.1 years, in group 2 was 49 ± 5.4 years, and in group 3 was 48 ± 7.1 years. There was a significant reduction in plaque scores, gingival scores, and bleeding on probing scores in the boric acid group compared to distilled water group and CHX group at 1 and 3 months after treatment. Probing depths (PDs) and clinical attachment level scores are significantly decreased from baseline level to 1 and 3 months after intervention in the boric acid group compared to the CHX group and distilled water group. Conclusion: Boric acid or CHX can be used effectively in periodontal pockets as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal treatment compared with conventional treatment.

Can motivational interviewing help prevent dental caries in secondary school children?

Design This study was a randomised controlled trial (RCT) designed to evaluate the effectiveness of three school-based interventions to improve the oral health behaviours of adolescents and prevent dental caries. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: Group I - oral health education (which was considered as usual care); Group II - motivational interviewing (MI); and Group III - MI aided by the interactive patient communication tool, the Cariogram. Cluster randomisation was applied and schools were stratified by district. The interventions were delivered at school by trained hygienists. The main outcome measures were psychological (self-efficacy) and behavioural measures about snacking and toothbrushing with clinical measures of plaque and caries.Case selection Participants were selected from 15 secondary schools located in three main districts in Hong Kong in 2015-16. Inclusion criteria were: full-time students enrolled in participating schools; 12 or 13 years old; and having unfavourable oral health behaviour, defined as 'toothbrushing less often than twice a day' and/or 'snacking three times or more a day'. Eligible participants were identified through a screening questionnaire.Results In total, 512 participants were recruited (161, 162 and 188 in Groups I-III, respectively) and of those, 460 (89.9%) were followed-up 24 months post intervention. When compared with Group I, restriction of frequent snacking was more likely in Group II (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 3.91 [1.48-10.33]) and Group III (OR [95% CI]: 6.33 [2.46-16.27]). Participants in Group III had a higher likelihood to start performing adequate toothbrushing (OR [95% CI]: 4.80 [1.79-12.85]). No significant reduction in plaque score reduction was found among the three groups (p >0.05). Groups II and III developed fewer teeth with caries into dentine (β [95% CI]: -0.19 [-0.37, -0.01] and -0.20 [-0.38, -0.02], respectively), whereas the increment of total carious lesions (enamel and dentine) was lower in Group III (β [95% CI]: -0.63 [-1.24, -0.02]).Conclusions The findings of this RCT suggest school-based MI interventions were more effective than traditional oral health education in improving adolescents' oral health self-efficacy, behaviours and preventing dental caries. The authors suggest the benefits of this intervention may potentially extend beyond caries prevention to other oral and systemic diseases.

The Effectiveness of Gargling with Salam Leaf Boiled Water Reducing Plaque Score

Background: Health is the most important part in human life. Plaque is a soft deposit, which is firmly attached to the surface of the teeth. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) which contain active compounds such as tannins, flavonoids and essential oils that can inhibit bacterial growth. Title: The Effectiveness of Gargling with Bay Leaf Decoction on Decreasing Plaque Score in Adults in Sukabangun 1 RT 19 Sukarami District. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of gargling boiled water with bay leaves on reducing plaque scores. Methods: this study uses a quasi- experimental research method (quasi-experimental). Respondents: adults in Sukabangun 1 RT 19, Sukarami District. Results: The results of the One Way Annova statistical test on plaque index examination before gargling with boiled water, 1 hour after, and 2 hours after with good, moderate, and bad criteria, obtained a P-value of 0.010 which means significant, meaning for gargling water Salam leaf decoction with PHP can reduce plaque scores. Conclusions: 1. The average plaque index before gargling with bay leaf boiled water was 3.09 (Medium) 2. The average decrease in plaque index after gargling was 2.45 (Medium) 3. The effectiveness of bay leaf decoction is able to reduce plaque scores in the treatment before rinsing and after rinsing, this is evidenced by the decrease in plaque scores and the One Way Annova statistical test.

The Effect of Siwak Wood Extract (Salvadora Persica) Solution on Oral Health: Literature Review

Background: In terms of beliefs, culture and values or life practices, Islam encourages its adherents to keep themselves and their environment clean, including guidance on maintaining oral hygiene using miswak.. Siwak extract has an antibacterial effect, is effective against bacteria that play a role in the formation of dental plaque thus, with a decrease in plaque bacteria, the salivary pH will also increase One of the contents of miswak (Saldavora persica) hich is useful for preventing dental plaque is trimethylamine (TMA). In addition, it is also potential as an antibacterial.(3) (4) The World Health Organization (1987) recommends the use of miswak as an effective tool for oral health, with the mechanical action of soft-wood fibers and the therapeutics action of its chemical content.&#x0D; Content: it is necessary to conduct a Literature Review study to determine the effect of a solution of siwak wood extract (Salvadora Persica) on oral health. The feature of this research is we want to know with siwak extract can be maintained acid-base balance in salivary pH which can kill some bacteria in the mouth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a solution of siwak wood extract on oral health. Literature Review with Systematic review design.&#x0D; Conclusion: The effect of a solution of siwak wood extract on oral health, concluded that siwak extract can affect salivary pH, production of salivary secretions, reduce plaque scores and inhibit the microorganisms development in the oral cavity

T-shaped toothbrush for plaque removal and gingival health in children: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundTo evaluate an experimental T-shaped toothbrush for plaque removal and gingival health when compared to a conventional toothbrush among children.MethodsThis single blind parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted on 8–10-year-old healthy schoolchildren with no history of recent antibiotic intake, proximal caries or more than 3 missing teeth per quadrant. A computer-generated randomization list allocated child to the 2 groups. Each child received detailed instructions for tooth brushing. Gingival health and plaque scores were recorded in school at baseline, 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months in a portable dental chair by an examiner who was blind to the allocated toothbrush. A general feedback on the use of the T-shaped toothbrush was obtained at 3 months. Data was analyzed using two-way repeated measure ANOVA, Generalized estimating equation and Bonferroni test.ResultsA total of 195 eligible children were invited, 110 parents gave consent and 100 children completed the study; 50 in each group. There were statistically significant reductions in mean gingival and plaque scores at each visit when compared to baseline for both toothbrushes (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between scores for the two toothbrushes at each visit (p > 0.05). Majority of participants gave positive feedback regarding the T-shaped toothbrush.ConclusionsBoth toothbrushes had similar efficacy in removing plaque and improving gingival health among children. The T-shaped toothbrush is an alternative to the conventional toothbrush for oral hygiene in children.Trial registration Retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Registry—NCT03989479 18/06/2019.

Antiplaque Efficacy of a Novel Moringa oleifera Dentifrice: A Randomized Clinical Crossover Study.

The use of herbal dentifrices has grown exponentially over the years. They are categorically referred to as ethnomedicines. Various agents have been tried with contradicting findings based on phytopharmacological analysis. Miswak is one agent which has been used over the years. A novel Moringa oleifera-based dentifrice has shown promising results in terms of its cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Therefore, the present study aims to compare the efficacy of two commercially available miswak- and moringa-based herbal dentifrices on the reduction of plaque and gingivitis scores. This randomized clinical crossover study included 20 subjects with mild to moderate gingivitis. The study was conducted over a total examination period of 20 days with a wash-out period of 2 weeks between the use of both the toothpastes. The plaque index and gingival index of the study subjects were recorded at the designated time intervals throughout the study period. The data collected were entered on Microsoft Excel, and statistical analysis using SPSS software (SPSS version 28, IBM Corp, Armonk, New York, United States) was done. The statistical test used was the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Moreover, p ≤0.05 was considered significant. The results showed that the reduction in mean gingival index scores from baseline to day 3 was more statistically significant in the moringa-based dentifrice. Similarly, the plaque index scores showed statistically significant reduction following the use of the moringa-based dentifrice when compared with the miswak dentifrice. This study reveals that the moringa dentifrice is a safe and effective agent in reducing plaque accumulation and treating gingival inflammation. The current study aims to provide an insight into the possible role of moringa dentifrice as a possible adjunctive oral hygiene aid.

Efficacy of Ozone Oil Compared with Chlorhexidine Gluconate Gel (1% w/w) for the Treatment of Gingivitis

Background:Ozone oil has both antimicrobial and antiinflammatory properties. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of ozone oil with chlorhexidine gluconate 1.0% w/w gel for the treatment of gingivitis.Methods:A triple-blind, controlled trial with parallel design was conducted for 28 days as a pilot study. Thirty participants aged 14–17 years were recruited. After baseline data collection involving gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI), the products were distributed, scaling of teeth was done, and oral hygiene instructions were given. The participants were asked to apply the gel and oil topically and followed up on days 7 and 28.Results:A statistically significant difference (P&lt; 0.01) was seen within the ozone and chlorhexidine groups at the end of 28 days, showing a reduction in the plaque and gingival scores. At day 28, the reduction in plaque and gingival score was significant for the chlorhexidine group. It was found that chlorhexidine gel showed a greater reduction in the clinical parameters than the ozone oil, which was statistically significant but clinically similar. Both the products showed a substantial reduction in plaque scores. The participants from both the groups showed an improvement, having mild gingivitis post intervention.Conclusion:Ozone oil showed a significant reduction in the clinical parameters of PI and GI similar to chlorhexidine gel, thereby signifying its antimicrobial and antiinflammatory effects on the gingival tissues without any adverse effects, implicating the possession of properties required by a chemotherapeutic agent.