Reduce Food Prices Research Articles

Is Climate Finance Helping Stabilise Food Prices in Sub-Saharan Africa?

This study explores the potential impact of climate finance (cf) on foodprices in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as climate change continues to createfood scarcity and increase food prices. The study analyses data from43 SSA countries between 2006 and 2018 using a panel fixed effect modelwith Driscoll-Kraay standard errors and methods of moments quantile regressions(MMQR). The findings indicate that countries in SSA that receivemore cf, improve their fight against corruption, have good rainfall patterns,experience reduced extreme temperatures, have depreciated currencies,larger populations and higher GDP growth, reduce food imports, increasedomestic food supply, and demonstrate high governance and socialreadiness are likely to experience stable or reduced food prices. Based onthese results, the study recommends that SSA governments prioritise anticorruptionefforts to earn donor trust and increase CF, ultimately leadingto lower food prices in the sub-region. Further, the findings indicatethat good rainfall patterns reduce food prices: this shows the need for SSAcountries to invest in policies that lead to reliablewater supply as irrigation.

Analysis of the Menus' Factors that are Influential in Determining the Marketing Mix : an Empirical Study on Mawar Saron Restaurant in Puri Saron Hotel Seminyak - Bali

In the global tourism sector, food and beverage menus no longer play a supporting role. In contrast, food occupies a central position both in determining tourists' decision-making to travel and vacation experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of popularity of the menu and the profit level of the menu at Mawar Saron Restaurant. In addition, this study also aims to determine what marketing strategies are appropriate to use to increase sales results according to the menu category. The data analysis technique used in this study is the engineering menu analysis technique which consists of 12 steps. The results of research on the Mawar Saron Restaurant in Puri Saron Seminyak can be seen that 32% or 16 menu items of the entire ala carte menu offered belong to the star menu class (popular and profitable), 26% or 13 menu items belong to the Plowhorse menu class (popular but unprofitable). ) and 20% or 10 menu items belong to the Puzzle menu class (less popular but profitable). While 22% or 11 menu items belong to the Dog menu class (less popular and less profitable). Management policies implemented in increasing food sales are maintaining food quality and price for the star group, increasing food quality and selling price of food for the plowhorse group, improving food raw materials so as to reduce food prices for the puzzle group and evaluating materials, services, promotions and food prices for the dog category. Keywords: Menu popularity, Food Cost, Margin Contribution

Global Aspects of Food Security in the World: Economic Dimensions

Abstract. Introduction. Food security is the basis of national security of any country. The definition of food security is based on four main dimensions, which include the physical availability of food, the economic availability of food, the quality and safety of products, and the environmental sustainability of food production. Thus, if the measurements of the physical availability of food, its quality and environmental safety are mainly related to the sphere of regulation of the system of technologies and sciences related to the production of agricultural products, then the question of the economic availability of food belongs to the sphere of scientific research by economists who develop recommendations for reforming state policy to improve this indicator. The vast majority of studies on the issue of the economic availability of food concern the provision of rational standards of consumption of the nutritional and energy composition of food products. At the same time, the consequences of not complying with these standards of consumption both in the short-term and in the long-term, which lead to the deterioration of the health and productive forces of the population, require a more in-depth study. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to define and analyze the basic aspects of food security through the prism of the economic dimension in order to form a map of bottlenecks in ensuring food security in the world and to find solutions for their elimination. Results. Full provision of food security is possible only under the condition of ensuring its main components: availability, quality, safety of food, as well as economic availability of food products. It is possible to ensure the ability of citizens to purchase the necessary nutrients through a comprehensive policy of increasing the level of real incomes of the population, as well as through the development of agricultural technologies. Decreasing the quality of the diet leads to systemic problems with the health of the population, which affects the composition and quality of labor resources in the country, and, as a result, affects the development of productive forces. Conclusions. The insufficient level of food security, which is based on the economic impossibility of providing adequate nutrition for the population, leads to systemic health problems and reduces productive potential. In addition to the crisis caused by the epidemiological consequences, the outbreak of hostilities in Ukraine led to the deepening of the global economic and food crisis. The significant rapid growth of the consumer price index for food confirms the fact that food prices have risen, which forces many consumers to review their consumption habits. This change in consumption habits often leads to a deterioration of the diet, which in developing countries leads to malnutrition, and in developed countries can serve as a cause of obesity, even among children. To eliminate the negative effects of unhealthy nutrition, states should take care of the use of advanced agricultural technologies that would help ensure high harvests and reduce food prices.

Benefit–Cost Analysis of Increased Funding for Agricultural Research and Development in the Global South

AbstractThis paper conducts a benefit–cost analysis of expanding agricultural research and development (R&D) in the Global South. We extend a recent modeling exercise that used IFPRI’s IMPACT model to estimate the investments required to reduce the global prevalence of hunger below 5%. After 35 years, the increased funding is estimated to increase agricultural output by 10%, reduce the prevalence of hunger by 35%, reduce food prices by 16%, and increase per capita incomes by 4% relative to a counterfactual where funding continues to rise on historical trends. Using an 8% discount rate, the net present value of the costs of agricultural R&D are estimated at $61 billion for the next 35 years, while the net present benefits in terms of net economic surplus (the sum of consumer and producer surplus) are estimated at $2.1 trillion. The central estimate of the benefit–cost ratio (BCR) is 33, consistent with previous research documenting high average returns to agricultural research and development. The central BCR reported in this study places the intervention at the 91st percentile of all previous Copenhagen Consensus BCRs in agriculture, and 87th percentile for all BCRs regardless of sector. Agricultural R&D is likely one of the best uses of resources for the remainder of the Sustainable Development Goals and decades beyond.

Food inflation and geopolitical risks: analyzing European regions amid the Russia-Ukraine war

PurposeThe study's objective is to measure the response of the food prices to the aggregate and disaggregate geopolitical risk events, Russia's geopolitical risks and global energy prices in the context of two European regions, i.e. Eastern and Western Europe covering the monthly data from January 2001 to March 2022.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a novel and sophisticated econometric method, the cross-quantilogram (CQ) approach, to analyse the authors’ monthly data properties. This method detects the causal relationship between the variables under the bi-variate modelling approach. More importantly, the CQ procedure divulges the bearish and bullish states of the causal association between the variables under short, medium and long memories.FindingsThe authors find that aggregate measures of geopolitical risk reduce food prices in the short term in the Eastern Europe but increases food prices in the Western Europe. Besides, the decomposed measures of geopolitical risk “threats” and “acts” have heterogeneous effects on the food prices. More importantly, Russia's geopolitical risk events and global energy prices enhance the food inflation under long memory.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors provide diverse policy implications for Eastern and Western Europe based on the authors’ findings. First, the European policymakers should take concrete and joint policy measures to tackle the detrimental effects of geopolitical risks to bring stability to the food markets. Second, this region should emphasize utilizing their unused agricultural lands to grow more crops to avoid external dependence on food. Third, the European Union and its partners should begin global initiatives to help smallholder farmers because of their contribution to the resilience of disadvantaged, predominantly rural communities. Fourth, geopolitically affected European countries like Ukraine should deal with a crippled supply chain to safeguard their production infrastructure. Fifth, fuel (oil) scarcity in the European region due to the Russia-Ukraine war should be mitigated by searching for alternative sources (countries) for smooth food transportation for trade. Finally, as Europe and its Allies impose new sanctions in response to the Russia-Ukraine war, it can have immediate and long-run disastrous consequences on the European and the global total food systems. In this case, all European blocks mandate cultivating stratagems to safeguard food security and evade a long-run cataclysm with multitudinous geopolitical magnitudes for European countries and the rest of the world.Originality/valueThis is the maiden study that considers the aggregated and disaggregated measures of the geopolitical risk events, Russia's geopolitical risks and global energy prices and delves into these dynamics' effects on food prices. Notably, linking the context of the Russia-Ukraine war is a significant value addition to the existing piece of food literature.

Covid-19 pandemic and food security in India: Can authorities alleviate the disproportionate burden on the disadvantaged?

The present study examines covariates of food security and the impact of Covid-19 induced shocks, among households in India using a nationally representative survey. Using a 2SLS panel regression model, we find an important role of incomes, relative food prices, household characteristics, as well as mobility restrictions in response to the rising number of infections in a given region in explaining varying food expenditure shares prior to and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The disproportionate burden of the pandemic induced lockdowns on the disadvantaged and minorities calls for effective action on the part of policymakers to boost aggregate demand, fix supply chains and reduce food price volatility.

Light-duty vehicle fleet electrification in the United States and its effects on global agricultural markets

Electrification of the light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet in the United States (U.S.) decreases the long-term demand for maize ethanol. This analysis assesses the consequences of accelerated penetration of electric vehicles into the U.S. LDV fleet on global food production, prices, land-use, and carbon emissions. Population and income growth are framed around Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP). The scenarios progressively increase the 2050 sales share of electric LDVs to 100%. The results indicate a maximum price decline of 9.5% for maize and a significant increase in U.S. maize exports. The fleet electrification also leads to a decline in global cropland compared to the baseline by up to 4.4 million hectares at the end of the projection period. Mean GHG reductions in the 100% LDV sales scenario range from 39.4% to 52.0% of 2019 emissions from gasoline LDVs depending on the SSP. Thus, transportation policies supporting additional electric vehicles reduce food prices and carbon emissions.

Measuring Rice Price Volatility and Its Determinants in Tanzania: An Implication for Price Stabilization Policies

High price volatility in agricultural food markets has a greater impact not only on smallholder farmers but also can affect the incomes and purchasing power of a substantial proportion of the Tanzanian population and decrease food security, especially to the lower middle class. This study applies the ARCH-GARCH and the VAR/VECM models to examine the dynamics and factors influencing price volatility in the domestic rice market. The results of the price volatility analysis show that the volatility of rice prices tends to be low and persistent over the long run. This is supported by the estimation results of factors affecting price volatility, which showed that supply variables play an important role in the short and long run in influencing rice price volatility. The prices in the producing regions (large surplus areas) turned out to be more volatile than the prices in the main consuming regions (large deficit areas). This means that producers are exposed to a much higher price risk than consumers. Thus, a favorable marketing environment for traders and farmers, transparent trade policies, reliable market information, and organized market infrastructure are essential to reduce food price volatility which has a wider impact on economic growth.

FOOD PRICE VOLATILITY IN UKRAINE

Purpose. The aim of the article is to establish the level of food price volatility in Ukraine in order to develop national and regional food security programs in the framework of the 2030 sustainable development goals. Methodology of research. The theoretical basis of the study are the fundamental provisions of the food system, modern economic theory, which defines the goals and patterns of sustainable development of the world and Ukraine, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on food security, public administration and legislative settlement of this problem. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method and general and special methods of scientific knowledge. The following methods of economic research are used in the research process: abstract and logical (formation of principles, theoretical generalizations and conclusions); monographic (study of experience in food security); system analysis (determination of causal relationships); elementary-theoretical analysis and synthesis (establishment of patterns of development). Also in the process of research statistical methods are used: comparison, graphical and index. Using these methods, the state and dynamics of indicators of price fluctuations for food in Ukraine as a whole and in terms of territorial and administrative units, their economic and social consequences are analysed. The information base of the study is legislative and regulatory acts and program documents of state bodies of Ukraine and EU countries, official materials of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, methodical and statistical materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and relevant services and institutions of other countries, scientific information from the world computer network Internet (research results of international organizations and FAO), the results of personal research of the author. Scientific work is based on the Agenda in the field of sustainable development "Ukraine 2016-2030". Findings. It is proved that if the established trends are maintained, it will not be possible to reach the target set in the National Report 2017 “Sustainable Development Goals: Ukraine” of CSW2 at consumer prices for food by 2030. In addition, the forecast values according to actual data significantly exceed the target. Originality. For the first time in Ukraine, the study is conducted on the basis of the indicators of the National Report 2017 "Sustainable Development Goals: Ukraine" in accordance with the identified objectives of CSW2, linking the results with the ability to achieve specific sustainable development goals – to reduce food price volatility. Practical value. Reducing food price volatility will have positive consequences for all actors in the food chain: consumers, producers and the state. Key words: volatility, index, price, food, Sustainable Development Goals, Ukraine.

Response of Ancient and Modern Wheat Varieties to Biochar Application: Effect on Hormone and Gene Expression Involved in Germination and Growth

Agriculture has changed dramatically due to mechanization, new technologies, and the increased use of chemical fertilizers. These factors maximize production and reduce food prices, but may also enhance soil degradation. Sustainable agricultural practices include altering crop varieties and the use of soil amendments to increase production, improve irrigation, and more effectively use fertilizers. Ancient and modern durum wheat varieties have been shown to be tolerant to conditions caused by climate change and increase production. Biochar soil amendments have been reported to increase crop yields, soil fertility, and to promote plant growth. However, results are variable depending on biomass source, application conditions, and crop species. This study evaluates the crop response of two contrasting durum wheat varieties on an Eutric Cambisol amended with beech wood biochar. Wheat varieties used are Saragolla, an ancient variety traditionally used in Southern Italy, and Svevo, a widely used commercial variety. The effect of biochar soil amendment on the expression of genes involved in the germination of these two varieties of wheat was determined using RT-PCR. The content of hormones such as gibberellins (GAs), auxins (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) was determined. Results demonstrate that biochar had a stimulatory effect on the growth performances of Svevo and Saragolla cultivars at the molecular level. This correlated to the promoted transcription of genes involved in the control of plant development. Overall, the presence of biochar as soil amendment improved the germination rates of both varieties, but the ancient wheat cultivar was better suited to the Eutric Cambisol than the commercial variety. This trend was also observed in un-amended pots, which may indicate better adaptability of the ancient wheat cultivar to withstand environmental stress than the commercial variety.

DETERMINANT OF FOOD INFLATION

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of food inflation in Indonesia by applying General Method of Moments (GMM). The period of quarterly data is 2008:Q1 to 2017:Q4. The empirical finding of this study shows that backward-looking and forward-looking expectations have a strong impact on food inflation. Also, this study provided evidences that the determinants general food price inflation, such as food production, agriculture sector output, infrastructure, food import, agriculture sector credit, demand level (M1/consumption), and seasonal event (Eid Mubarak) are highly significant. Backward-looking and forward-looking expectations, domestic oil price, and level of demand have been a contributor toward high food price while the factors of general food price inflation reduce food price.
 In particular, we also identify the determinants of rice price inflation since it has the largest share in food price inflation. We found that backward-looking and forward-looking expectations, climate change, and demand have a strong impact on high rice price while production, productivity, harvested area, infrastructure, import, and credit reduce rice price.

The food environment, its effects on dietary consumption, and potential for measurement within agriculture-nutrition interventions

The food environment in markets constrains and signals consumers what to purchase. It encompasses availability, affordability, convenience, and desirability of various foods. The effect of income on dietary consumption is always modified by the food environment. Many agricultural interventions aim to improve incomes, increase food availability and reduce food prices. Their effects on nutrition could be better understood if food environment measures helped to explain how additional income is likely to be spent, and how food availability and prices change as a result of large-scale interventions. Additionally, measurement of the food environment could elucidate food access gaps and inform the design of nutrition-sensitive interventions. This paper reviews existing measures of the food environment, and then draws from these tools to suggest ways the food environment could be measured in future studies and monitoring.

How Can India Help Prevent Food Price Volatility?

This article is about India's role in reducing food price volatility in the world. India has come a long way from a ‘ship-to-mouth existence’ to a country that is ready to confer legal right to food to its citizens based on its own production. India has 18 per cent of the world's population and therefore food self-sufficiency of India would be a blessing for the struggle against price volatility. By improving productivity, by reducing energy use, by augmenting water resources and by conserving prime farm land, India can produce enough food for an estimated population of 1.5 billion by 2030. Further, by controlling speculative trade in food prices, by maintaining stable domestic prices and by sharing its agricultural and food policy expertise, India can help reduce food price volatility. However, to reduce global price volatility and to remove price distortions in the world market, it is important to resolve the issues of agricultural trade and to adopt a small farmer-friendly global trading system.

El control de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en España: costes para los sectores agrarios

Empleando un modelo dinámico recursivo de equilibrio general computable (EGC) de la economía española, este estudio analiza el impacto de las políticas medioambientales de Kioto y de la Unión Europea (el acuerdo ‘20/20/20’), sobre distintas actividades agrarias hasta 2020. En comparación con el escenario de referencia, se pronostican caídas en el PIB y el empleo de un 2,1% y 2,4%, respectivamente, en 2020, mientras que el índice de precios al consumo sube un 3,4%. En agricultura, el índice de producción (que cae un 4,3%) y el de precios (aumenta un 7,7%), empeoran y además los ingresos acumulados de los agricultores bajan 1.510 millones de euros en 2020. El impacto más acusado en el sector agrario se atribuye a la mayor intensidad de sus emisiones donde se estima un coste marginal de reducción de 86 € t-1 de CO2 equivalente para 2020, lo cual es consistente con las estimaciones existentes en la bibliografía. Además se observa que la combinación óptima de reducción de emisiones en los diferentes sectores agrarios depende del grado de sustitución de las actividades emisoras. A la vista de las pérdidas de ingresos observadas en el sector agrario, se contempla un escenario de mitigación de coste-cero para los agricultores, semejante a un pago de condicionalidad, entre 2013 y 2020. Los resultados señalan una mitigación en el incremento de los precios de los alimentos y una redistribución en la combinación óptima de las emisiones en los sectores agrarios.

The Determinants of Food Prices in Pakistan

Controlling prices is one of the biggest tasks that macroeconomic policymakers face. The objective of this study is to analyze the demand- and supply-side factors that affect food prices in Pakistan. We analyze their long-run relationship using an autoregressive distributed lag model for the period 1970–2010. Our results indicate that that the most significant variable affecting food prices in both the long and short run is money supply. We also find that subsidies can help reduce food prices in the long run but that their impact is very small. Increases in world food prices pressurize the domestic market in the absence of imports, which cause domestic food prices to rise. If, however, we import food crops at higher international prices, this can generate imported inflation. The error correction is statistically significant and shows that market forces play an active role in restoring the long-run equilibrium.

The Year of the Rat ends—time to fight hunger!

This paper investigates the importance of ecologically based rodent management in the light of the current food crisis, and the potential effects of this approach on the position of the undernourished. Hunger and food prices are on the rise owing to shortages that can be traced to reasons such as climatic extremes, use of crops for biofuels, reduced growth in yields which lag behind population growth, reduced world stocks and lack of sufficient investment in maintaining the irrigation infrastructure. For the undernourished this is problematic as they are most vulnerable to the rise in food prices. Very often, agricultural experts focus on an increase in agricultural production to reduce food prices. It is postulated in this article that almost 280 million undernourished could additionally benefit if more attention were paid to reducing pre- and post-harvest losses by rodents. Moreover, rodent-borne diseases would decrease, diseases that can be catastrophic to the livelihoods of the poorest of the poor.

Toward a green revolution in Africa: what would it achieve, and what would it require?

AbstractThe current global food crisis has reemphasized the costliness of Africa's failure to achieve food security and poverty reduction. The instrument by which other more successful developing countries achieved these outcomes was a “Green Revolution” in agriculture. While previous research has provided largely discursive appraisals of the viability of an African Green Revolution, this article adopts a more rigorous methodology to address that question. First, an economy‐wide multimarket model, augmented with existing poverty–growth elasticities, is developed to assess the likely impacts of a rapid acceleration in food production (of the kind witnessed in previous Green Revolutions) on food prices, consumption and demand, farmer revenue, and poverty. Our results suggest that a rapid growth in staple production, together with more integrated regional markets, would reduce food prices by roughly 20–40% for consumers and 10–20% for producers among the major crops. This translates into a large rise in farm revenues, annual agricultural growth rates of 6.5% or higher, broader income growth and food security, and over 70 million Africans being lifted out of poverty. The article concludes by emphasizing the kinds of fundamental policy actions and resources that would be required for achieving these outcomes.

Grocery market pricing and the new competitive environment

This article seeks to examine the effect of changes in retail-grocery market conditions upon consumer prices and the response of food retailers to these conditions. We explore these issues for two different product groups. One is composed primarily of branded, dry and frozen groceries (P1) while the second largely represents produce, meat, and perishable products (P2). Our statistical model finds that the effect of these new market conditions is often markedly sensitive to product type. Competitive conditions affect both price measures, but entry by warehouse and similar grocery formats surprisingly lower perishable prices more than those for staple goods. We also observe that frequent price changes in a market serves to reduce food prices, suggesting that promotional activities in response to new format competition are beneficial for consumers. There is strong evidence of a fast food-supermarket rivalry, but we are unable to identify its specific nature. Operating costs significantly effect prices for staple itmes, but have virtually no evident influence on perishable.

North China Decrees Fail to Reduce Food Prices

North China Decrees Fail to Reduce Food Prices

North China Decrees Fail to Reduce Food Prices

North China Decrees Fail to Reduce Food Prices