Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions Research Articles

Can Membership in Intergovernmental Organizations Effectively Reduce CO2 Emissions?

Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 have soared in various countries. Different kinds of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) were established after World War II, which aim for sustainable development. We want to investigate whether membership in IGOs can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The study uses global panel data of 168 countries from 1960 to 2014 to carry out the fixed effect regression. The results of basic regression show that there is a negative relationship between membership in IGOs and CO2 emission. The greater the number of IGOs joined by the specific sample country, the lower the CO2 emissions produced by that country will be. We use social network analysis and find that CO2 emissions will be effectively reduced if the distance of the sample country from other countries in IGO networks is smaller. In addition, joining more social IGOs can reduce CO2 emissions more than joining political and economic IGOs. Countries should be encouraged to actively participate in IGOs. IGOs provide a good platform for consultation, communication, and rule-making in environmental governance among countries.

Spatial-temporal correlation effects and persistent synergistic control benefits of fine particulate matter and carbon emissions in China.

The synergistic reduction of air pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is a key component in achieving China's strategy of pollution and carbon reduction. This study quantitatively evaluates the spatiotemporal linkages between PM2.5 and CO2 emissions, as well as the benefits of sustained synergistic control, across over 360 Chinese cities from 2005 to 2020. We employed spatiotemporal analysis, coupled coordinateness modeling, the Hurst index, and generalized linear mixed modeling (GLMM). The results indicate that PM2.5 concentrations decreased at an annual rate of 1.5μg/m³/year from 2005 to 2020, while CO2 emissions increased at an annual growth rate of 2.3×10⁵ t/year (p<0.05). Spatiotemporal association analysis revealed that the coupling degree of PM2.5 and CO2 emissions increased from 0.64 to 0.81, while the coordination degree decreased from 0.40 to 0.32, exhibiting significant latitudinal zonation and spatial clustering. In terms of synergistic control effectiveness, over 95% of the cities experienced "pollution reduction and carbon enhancement" during the study period, with no cities achieving simultaneous reduction of both PM2.5 and CO2 emissions. Further analysis of the persistence of synergistic control showed that as coupling and coordination levels increased, the city-specific synergistic control efficiency index (CI) decreased. Notably, 86.3% of cities showed persistent trends in their future CIs. The GLMM regression results suggest that the effective integration of scientific and technological innovation, infrastructure development, and economic growth will be pivotal in advancing the successful implementation of China's pollution and carbon reduction strategy.

Energy procurement management in innovative energy self-sufficiency projects on post-mining sites

ABSTRACT Investments to prevent erosion of natural environment and to secure its capabilities to restore are leading points of most of agendas on sustainability globally. Although not often addressed, it is crucial to ensure these undertakings are financially viable equally as it is still the most commonly used measure of investment success and attractiveness. In order to follow guidelines of European Union policies on sustainable development Spółka Restrukturyzacji Kopalń S.A. (SRK S.A.) [Mines Restructuring Company, joint stock company] attempts to implement forward-looking and innovative solutions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions on post-mining areas. The aim of the paper was to design and assess the investment attractiveness of SRK S.A.‘s proposed energy self-sufficiency projects in three dimensions. Results documented considered projects varied in terms of financial viability. Research also proved that investments focused on preventing the erosion of natural environment have the potential of creating financial benefits. The variant pertaining to the trading of surplus energy was found to be the most favorable. Concurrently, the variants, including those pertaining to the storage of generated surplus electricity in the form of hydrogen and virtual storage through sale, were also deemed to be advantageous.

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Removal: A Physical Science Perspective

Novel carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies are increasingly being considered as potentially useful tools to combat climate change. For specific atmospheric carbon dioxide management targets to be achieved, large-scale CDR strategies may be needed, even with aggressive efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the coming decades. This American Physical Society report breaks down the physical requirements necessary for large-scale implementation of CDR technologies, demonstrating the challenges inherent to incorporating CDR into any carbon dioxide management portfolio. It also provides a technical overview of new and current CDR approaches and evaluates their fundamental physical constraints. Based on the technical overview, the report makes several recommendations for the U.S. federal government and industry. These include ensuring that the potential for CDR does not compromise ongoing actions to reduce carbon emissions. The report observes, however, that while large-scale CDR technologies require a lot of energy and material resources, they might be needed in combination with emission reduction strategies to achieve specific climate goals. Research and development on CDR should be selectively pursued, despite the many challenges described in the report. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Quantifying Socio-Regional Variability via Factor Analysis over China: Optimizing Residential Sector Emission Reduction Pathways

Policy synergy, the evidence-based coordination of public policies, can aid in more rapidly achieving air pollutant and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction targets. Using logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition, coupling coordination degree (CCD), and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) models, we analyzed the emission characteristics, drivers, and reduction pathways of residential air pollution across 30 Chinese provinces from 2001 to 2020. The southern provinces produced more air pollution than the northern provinces, with the gap widening after 2015. In the residential sector, energy emission factors (LMDI decomposition result, 686,681.9) and population size (14,331) had greater impacts on air pollutant emissions than the energy structure, energy intensity, synergies, or GDP per capita. The GTWR analysis of the CCD mechanism indicated that hydroelectricity and urbanization enhanced coupling coordination in the southeast. Meanwhile, in the west, coupling coordination was improved by R&amp;D investment, government spending on industrial pollution control, electricity consumption, per capita cropland, temperature, and urbanization. This analysis provides a valuable reference for optimizing emission reduction strategies.

Geopolymers as Supplementary Cementitious Materials to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Geopolymers as Supplementary Cementitious Materials to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Международная конкурентоспособность отрасли биотехнологий во Франции в контексте стратегии научно-технического развития страны

The article reveals the specifics of the legislative framework of France, which considers the development of innovations in the country. In addition to certain laws that directly or indirectly regulate the activities of companies in the field of innovation, the authors note the importance of the provisions of the French Scientific and Technological Development Strategy. In the named Strategy the main focus is made on supporting innovation through effective tools to stimulate the innovative development of the national economy. The object of research in the article is the biotechnology sector that is one of the most competitive sectors of the French economy and according to the UNCTAD classification, contains "advanced" and in some cases "breakthrough" technologies. The development of this industry in the Fifth Republic is organized in clusters, contributes to the reindustrialization of the country's territories, increases employment and reduces carbon dioxide emissions. The authors of the article conducted a comparative analysis of participants and funded projects of biotechnological clusters in France in 2024, using the annual cluster reports. Thus, the authors revealed that cluster financing in France occurs at the federal, regional and local levels. Besides the state as the main investor of innovative projects, France apply such an instrument like a system of public-private partnerships, as well as attracting private capital in the form of venture investments. The authors note that, despite its high international competitiveness, the biotechnology industry in France faces certain challenges: difficulties in increasing the level of commercialization of products related to the timing of clinical trials; fact of luring companies with promising projects to other countries; complexity in financing start-ups; dependence on raw materials in biobanks located outside Europe; weak presence in global value chains. The authors propose specific measures to maintain and increase the level of international competitiveness in the field of healthcare biotechnology for the EU in general and France in particular.

A Comprehensive Approach to CO2 Emissions Analysis in High-Human-Development-Index Countries Using Statistical and Time Series Approaches

Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is vital at both global and national levels, given their significant role in exacerbating climate change. CO2 emissions, stemming from a variety of industrial and economic activities, are major contributors to the greenhouse effect and global warming, posing substantial obstacles in addressing climate issues. It is imperative to forecast CO2 emissions trends and classify countries based on their emission patterns to effectively mitigate worldwide carbon emissions. This paper presents an in-depth comparative study on the determinants of CO2 emissions in twenty countries with high Human Development Index (HDI), exploring factors related to economy, environment, energy use, and renewable resources over a span of 25 years. The study unfolds in two distinct phases: initially, statistical techniques such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), fixed effects, and random effects models are applied to pinpoint significant determinants of CO2 emissions. Following this, the study leverages supervised and unsupervised time series approaches to further scrutinize and understand the factors influencing CO2 emissions. Seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous variables (SARIMAX), a statistical time series forecasting model, is first used to predict emission trends from historical data, offering practical insights for policy formulation. Subsequently, Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), an unsupervised time series clustering approach, is used to group countries by similar emission patterns. The dual-phase approach utilized in this study significantly improves the accuracy of CO2 emissions predictions while also providing a deeper insight into global emission trends. By adopting this thorough analytical framework, nations can develop more focused and effective carbon reduction policies, playing a vital role in the global initiative to combat climate change.

Taming the Flow with Hyperbranched Polyamides as Melt Modifiers in Polyamide Composites.

Transport equipment manufacturers in the automotive and aerospace industries are focused on developing materials that enhance fuel efficiency and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. A significant approach is employing lightweight materials like aluminum, magnesium, and polymer-based composites. Polyamide-based composites, particularly nylon 66, as viable alternatives due to their excellent rigidity, chemical resistance, and thermal stability are investigated to address the limitations of traditional thermosetting resins, which are difficult to recycle and have lengthy molding processes that hinder mass production. This research aims to create a polymer additive that lowers melt viscosity during high-temperature processing, thereby improving the processability of these composites. Hyperbranched polyamides (HBPs) with a dendritic structure and numerous terminal groups, which offer lower melt viscosity and greater solubility than linear polymers, are synthesized. By disrupting intermolecular bonds within PA66, these HBPs are expected to enhance miscibility and act as internal slip agents and melt-modifier. Using the A2+B3 approach, novel-hyperbranched polyamides are produced from commercially available monomers, allowing for better industrial applicability. The resulting composites demonstrate improved dispersion, reduced melt viscosity, and high-thermal stability, highlighting their potential as effective melt modifiers for engineering plastics in lightweight composite applications.

Comparison of Heat Transfer from Flue Gas Waste Heat in a Charcoal Kiln Using Heat Transfer Oil in a Helical Tube Heat Exchanger

This paper presents an approach that utilizes waste heat from the exhaust of Biomass Cookstoves (BCS), which is dominantly used for food grilling in tropical Asian countries, Thailand's fish grilling stoves were used as a case study. The study involves designing and comparing computationally the exergy quantities from four types of spiral heat exchangers— (H01, H02, H03, and H04) - using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) within a flow rate range of 0.5-2.5 l/min with heat transfer oil as the working fluid. Subsequently, the economic feasibility was analyzed using the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) methods, and the carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere were evaluated across four helical coil configurations, C01, C02, C03, and C04. The results from the CFD analysis under specified conditions demonstrate that the helical heat exchanger can reclaim up to 2900W of exergy from BCS exhaust, which is transferred to water used by coffee machines for commercial use. This system can reduce electricity consumption for water heating by 38.48%, equating to a cost savings of 22,311.81 THB (621.50 USD) per year, with a maximum NPV of 20,195.49 THB (562.55 USD). The investment in upgrading BCS can be recouped within 4.6 years. On the environmental conservation front, using waste heat from BCS exhaust can also reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere by up to 3,606.04 kg CO2e per year per stove. The findings from this analysis can help restaurant operators make informed decisions on investing in BCS improvements and aligning business operations with environmental conservation efforts.

Enhanced removal of emerging recalcitrant pharmaceutical contaminants through integrated anaerobic and photocatalytic treatment

This study integrated anaerobic digestion (AD) and heterogenous photocatalysis, an advanced oxidation process (AOP), to treat tetracycline (TC), an emerging recalcitrant contaminant. The integrated system comprising an annular photocatalytic reactor and bioreactor was fed with simulated wastewater containing TC. The photocatalytic treatment was aided by a nano-engineered composite catalyst containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Heterogeneous photocatalysis as a single approach resulted in 90% TC degradation, 39% chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction, 28% total organic carbon (TOC) removal, and minimal biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) reduction. AD on its own removed 56% and 52%, respectively of the COD and BOD5. When applied as a pretreatment, heterogenous photocatalysis improved the biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio) from 0.12 to 0.42 resulting in improved COD, BOD5, and TOC removals of 71%, 70%, and 76%, respectively in the ensuing AD process. Kinetic studies revealed that the ratio of the photocatalytic reactor unit to the anaerobic reactor unit for an integrated system with constant feed flow should be 12:1. Photodegradation as the only form of treatment used more energy than the integrated approach. The bioenergy generated by AD could supply the energy needs of the sequential system resulting in 20% energy savings and a carbon dioxide emission reduction (CER) of 22.74 kg for every cubic meter of treated wastewater. An integrated AOP-AD approach is thus promising for treating recalcitrant organic contaminants of emerging concern.

Стратегия ситуационного поведения предприятий ТЭК в современных условиях

In the era of digital transformation and stricter environmental standards, companies in the fuel and energy industry face the need to adapt their management approaches. The research focuses on how fuel and energy companies structure their behavior in response to modern challenges, including economic volatility and global changes in the energy sector. Management flexibility and responsiveness are becoming key success factors in a dynamic environment. At the same time, the decision-making process in the industry is significantly influenced not only by market trends and innovative technologies, but also by social and environmental factors, along with regulatory constraints. Modern enterprises of the fuel and energy complex need flexible management tools that take into account the dynamics of the market environment. The study of the best practices of the largest energy companies allowed us to formulate the key principles of adaptive management. The proposed management system is based on a comprehensive assessment of risk factors and the construction of variable forecasts of the situation. Special attention in the developed concept is paid to the implementation of modern digital solutions. The use of artificial intelligence technologies, big data analytics and IoT systems creates the foundation for building a competitive and sustainable business. Based on the conducted research, the authors have developed a set of practical recommendations that allow fuel and energy companies to quickly adapt their strategies to changing market conditions. Modern companies strive for greater social responsibility through improved management systems and increased transparency of business processes. Environmental transformation is becoming a key focus: companies are actively implementing energy-saving solutions, environmentally friendly technologies and working to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This research will be useful to a wide range of energy sector specialists and scientists studying sustainable development issues. The practical value of the work lies in the possibility of applying the results obtained to form effective business strategies. This is especially relevant in the context of global transformations, when companies need to maintain competitiveness and ensure the sustainability of their development.

The Effect of Molten Salt Composition on Carbon Structure: Preparation of High Value-Added Nano-Carbon Materials by Electrolysis of Carbon Dioxide.

The electrochemical conversion of CO2 into high value-added carbon materials by molten salt electrolysis offers a promising solution for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. This study focuses on investigating the influence of molten salt composition on the structure of CO2 direct electroreduction carbon products in chloride molten salt systems. Using CaO as a CO2 absorber, the adsorption principle of CO2 in LiCl-CaCl2, LiCl-CaCl2-NaCl and LiCl-CaCl2-KCl molten salts was discussed, and the reasons for the different morphologies and structures of carbon products were analyzed, and it was found that the electrolytic efficiency of the whole process exceeded 85%. Furthermore, cathode products are analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA), Raman Spectra and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques with a focus on the content and morphology of carbon elements. It was observed that the carbon content in the carbon powder produced by molten salt electrochemical method exceeded 99%, with most carbon products obtained from electrolysis in the Li-Ca chloride molten salt system being in the form of carbon nanotubes. In contrast, the Li-Ca-K chloride system yielded carbon nanospheres, while a mixture was found in the Li-Ca-Na chloride system. Therefore, experimental results demonstrate that altering the composition of the system allows for obtaining the desired product size and morphology. This research presents a pathway to convert atmospheric CO2 into high value-added carbon products.

Experimental studies on the effect of moisture content and temperature on moisture effective diffusivity and activation energy of bagasse

ABSTRACT Determining bagasse’s moisture effective diffusivity & activation energy requires examining the complex interactions between temperature and moisture content. Identifying these complexities is crucial in order to optimize bagasse applications in various scenarios. Traditional jaggery plants in rural India use a lot of their residual bagasse as fuel after extracting juice from sugarcane. Rural regions sun-dry residual wet bagasse having 45%–50% moisture. Moisture affects bagasse calorific value. Drying is crucial for bagasse heat content. The quantity of fuel fired in combustion chamber, currently reliant on open sun drying, is unpredictable. This study analyzes the role of fuel preparation, characteristics, and drying kinetics of bagasse of size 3.35 mm. Two types of samples, of which one is only a crushed one (wet sample-As Received Basis-ARB) and the other is a crushed and sundried sample (As Dried Basis-ADB). The study found effective diffusivity for crushed sample (ARB) and ADB at 50–100°C, with three models showing good predictions for drying bagasse at different temperatures, except for the Wagh-Singh model. The activation energy for bagasse of size 3.35 mm was determined as 23.19 kJ/mol for ARB and 13.13 kJ/mol for ADB. It was found that the fuel preparatory work and drying have a considerable effect on both the fuel’s activation energy and the moisture content. The fuel preparation and drying could reduce the consumption of bagasse to the tune of 3.7 million metric tons per annum at the energy source and also reduce carbon dioxide emission of 6.8 million TCO2/annum in India from jaggery units.

The Production of Rice Husk Ash and Blast Furnace Slag-Based Alkali-Activated Composites under High-Temperature Effects

Alkali-activated concretes offer several advantages over conventional Portland cement-based concretes, including environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and improved permeability. The use of alkali-activated concretes, as a replacement for Portland cement, provides significant environmental benefits, such as reducing carbon dioxide emissions by up to 80%, and facilitates the recycling and reuse of industrial and agricultural by-products. This study focuses on the development of alkali-activated concrete by incorporating industrial by-products like blast furnace slag and rice husk ash. A mixture of alkali-activated concrete based on blast furnace slag will be prepared, with partial substitution of Portland cement by these by-products by weight. The study will investigate the effects of these substitutions on the flexural and compressive strengths of the concrete over periods of 7, 28, and 90 days, as well as its fire resistance at temperatures of 200, 400, 600, and 800°C. The aim of this research is to contribute to the advancement of alkali-activated concrete technology, promoting the use of industrial by-products in the creation of more sustainable and environmentally-friendly construction materials.

Use of Biogas in Gas Turbines for the Production of Heat and Electricity

In the modern developed countries of the world, the main part of the extracted fuel and energy resources is spent on the production of electricity and heat of low and medium potential. In Ukraine, the biomethane production potential is estimated at 7.8 billion m3/year, which is 25 % of the current natural gas consumption in the country. The infrastructure of Ukraine is ready for transportation and energy use of biomethane, as biomethane is a complete analogue of natural gas. When storing organic waste ("bio-waste") – for example, the organic part of household waste - biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, is released. This gas is a high-quality fuel for gas engines or gas turbines - just like methane gas produced from biomass in sewage treatment plants. Biogas can replace fossil fuels and is also characterized by its CO2 neutrality. Biogas can be burned on-site with little to no processing to heat buildings and power boilers or even the reactor itself. Biogas can be used for combined heat and power generation, can be simply converted to electricity using an internal combustion engine, fuel cells or gas turbine, with the resulting electricity being used on-site or sold into the electricity grid. Taking into account the advantages of using biogas, as well as the price policy for natural gas, the study carried out a calculation of the thermal scheme of the state district power plant. Natural gas is used as the main fuel, biogas was chosen for comparison. The specific heat of combustion of biogas is almost half that of natural gas. When operating on biogas, the efficiency of a gas turbine installation is 8.5 % lower, and that of a steam-gas installation is 7.5 % lower than on natural gas. Since 1000 m³ of natural gas is equivalent to 1,00 m³ of biogas, a biogas accounting factor has been introduced. On the basis of the relevant research, conclusions were drawn regarding the use of biogas as an alternative to natural gas. The relevance of the use of biogas for the production of heat and electricity is to provide a promising source of electricity and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

ПУЦЦОЛАНОВАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ МИНЕРАЛЬНОЙ ДОБАВКИ НА ОСНОВЕ ТЕРМОАКТИВИРОВАННОГО КАОЛИНА

The research is related to an important topical issue of studying the processes of kaolinite transformation into metakaolin during heating, which allow supplementing the existing provisions and patterns in terms of reducing the energy intensity of the thermal activation process and the pozzolanic activity of the resulting additive, on the other hand. The chemical composition of the original kaolin clay was determined. On the base of the results of laser diffraction, differential thermal and X-ray phase analysis, as well as infrared spectroscopy, the effect of kaolinite firing temperature on the granulometric composition, degree of dehydroxylation and amorphization of metakaolin was established. The authors determined the pozzolanic activity of the metakaolin mineral additive obtained by thermal activation of kaolin clay in the temperature range of 450-900 , when metakaolin was used as a partial replacement of Portland cement. The greatest increase in the compressive strength of the cement paste, both at the early and grade age is achieved by replacing part of the cement with a mineral additive - thermally activated kaolin at a temperature of 650. An increase in the water demand of the composite cement with the addition of the obtained metakaolin is noted. Higher values of the strength index of cement paste with the addition of metakaolin, obtained by heat treatment of kaolin clay at a temperature of 650 , are most likely explained by achieving the optimal temperature regime for firing kaolinite. In this case incomplete dehydroxylation, but the maximum degree of amorphization that determines the pozzolanic activity of the additive in terms of strength is achieved. The results obtained may be of interest for the practical implementation of the problem of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, resource and energy conservation, improving the construction and technical properties of materials obtained on the basis of a composite cement with the addition of metakaolin.

Numerical Investigation of Thermal Cooling Performance of Prismatic Lithium-Ion Battery Pack for Electric Vehicle

At present, the electric vehicles have an increasingly important role in both personal cars and public transportation because of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, that is the main reason of the global warming. The important energy source for all types of electric vehicles is battery. In this paper, the thermal cooling of lithium-ion battery pack with 4 rectangular prismatic battery cells is investigated in flow simulation. The performance of battery convection is simulated within the wind tunnel. The mass flow rate is controlled at 40, 80, and 120 g/s. The temperature distribution of the battery surface and the outlet air is analyzed from three parameters: the battery cell spacing of 5, 10, and 15 mm, the battery cells arrangement in three angles of 0, 60, and 150 from the wind direction, and the discharge rates of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 C. The results indicate that the battery cells have the lowest surface temperature at 15 mm of the battery cell spacing. The angle of the battery pack placement increases, resulting in the Wake Vortex Turbulence and heat dissipation from the battery cells. It is also suitable to design the battery base for installation. In addition, the mass flow rates and discharge rates are analyzed together. the results show that the surface of battery cells and the outlet air have the highest temperature at the discharge rate of 1.00 C, and the airflow rate of 40 g/s.

Technologies for capturing and storing carbon dioxide during conversion, use of fuel and gaseous waste from energy production

Relevance. The continued dependence on the combustion of carbon-based fuels for energy and industry leads to the need to develop various categories of technologies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Aim. Development of carbon capture and storage technologies for all stages of fuel conversion and processing, ensuring a low-carbon cycle for the production of electrical and thermal energy, as well as industrial and social facilities. Methods. Chemical, physical adsorption and absorption. Results and conclusions. For large industrial and energy producers, for small energy consumers, it is necessary to be guided by the principles of environmental friendliness and efficiency when implementing the production process, and to increase the percentage of carbon dioxide removal, implement decarbonization technologies at all stages of producing electricity and thermal energy. For the category of CO2 removal at the stage of preliminary fuel conversion, adsorbent compositions using predominantly environmentally friendly and inexpensive natural materials based on bentonite have been developed and tested. The collection capacity of the developed adsorbents is 85–98%. For the category of CO2 removal at the stage of fuel use, a hybrid energy system is presented, including a microgas turbine with heat recovery, a high-temperature fuel cell and other devices and material flows connecting them. A pilot industrial prototype of a 30 kW hybrid energy system will produce heat, electricity, steam, and hot water. In this embodiment, the hybrid system can work as an autonomous energy source for small social and commercial facilities, representing a pilot stage of the engineering and design implementation of the results of an industrial-level hybrid system. For the category of carbon dioxide removal at the stage of CO2 separation from the flue gas mixture after fuel conversion, a block for removing CO2 from flue gases using the absorption method was proposed. Solutions of 15% monoethanolamine, 15% ammonia solution, and 6% sodium hydroxide solution showed the best absorption capacity. It is proposed to equip the hybrid energy system with a CO2 capture unit for complete decarbonization of gas emissions based on closed-cycle technology. The proposed technology for capturing and storing carbon dioxide at the post-fuel conversion stage is characterized by ease of implementation and economic accessibility.

Evaluation of the Wear of Ni 200 Alloy After Long-Term Carbon Capture in Molten Salts Process.

Reducing CO2 emissions is one of the major challenges facing the modern world. The overall goal is to limit global warming and prevent catastrophic climate change. One of the many methods for reducing carbon dioxide emissions involves capturing, utilizing, and storing it at the source. The Carbon Capture in Molten Salts (CCMS) technique is considered potentially attractive and promising, although it has so far only been tested at the laboratory scale. This study evaluates the wear of the main structural components of a prototype for CO2 capture in molten salts-a device designed and tested in the laboratories of AGH University of Kraków. The evaluation focused on a gas barbotage lance and a reactor chamber (made from Nickel 200 Alloy), which were in continuous, long-term (800 h) contact with molten salts CaCl2-CaF2-CaO-CaCO3 at temperatures of 700-940 °C in an atmosphere of N2-CO2. The research used light microscopy, SEM, X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and 3D scanning. The results indicate the greatest wear on the part of the lance submerged in the molten salts (3.9 mm/year). The most likely wear mechanism involves grain growth and intergranular corrosion. Nickel reactions with the aggressive salt environment and its components cannot be ruled out. Additionally, the applied research methods enabled the identification of material discontinuities in the reactor chamber (mainly in welded areas), pitting on its surface, and uneven wear in different zones.