Reduce Greenhouse Gas Research Articles

The Influence of Green Tax Regulations on New Renewable Energy Funding in Indonesia

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>Reen taxes, such as carbon taxes, can help countries invest in the latest technologies and achieve sustainable prosperity by funding renewable energy. However, we see that the current tax system still needs to be improved. This research aims to analyze the Influence of Green Tax Regulations on New Renewable Energy Funding in Indonesia. This research employs a normative legal approach informed by a literature review. The research results show that the various regulations regarding green tax regulations impact the non-maximization of new renewable energy funding. Taxes can generate government revenue by trading carbon credits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Additional funds can be used to fund initiatives in alternative settings. Green taxes, such as carbon taxes, can help countries invest in emerging technologies and achieve sustainable prosperity by providing funding for renewable energy.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

Challenges and Opportunities for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Latin America

This research addresses the challenges and opportunities for electric vehicle charging stations in Latin America. The transition to electric mobility is crucial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, modernize the quality of life in urban areas, update public policies related to transportation, and promote economic development. However, this is not an easy task in this region; it faces several obstacles, such as a lack of liquidity in governments, a lack of adequate infrastructure, high implementation costs, the need for clear regulatory frameworks, and limited public awareness of the benefits of electric mobility. To this end, the current panorama of electric mobility in the region is analyzed, including current policies, the state of the charging infrastructure, and the prospects for growth regarding electric vehicles in Latin America. Factors that could lead to their successful implementation are promoted, highlighting the importance of public policies adapted to Latin American countries, collaboration between the public–private industry, the industry’s adoption of new technologies in this region, and the education of the population, and the benefits of these policies are considered. Successful case studies from the region are presented to provide us with an idea of practices that can be carried out in other countries. The implementation of a charging system in Latin America is also studied; the successful implementation of charging systems is found to depend largely on the existence of integrated public policies that address aspects other than the charging infrastructure. Finally, the value of the work and the research findings are presented to indicate what this study can help with. These strategies are key to overcoming the challenges and maximizing the benefits of electric mobility in Latin America.

The Role of Wind Turbine Siting in Achieving Sustainable Energy Goals

As global energy demands rise, there is an increasing need to transition from fossil fuels, which contribute to environmental harm and have limited reserves, to more sustainable and renewable energy sources. This shift is vital for both protecting the environment and ensuring long-term energy security. Renewable energy, such as wind power, plays a significant role in mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions while also being environmentally harmonious. Wind energy, in particular, is gaining importance as a clean, renewable source of power, with wind turbines serving as key components of this transformation. The success of wind energy projects depends largely on proper site selection. Factors such as wind potential, the topographical structure, environmental sensitivity, and legal considerations must all be carefully analyzed to ensure maximum performance and minimal environmental impact. The site selection process is crucial in optimizing energy production while promoting sustainability. Effective micro-siting strategies, which focus on the specific placement of turbines within a site, are also essential for improving energy efficiency and minimizing environmental disruption. This study highlights the importance of careful site analysis to ensure the successful and sustainable implementation of wind energy projects.

Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Marine Inorganic Carbon Removal.

In recent years, marine carbon removal technologies have gained attention as a means of reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. One family of these technologies is electrochemical systems, which employ Faradaic reactions to drive alkalinity-swings and enable dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) removal as gaseous CO2 or as solid minerals. In this work, we develop a thermodynamic framework to estimate upper bounds on performance for Faradaic DIC removal systems. To assess the fundamental mass balances of these systems, we first define unit operations in the DIC/total alkalinity (TA) space. By coupling a seawater speciation model to an electrochemical framework, we provide a generalized comparison of gas evolution and mineralization DIC removal routes, focusing on asymmetric charge/discharge systems. We then show how this framework can be extended to other processes, such as those employing dilution schemes. Finally, we provide a minimum energetic assessment of mCDR pathways relative to direct air capture. Overall, this thermodynamic framework aims to guide system and process design and to drive material discovery and engineering for future electrochemical marine DIC removal systems.

Evaluating the sustainability of biohydrogen, biogas, and biohythane generation from agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste sources

AbstractBiofuel production from waste materials offers an effective solution for generating renewable energy in biohydrogen, biogas, and biohythane while reducing waste and recycling valuable nutrients. This review examines recent advances in biohydrogen and biogas production from renewable resources, focusing on the environmental impacts of different production techniques. It emphasizes life cycle analysis (LCA) as an important tool for assessing these impacts and discusses key production pathways and processes. The variability in LCA methodologies – including differences in software, impact categories, system boundaries, functional units, and analytical approaches – poses challenges for direct comparisons of studies. Despite these challenges, fermentation‐based production methods show substantial environmental advantages, such as reduced CO2 emissions, diminished ozone depletion potential, improved human health outcomes, lower ecotoxicity, and reduced fossil fuel use. Combining biohydrogen production with anaerobic digestion for biohythane generation demonstrates even greater energy efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction. Adopting waste‐to‐energy strategies grounded in life cycle principles could advance renewable energy system implementation and sustainability significantly.

USING AMMONIA FUEL AS A MEASURE TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES

The presented work highlights the possibilities of using ammonia as an alternative fuel in order to achieve low-carbon development of the state and strengthen the fight against greenhouse gases. Since the Industrial Revolution, combustion has been the primary method of energy conversion for human activities, including power generation and transportation. Today, these sectors continue to rely heavily on hydrocarbon fuels. As a result, the largest absolute increase in carbon dioxide emissions in 2022 was from electricity and heat production. With global electricity demand increasing by 2.7%, emissions in the energy sector increased by 1.8% (or 261 Mt), reaching an all-time high of 14.6 Gt. Thus, a large part of CO2 emissions is produced through these sectors, which is the main culprit of global warming, undermining the fight against climate change. The need for decarbonization is taken into account by program documents, including government strategies, which not only warn but also prohibit the excessive formation of pollutants and stimulate the promotion of carbon-free technologies in energy sectors. It is common knowledge that the innovative development of fuel combustion technologies is necessary to achieve the future goals of a carbon-neutral system. Despite the considerable efforts made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions during the combustion of hydrocarbons, for example, by increasing the combustion efficiency, these efforts are not enough to achieve low greenhouse gas emissions. The progress in this field is analyzed and it is found that ammonia is receiving increasing attention as one of the most attractive energy carriers due to its carbon-free nature. However, the use of ammonia in combustion is not without problems, including low flame speed, narrow flammability limits, and tendency to NOx formation. Therefore, the further introduction of ammonia as a fuel in energy and industry requires comprehensive studies of the combustion working process. Research should be based on determining the influence of the main technological factors, the possibility of using mixed fuels, as well as establishing the optimal geometric and mode parameters of the fuel combustion system.

Agricultural Wastewater Reuse as a Circular Economy Model: Future Scenarios Considering Reg. (EU) 2020/741

The water industry is facing challenges because of population increases and the resulting development of agricultural operations. Alternative resources that balance the environment, the economy, and society while lessening the strain on limited water supplies will need to be adopted by farmers. One possibility addressing this dilemma is wastewater reuse. The adoption of Reg. (EU) 2020/741 necessitates a paradigm change by moving away from the “fit-for-all” strategy and toward the “fit-for-purpose” approach, which is now regarded as the foundation of the reuse supply chain. However, despite progress, appropriate rules that clearly and concisely outline the procedures to be followed are still needed. Thus, to establish an interdisciplinary and cooperative research agenda, this study tackles the potential and forces behind change by concentrating on tactics for long-term fixes. The need to look at consumer and farmer acceptability as well as the overall environmental advantages of carbon footprint reduction and wastewater fertigation are interesting research avenues. Nutrient-rich streams in agriculture may increase carbon absorption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the soil while simultaneously serving as a fertilizer substitute. The literature suggests that additional research is necessary to fully explore the significant economic potential.

Carbon credits and greenhouse gas emissions quota fulfillment units: Accounting aspect

Subject. This article discusses the approaches to the formation and presentation of information on carbon credits and greenhouse gas emissions quota fulfillment units in the companies' financial reporting. Objectives. The article aims to study international accounting practices and ways to disclose carbon credits and greenhouse gas emissions quota fulfillment units in financial reporting to design a national accounting methodology for new accounting objects that have appeared due to the regulated and voluntary carbon market’s development in Russia. Methods. For the study, I used analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, and abstraction. Results. The study deepens knowledge about legal regulation concerning reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation, adds titles to the literature on accounting for carbon emissions allowances, summarizes methods of financial reporting disclosure, justifies the need to develop a national accounting methodology for carbon credits and greenhouse gas emissions quota fulfillment units. Conclusions. The article contributes to improving awareness of all stakeholders about the consequences of the lack of clear recommendations on the formation, presentation and disclosure carbon credits and greenhouse gas emissions quota fulfillment units in financial reporting. The availability of a unified national methodology for the formation and disclosure of information about carbon credits will reduce the administrative burden on companies and ensure comparability of financial reporting for these new accounting objects.

EU Railways: Contribution to Decarbonisation Solution

The EU transport system is entering the next phase of fundamental transformation. The railways are becoming one of the key tools for implementing the Green Deal and solving ecological problems for the period up to 2050. A range of documents aimed at advancing the realisation of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) was adopted at the Union level in recent years. Transfer a large proportion of transport from road and aviation to rail, multimodal transportation, advanced construction and modernisation of high-speed railway lines (HSR) are the priorities of the policy. This article has a twofold objective. First, it analyses the condition and market environment of the railways. Second, it investigates the possibilities of implementing the TEN-T program to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, increase multimodal transportation and the construction/upgrading new HSR. The results suggest that a set of obstacles impede GHG emissions reduction in the shifting of transport from road and aviation to rail, multimodal transportation and the construction of HSR. The main trend is that rail transport activity in the EU remained almost constant from 2010 to 2022 with a slight increase in passenger transport and some structural changes. Within the next 25 years, the most tangible impact for the EU economy, ecology and society of all modes of transport can be provided by HSR expansion. The author concludes that in order to form the Union Transport and Economic Space, deep institutional reforms on the railways are needed with special focus on the introduction of uniform standards, norms and regulations for all participating countries.

Methane emission reduction through hydrogen blending in a large bore 2-stroke lean-burn natural gas compressor engine

Impending and increasingly stringent emissions regulations regarding natural gas compressor engines drive the research behind blending hydrogen with natural gas to make these internal combustion engines and their combustion process more efficient. This investigation seeks to answer two fundamental questions: will blending hydrogen with natural gas reduce overall engine fuel consumption, and can greenhouse gas emissions be reduced by blending hydrogen with natural gas? A 4-cylinder Cooper–Bessemer GMV engine, housed at Colorado State University’s Powerhouse facility, was investigated for hydrogen–natural gas blending using multiple engine configurations. A lean-burn engine uses an active pre-combustion chamber as its ignition source, along with electronically activated high pressure fuel injection in the main combustion chamber. One configuration tested utilized high-pressure fuel injection and blending in hydrogen, up to 40% by volume, in both the main chamber and pre-combustion chamber fuel supplies. A second configuration, where the main combustion chamber fuel was solely natural gas and only the pre-combustion chamber received hydrogen-blended natural gas, was also tested. The final configuration to be tested used low pressure fuel injection with mechanically actuated valves in the main chamber with a traditional spark plug ignition source. All engine configurations saw reductions in methane emissions of up to 30% using blended natural gas and hydrogen. Carbon dioxide emissions were also shown to be reduced for the two configurations. A reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption of up to 2% was also seen for two configurations. These results support the hypothesis that blending hydrogen into natural gas can reduce engine total fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The Role of Small Modular Reactors in the Energy Transition to Decarbonization

The global push to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while meeting the rising demand for electricity, has led to a growing interest in less polluting energy sources. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) emerge as a key innovation in nuclear power, offering enhanced safety, transportability, and cost-effectiveness. This paper explores the role of SMRs in advancing decarbonization and strengthening energy security, with a focus on their potential deployment in the EU, including with the aim to achieve climate targets and ensure a stable electricity supply. The study evaluates various SMR designs using the International Atomic Energy Agency’s reactor technology assessment toolkit, considering factors such as safety, economic viability, and regulatory challenges. The findings highlight the critical role of informed decision-making in the successful integration of SMRs into national energy grids, addressing both technical and public perception issues. This paper also underscores the importance of SMRs in creating a sustainable and resilient energy future.

Highly Efficient Process for Producing a Jet-A1 Biofuel Component Through Hydroprocessing Soybean Oil over Ni and Pt Catalysts

This study presents an efficient process for producing sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) from soybean oil through hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and hydroisomerization (HI). The research utilized a commercial nickel catalyst for the HDO step, and a newly developed platinum catalyst supported on SAPO-11 zeolite for the hydroisomerization (HI) stage. The process parameters, including temperature and pressure, were optimized to maximize conversion efficiency and meet ASTM D7566 standards. The results indicate that the HDO process using the nickel catalyst achieved a high yield of n-alkanes (97.8% ± 0.4%) with complete conversion of triglycerides. In the subsequent hydroisomerization step, the platinum catalyst demonstrated excellent selectivity for Jet-A1 fuel, yielding a bio-jet fraction of 87.5% ± 1.6% in a 200 h continuous test. This study also highlights the minimal coking phenomena and high catalyst stability throughout the process. This work suggests that soybean oil, as a readily available feedstock, could significantly contribute to the production of SAF and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the aviation sector. Additionally, the optimization of temperature and pressure conditions is crucial for enhancing the yield and quality of the final bio-jet product.

Agroforestry Systems: A Pathway to Resilient and Productive Landscapes

Agroforestry, the integration of trees, crops, and livestock on the same land, offers a sustainable approach to enhancing agricultural productivity while mitigating environmental challenges. This review highlights the important role agroforestry systems play in promoting resilient and productive landscapes, particularly in the face of climate change, land degradation, and biodiversity loss. Agroforestry systems, including alley cropping, silvopasture, and home gardens, provide significant ecological benefits such as carbon sequestration, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved soil health, water conservation, and enhanced biodiversity. These systems not only stabilize microclimates and reduce soil erosion but also improve soil fertility and water infiltration, making them vital for climate adaptation. Socio-economically, agroforestry diversifies income sources for smallholder farmers by generating products like timber, fruits, and fodder, while contributing to food security through year-round crop availability and improved nutrition. Despite these benefits, the adoption of agroforestry faces substantial barriers, including socio-cultural resistance, knowledge gaps, inadequate policy support, and limited access to markets and credit. High initial costs, perceived risks, and competition for resources between trees and crops further impede its widespread implementation. Addressing these challenges requires enhancing extension services, policy reforms, financial incentives, and market access to support smallholder farmers. Future directions emphasize integrating agroforestry into national agricultural policies and climate action plans, supported by research on optimizing species selection, pest management, and sustainable resource use. By the synergies between agroforestry, regenerative agriculture, and Sustainable Development Goals, agroforestry presents a viable pathway for transforming agricultural systems into more resilient, productive, and sustainable models. Scaling up agroforestry can help restore degraded lands, sequester carbon, and enhance the livelihoods of rural communities, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change and promote sustainable development.

Electric vehicle adoption in Generation Z: Drivers of Hungarian higher education students' attitude

AbstractThe transition to electric vehicles has become an urgent priority due to their lower environmental impact. The automotive industry has already developed solutions for zero-emission vehicles to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, this transition heavily depends on the evolution of consumer demand. This paper focuses on Generation Z, as they will soon become a determining consumer segment in the automotive market. Our research aims to analyze Generation Z's attitude toward electric vehicles. Their attitude provides valuable insights for industry leaders regarding future consumer behavior. We analyzed the relationship between selected adoption factors (environmental concern, perceived risk, ease of use, and enjoyment) and Generation Z's attitude toward electric vehicles (measured by perceived relative advantage). Our research is based on data from Hungarian Generation Z respondents, and our findings conclude that environmental concern is less relevant than enjoyment and ease of use, which are the most impactful factors.

Evaluation of online training to promote peer diffusion of climate change activism in the US

Enacting policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions requires climate change activism (CCA). CCA behaviors include volunteering/donating to organizations addressing climate change and lobbying policymakers. However, effective methods to promote CCA are not well understood. In August 2022, 622 US adults participated in a randomized control trial and one-month follow-up to assess the efficacy of the Climate Change Activism Peer Educator Training Program, a brief one-time training that aims to train people to talk to their social network members about engaging in CCA. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction. The CCA training increased self-efficacy in having conversations about CCA but did not significantly impact the frequency of communicating about or engaging in CCA. Study findings suggest that future CCA interventions target people motivated to take action about climate change for peer educators, tailor training modules to social network characteristics, integrate prompts to reinforce behavior change, and provide easy and specific targets for CCA.

Improvement of Engine Combustion and Emission Characteristics by Fuel Property Modulation

The sustainability of diesel engines has come to the forefront of research with the growing global interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy efficiency. The aim of this paper is to support the goal of sustainable development by improving the volatile properties of diesel fuel to promote cleaner combustion in engines. In order to study the effect of diesel fuel volatility on spraying, combustion, and emission, the tests were carried out with the help of the constant volume chamber (CVC) test rig and an engine test rig, respectively. CVC test: A high-speed video camera recorded the spray characteristics of different volatile fuels in a constant-volume combustion bomb. The effects of different rail pressures and ambient back pressures on the spray characteristics were investigated. Engine test: The combustion and emission characteristics of different volatile diesel fuels under different load conditions (25%, 50%, 75%) were investigated in a four-stroke direct-injection diesel engine with the engine speed fixed at 2000 rpm. The test results show that as the rail pressure increases and the ambient pressure decreases, the spray characteristics of the fuels tend to increase; for the more volatile fuels, although reducing the spray tip penetration, the spray projected area and spray cone angle increase, which is conducive to improving the homogeneity of the fuel and air mixing in the cylinder. The improvement of fuel volatility can form more and better-quality mixtures within the ignition delay time (ID), resulting in a 1–2% increase in peak cylinder pressure and a 2–4% increase in peak heat release. For different loads, pre-injection heat release is generated to redefine the ID and combustion duration (CD). Improved fuel volatility effectively reduces carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by about 8–10% and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by about 13–16%, but it increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by about 8–11%. Analyzing from the perspective of particulate matter (PM), combined with the aromatic content of volatile fuels, it is recommended to use fuels with moderate volatility and aromatic content under low load conditions, and at medium to large loads, the volatility of the fuel has less weight on particulates and more weight on aromatics, so it is desirable to use the fuel with the lowest volatility and lowest aromatic content of the fuel selected.

Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH4 and N2O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, China

Ratoon rice can improve rice yield by increasing the multiple cropping index in China. However, the greenhouse gas (CH4 and N2O) emission characteristics from ratoon rice fields and the cultivation methods to reduce CH4 and N2O emissions are rarely reported. This study first conducted the analysis of genotype differences in greenhouse gas emission fluxes using five strong ratoon ability rice varieties in 2020. Second, water management methods, including alternating the wet–dry irrigation (AWD) pattern and conventional flooding irrigation (CF) during the main season, were carried out in 2021. CH4 and N2O emission flux, agronomic traits, and rice yield during both main and ratoon seasons were investigated. The results showed that the CH4 emission flux during the main and ratoon seasons was 157.05–470.73 kg·ha–1 and 31.03–84.38 kg·ha–1, respectively, and the total N2O emission flux was 0.13–0.94 kg·ha–1 in the ratoon rice system over the two seasons (RRSTS). Compared with the main season, the CH4 emission flux during the ratoon season was significantly reduced, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) in the ratoon rice system. Cliangyouhuazhan (CLYHZ) showed a high yield, and the lowest GWP and GHGI values among the five rice varieties in RRSTS. Compared with CF, the AWD pattern reduced the CH4 emission flux during the main and ratoon seasons by 67.4–95.3 kg·ha–1 and 1.7–5.1 kg·ha–1, respectively, but increased the N2O emission flux by 0.1–0.6 kg·ha–1 during the RRSTS. Further, compared with CF, the AWD pattern had a declined GWP by 14.3–19.4% and GHGI by 30.3–34.3% during the RRSTS, which was attributed to the significant reduction in GWP and GHGI during the main season. The AWD pattern significantly increased rice yield by 21.9–22.9% during the RRSTS, especially for YX203. Correlation analysis showed that CH4, GWP, and GHGI exhibited significant negative correlations with spikelet number per m2 and the harvest index during the main and ratoon seasons. Collectively, selecting the high-yield, low-emission variety CLYHZ could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ratoon rice while maintaining a high yield. The AWD pattern could reduce total CH4 emission during the main season, reducing the GWP and GHGI while increasing the ratoon rice system yield. It could be concluded that a variety of CLYHZ and AWD patterns are worthy of promotion and application to decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the ratoon rice area in the upper reaches of Yangtze River, China.

Transcriptome-guided breeding for Paspalum notatum: producing apomictic hybrids with enhanced omega-3 content

Key messageTranscriptomics- and FAME-GC-MS-assisted apomixis breeding generated Paspalum notatum hybrids with clonal reproduction and increased α-linolenic acid content, offering the potential to enhance livestock product's nutritional quality and reduce methane emissions A low omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio is considered an indicator of the nutritional impact of milk fat on human health. In ruminants, major long-chain fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (18:2, omega-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3, omega-3), originate from dietary sources and reach the milk via the bloodstream. Since forages are the primary source of long-chain fatty acids for such animals, they are potential targets for improving milk lipid composition. Moreover, a high 18:3 content in their diet is associated with reduced methane emissions during grazing. This work aimed to develop genotypes of the forage grass Paspalum notatum with high leaf 18:3 content and the ability for clonal reproduction via seeds (apomixis). We assembled diploid and polyploid Paspalum notatum leaf transcriptomes and recovered sequences of two metabolism genes associated with the establishment of lipid profiles, namely SUGAR-DEPENDENT 1 (SDP1) and PEROXISOMAL ABC TRANSPORTER 1 (PXA1). Primers were designed to amplify all expressed paralogs in leaves. qPCR was used to analyse SDP1 and PXA1 expression in seven divergent genotypes. Reduced levels of SDP1 and PXA1 were found in the polyploid sexual genotype Q4188. Fatty acid methyl esters/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (FAME/GC/MS) assays confirmed an increased percentage of 18:3 in this genotype. Crosses between Q4188 and the obligate apomictic pollen donor Q4117 resulted in two apomictic F1 hybrids (JS9 and JS71) with reduced SDP1 and PXA1 levels, increased 18:3 content, and clonal maternal reproduction. These materials could enhance milk and meat quality while reducing greenhouse gas emissions during grazing.

Analysis of EU’s Coupled Carbon and Electricity Market Development Based on Generative Pre-Trained Transformer Large Model and Implications in China

With increasing global attention on carbon emission control and sustainable development, the carbon market has become an important tool for promoting environmental sustainability and carbon emission regulation. As an important part of energy trading, the electricity market is closely related to the carbon market and their effective coupling is critical for achieving sustainable energy transitions. Power generation can effectively link carbon prices and electricity prices. Through the promulgation of reasonable policies, we can promote the coupling of the carbon market and the electricity market, and then, through macro-control, promote the steady and joint development of the carbon and electricity markets, improve the construction of the carbon rights market, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and create a sustainable future for humanity. Given the relative maturity of the EU carbon market and electricity market, this paper identifies key points of market volatility through the coupling coordination model analysis and uses the GPT large model analysis to analyze policy factors that have a greater impact on carbon market and electricity market transactions. The research results show that market-regulating policies and expectation management policies have the greatest impact on the degree of coupling between the carbon and electricity markets. The impact of secondary policies such as international cooperation policies and structural adjustment policies is relatively insignificant. Although the development of China’s carbon market faces many challenges, reasonable policy interventions are expected to achieve significant results in the domestic carbon market. Finally, this paper also draws on analogy analysis to draw corresponding implications for China from the EU’s carbon–electricity coupling policy promulgation.

Advanced Control Strategies for Cleaner Energy Conversion in Biomass Gasification

The escalating climate crisis necessitates urgent and decisive action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Gasification stands out as a highly adaptable process for energy conversion, capable of handling a wide range of feedstocks, from coal to biomass. The process plays a significant role in improving sustainability by converting these feedstocks into synthesic gas (syngas), which can be used as a cleaner energy source or as a building block for producing various chemicals. The utilization of syngas obtained through gasification not only reduces the reliance on fossil fuels but also helps in reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs), thereby contributing to a more sustainable energy landscape. To maintain optimal operational conditions and ensure the quality and safety of the product, an effective control system is crucial in the gasification process. This paper presents a comparative analysis of three control strategies applied to a numerical model of rice husk gasification: classical control, fuzzy logic control, and dynamic matrix control. The analysis is based on a comprehensive model that includes the equations necessary to capture the dynamic behavior of the gasification process across its various stages. The goal is to identify the most effective control strategy, and the performance of each control strategy is evaluated based on the integral of the absolute value of the error (IAE). The results indicatethat fuzzy logic control consistently outperforms classical control techniques, demonstrating superior disturbance rejection, enhanced stability, and overall improved control accuracy. These findings highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate advanced control strategy to optimize sustainable gasification processes.