Reduce Blood Sugar Levels Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION AND LEMON AROMATHERAPY ON BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Introduction: Individuals with diabetes mellitus must adhere to a series of examinations, which includes blood sugar monitoring. The effects of progressive muscle relaxation and lemon aromatherapy on blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes are compared in this study as non-pharmacological interventions for controlling or lowering blood sugar increase that persons with diabetes mellitus can conduct on their own at home. Method: The methodology of pre-experimental research is used. The study population consists of 36 volunteer diabetes patients who are divided into two groups using simple random sampling. The dependent variable is the blood sugar levels of patients with type 2 diabetes. The independent variables in this study are progressive muscle relaxation and lemon aromatherapy. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test & Mann-Whitney test is used to examine the data in order to determine the significance of the comparison between two sets of correlated data using ratio-shaped data. Results & Analysis: With a p-value of 0.016, progressive muscle relaxation is helpful in reducing blood sugar levels. Likewise, using lemons in aromatherapy decreases blood sugar levels (p-value = 0.028). However, the comparison results show that, with a p-value of 0.012, progressive muscular relaxation works better than lemon aromatherapy. Discussion: Both interventions involve relaxation techniques that block stress input and promote physiological calm in order to slow down heartbeats and boost the release of insulin hormones into the bloodstream, which is required for managing blood sugar. It is suggested that future research combine the two medicines to obtain more comprehensive findings.

Beta arrestin-related signalling axes are influenced by dexamethasone and metformin in vascular smooth muscle cells cultured in high glucose condition.

Metformin (Met) and dexamethasone (Dexa) are known to reduce blood sugar levels and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively. Based on the acceleration of atherosclerosis process in diabetes, the β-arrestin 2 (BARR2) gene and protein expression levels were evaluated in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) treated with Met and Dexa in high glucose conditions in this study. Human VSMCs were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM-F12) medium and, were treated with different values of Met (1 mM, 5 mM and 7 mM) and Dexa (10-7 M, 10-6 M and 10-5 M) in 24- and 48-h periods. The BARR2 gene and protein expression levels were identified with RT-qPCR and western blotting techniques, respectively. The signalling axes were predicted from gene network made using Cytoscape software and, were annotated with Gene Ontology. The BARR2 gene and protein expression levels reduced in VSMCs treated with Dexa and Met after 24- and 48-h periods. These results were more changed after 48 h. Furthermore, many BARR2-related signalling axes were found from the network genes. Met and Dexa suppressed the BARR2 protein and gene expression levels in the VSMCs. Moreover, the gene network suggested some the cellular signalling axes related to BARR2 that may be affected by Met and Dexa.

Study of the Mechanism of Astragali Radix in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Renal Protection Based on Enzyme Activity, Network Pharmacology, and Experimental Verification.

Astragali Radix (AR) is a common Chinese medicine and food. This article aims to reveal the active role of AR in treating Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its renal protective mechanism. The hypoglycemic active fraction was screened by α-glucosidase and identified by UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS spectrometry. The targets and KEGG pathway were determined through the application of network pharmacology methodology. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation technology were used for virtual verification. Subsequently, a mouse model of T2DM was established, and the blood glucose and renal function indexes of the mice after administration were analyzed to further prove the pharmacodynamic effect and mechanism of AR in the treatment of T2DM. HA was determined as the best hypoglycemic active fraction by the α-glucosidase method, with a total of 23 compounds identified. The main active components, such as calycoside-7-O-β-D-glucoside, methylnisoline, and formononetin, were revealed by network pharmacology. In addition, the core targets and the pathway have also been determined. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation techniques have verified that components and targets can be well combined. In vivo studies have shown that AR can reduce blood sugar levels in model mice, enhance the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of kidney tissue, and alleviate kidney damage in mice. And it also has regulatory effects on proteins such as RAGE, PI3K, and AKT. AR has a good therapeutic effect on T2DM and can repair disease-induced renal injury by regulating the RAGE/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study provides ideas for the development of new drugs or dietary interventions for the treatment of T2DM.

Effect of pharmacist counselling on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in reducing blood sugar levels: a systematic literature review

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, and one approach to managing T2DM is through patient counselling. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic literature review to identify the impact of pharmacist counselling on patients with T2DM in reducing blood sugar levels. This research utilized the systematic literature review method. Research data were sourced from published literature, retrieved from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. The collected data were then qualitatively analysed. The results show that, based on 15 journal literatures reviewed, pharmacist counselling in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus significantly impacts the reduction of blood sugar levels (both glucose and HbA1c levels). The average blood sugar level decreased from 225.69 to 190.98, while another study reported fasting blood glucose levels dropping from 274.5 mg/dl to 239.8 mg/dl. However, there was one study that indicated counselling only managed to slow down the rate of glucose level increase in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Overall, these findings underscore the vital role of pharmacist counselling in the management and control of blood sugar levels in T2DM patients, contributing to better diabetes care and potentially reducing direct medical costs associated with the condition.

Prophylactic and Curative Effect of Boswellia Serrata on Blood Glucose Level and Architecture of Pancreas in Diabetic Mice Induced by Alloxan

Background and objectives. Herbal medicines have gained significant attention from the scientific community for treating and managing diabetes in both developing and developed countries. Boswellia serrata, known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has been historically used to treat various diseases. This study aimed to determine the effect of Boswellia serrata on body weight, blood glucose level, and pancreas architecture in alloxan-induced diabetes in albino mice. Methods. Forty albino male mice, aged 10 to 12 weeks and weighing between 24 and 34 grams, were divided into four groups of ten each. The first group was the negative control group, and the second group was the diabetic positive control group that received 120 mg/kg alloxan intraperitoneally. The third group received a single injection of alloxan at a dose of 120 mg/kg bw and was treated with Boswellia serrata macerated at a dose of 150 mg/kg bw for four weeks. The fourth group received orally Boswellia serrata extract at a dose of 150 mg/kg for two weeks, followed by a single injection of alloxan at a dose of 120 mg/kg, and were left for two weeks. Results. This study found that Boswellia serrata has antidiabetic properties in diabetic mice, as it significantly reduced blood sugar levels compared to the diabetic group. Additionally, histological analyses of the groups treated with B. serrata showed a significant improvement in the harmful effects of alloxan on pancreatic islet cells. Conclusion. Boswellia serrata has shown a notable improvement in the detrimental effect of alloxan on pancreatic islet cells, and its curative effect has been proven to be better than its prophylactic effect. This is supported by the improved blood glucose levels and the histological changes that were more pronounced.

Test the Effectiveness of Grape Seed Extract as an Antidiabetic Drug In Male White Rats Wistar Strain

The research aims to know the effectiveness of grape seeds in lowering blood sugar levels in white rats. The research began with grape seed extraction using the maceration method. The results of macerate were given to white rats that were given grape seed extract samples at doses of 75 mg/200 grams BW, 125 mg/200 grams BW, and 250 mg/200 grams BW. The positive control was metformin, and the negative control was given distilled water. All were given treatment for 14 days. On days seven and 14, a blood sugar test was carried out to assess the effectiveness of grape seed extract. The results showed that of the five treatment groups, sample group I (extract at a dose of 75 mg/200 gram BW) and sample group III (extract at a dose of 250 mg/200 gram BW) affected reducing blood sugar levels in rats. This is proven by comparing blood sugar levels after being given alloxan on the seventh day in the two groups, showing better results in reducing blood sugar levels than the other groups. It can be concluded that grape seed extract can properly reduce blood sugar levels in white rats with type II diabetes mellitus.

Synthesis of new bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone hydrazone for diabetic management: In-vitro and in-silico approach

Inhibiting α-glucosidase is a reliable method for reducing blood sugar levels in diabetic individuals. Bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone derivatives 1–27 were synthesized from bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone via two-step reaction. Different spectroscopic techniques, including EI-MS and 1H NMR, were employed to characterize all synthetic derivatives. The elemental composition of synthetic compounds was confirmed by elemental analysis and results were found in agreement with the calculated values. The synthetic compounds 1–27 were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, except five compounds all derivatives showed good to moderate inhibitory potential in the range of IC50 = 0.28 ± 2.65 - 0.94 ± 2.20 μM. Among them, the most active compounds were 5, 8, 9, and 12 with IC50 values of 0.29 ± 4.63, 0.29 ± 0.93, 0.28 ± 3.65, and 0.28 ± 2.65, respectively. Furthermore, all these compounds were found to be non-toxic on human fibroblast cell lines (BJ cell lines). Kinetics study of compounds 8 and 9 revealed competitive type of inhibition with Ki values 2.79 ± 0.011 and 3.64 ± 0.012 μM, respectively. The binding interactions of synthetic compounds were also confirmed through molecular docking studies that indicated that compounds fit well in the active site of enzyme. Furthermore, a total of 30ns MD simulation was carried out for the most potent complexes of the series. The molecular dynamics study revealed that compound-8 and compound-12 were stable during the MD simulation.

Optimizing the Diet of Diabetes Mellitus Sufferers Through Food Mapping Using the Fuzzy Sugeno Method

This research focuses on developing optimal strategies for diet management for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) sufferers by utilizing the Fuzzy Sugeno method in food mapping. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that requires a careful management approach to diet to control blood sugar levels. In this study, we designed a system that uses Sugeno's fuzzy principles to categorize foods based on glycemic parameters, nutritional content, and individual patient characteristics. This method allows the formation of fuzzy rules that cover the variability and complexity in the preferences and health needs of each patient. The developed model was tested using DM patient data involving detailed information about diet, medical history and blood sugar response. Experimental results show that this approach can provide more personalized diet recommendations that suit individual health conditions. The application of the Fuzzy Sugeno method in food mapping for DM patients is expected to increase patient compliance with the recommended diet, reduce blood sugar levels, and overall, improve quality of life. Additionally, this approach also provides a foundation for the development of adaptive dietary management systems, which can continuously adapt to changing patient health needs over time.

The Potential of Hyperglycemia Combination of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Rind Extract and Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel Extract

This study aims to determine the potential hyperglycemia of the combination of Watermelon Skin Extract (Citrullus lanatus) and Red Dragon Fruit Skin Extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus). The research method used is the alloxane induction method. Rats were divided into 5 groups, namely positive control given metformin 45 mg / Kg BB, negative control given Na. CMC 1% w/v, and variations of test groups given combination extracts with concentration variations of 6% and 13.4%; 9% and 16.4%; and 12% and 19.4% then each group was induced alloxane at a dose of 24 mg / 200g BB. The results of the study on the negative control given NaCMC 1% did not show a decrease in blood sugar levels, in the positive control given metformin 45 mg / KgBB showed an average percent decrease of 94.12%, in the combination extract test group with a dose of 6% and 13.4% showed an average percent decrease of 25.04%; 9% and 16.4% % showed an average percent decrease of 24.69%; and 12% and 19.4% % showed an average percent decrease of 55.61%. Based on the results of this study, a combination extract of 12% and 19.4% can reduce blood sugar levels of white rats. This study proved that red watermelon peel extract and red dragon fruit peel extract have antihyperglycemia effects.

The Effect of a Combination of Brisk Walking Exercise and Bay Leaf Decoction on Changes in Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Diabetes mellitus is a clinical condition of metabolic disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels or called hyperglycemia due to failure of insulin secretion, insulin performance or both. Management of diabetes mellitus can be helped non-pharmacologically in the form of brisk walking exercises and boiled bay leaves. This research aims to determine the effect of a combination of brisk walking exercise and boiled bay leaves on reducing blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This type of research is quasi-experimental with pretest - posttest with control group. The instruments used were an observation sheet and a glucometer set. Sampling used probability sampling with purposive sampling consisting of 38 respondents for the intervention group and 38 respondents for the control group. The data analysis used was the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed a significant reduction in blood sugar levels in the intervention and control groups. However, there was a significant reduction in blood sugar levels in the intervention group with a p-value of 0.000. This study concluded that there was an effect of the combination of brisk walking exercise and boiled bay leaves on reducing blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Effect of Diabetic Gymnastics on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels, Stress, and Anxiety in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased significantly in developing countries, including Indonesia. Type II DM is caused by increasing blood sugar levels. There are various complications both physically and psychologically. Psychological disorders include stress and anxiety. One intervention to reduce blood sugar levels, stress and anxiety is diabetic gymnastics. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of diabetic gymnastics on reducing blood sugar levels, stress, and anxiety. This type of research uses quasi experiment with pre-test and post-test control group design. The population was type II DM patients with a sample of 36 people divided into control and intervention groups of 18 respondents each using purposive sampling technique. The results of the validity and reliability test of the stress variable referring to the Diabetes Distress Scale-17 were declared valid with r 0.79-0.83 with Cronbach alpha's of 0.921, and the anxiety variable referring to the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-42 instrument was declared valid with r 0.532 and Cronbach alpha's of 0.943. Data analysis using Paired Sample T-Test and Independent Sample T Test. The results showed that there was an effect of diabetes gymnastics on reducing blood sugar levels, stress and anxiety in the control group (p-value 0.000), (p-value 0.005), (p-value 0.020) and the intervention group (p-value 0.000), (p-value 0.000), (p-value 0.000) and there were differences in the value of reducing blood sugar levels, stress and anxiety in the control and intervention groups (p-value 0.000), (p-value 0.041), (p-value 0.038). Conclusion There is an effect of diabetic gymnastics on reducing blood sugar levels, stress, and anxiety in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. It is expected that diabetes exercises can be used as one of the interventions in dealing with complications of diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, blood sugar level, anxiety, diabetes gymnastics, stress.

Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract as an Antioxidant on Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) Levels in Rats with Hyperglycemia: A Systematic Literature Review

Hyperglycaemia is a clinical indicator of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes is associated with damage to organ systems, such as kidney damage, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels, and even death through oxidative stress processes, resulting in an imbalance between antioxidants and free radicals. One of the plants that contain antioxidants is Moringa Oleifera (MO), MO has been utilized as a food source material. This plant has low toxicity, natural antioxidants, and important bioactive phytochemicals and is an excellent source of alternative natural therapies to synthetic drugs. Exogenous antioxidants in Moringa leaves may have potential as free radical scavengers. Studies published between 2017 and 2023 were systematically reviewed through identification in Research Gate, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were included for review. The results of the literature review of the articles carried out can be concluded that the administration of moringa leaf extract is able to reduce blood sugar levels, reduce MDA levels and increase antioxidants in the body, such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px). Keywords: Hyperglycaemia, Diabetes, Leaf Extract Moringa Oleifera, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant

Effects of Mulberry Leaf Fu Tea on the Intestines and Intestinal Flora of Goto-Kakizaki Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by hyperglycemia, an imbalance in the intestinal flora and disruption of the endocrine system. At present, it is primarily controlled through drug treatment and an improved diet. Mulberry leaf and fu brick tea were considered to have excellent hypoglycemic effects. This study used mulberry leaves and fu brick tea as raw materials to develop a dietary regulator that can assist in the prevention and alleviation of diabetes. The experiment used the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of mulberry leaf fu tea (MFT) and its influence on the intestinal flora of diabetic rats through methods including ELISA, tissue section observation and 16S RNA microbial sequencing. The results showed that, compared with the GK group, the intervention of mulberry leaf fu tea significantly reduced the activities of α-glucosidase (p < 0.05) and α-amylase (p < 0.05) in the duodenum of GK diabetic rats. The height of the duodenal villi was significantly reduced (p < 0.001), leading to decreased intestinal sugar absorption. At the same time, MFT alleviates the imbalance of intestinal flora caused by high blood sugar, promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, etc.), and inhibits the reproduction of harmful bacteria (Blautia, Klebsiella, Helicobacter, Alistipes, etc.). MFT helps reduce the secretion of toxic substances (lipopolysaccharide, p < 0.001), decreases oxidative stress and inflammation, mitigates organ damage, and improves symptoms of diabetes. Finally, the random blood glucose value of GK rats dropped from 22.79 mmol/L to 14.06 mmol/L. In summary, mulberry leaf fu tea can lower sugar absorption in diabetic rats, reduce the body's oxidative stress and inflammatory response, regulate intestinal flora, and reduce blood sugar levels in GK rats. It is hinted that mulberry leaf fu tea could be used as a functional drink to help prevent the occurrence of diabetes.

Effects of Nigella Sativa and Syzygium Cumini Seed Extracts on Blood Glucose Levels in Swiss Albino Mice

A Swiss Albino mouse model was used to study the effects of two species that are common in Bangladesh: Nigella Sativa L. and Syzygium Cumini L. The trial looked at how a blend of methanol extracts from Syzygium Cumini L. and Nigella Sativa L. affected blood sugar levels using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). 40 overnight starved mice were divided into eight groups with a 4:1 male to female ratio. After 120 minutes of glucose injection, blood glucose levels were measured using a glucometric method. However, the mean values of the samples that were only treated with high doses of Syzygium Cumini L. (Group 1) and Nigella Sativa L. (Group 2) were 3.92 mmol/l and 3.8 mmol/l, respectively. Group-5 low dose (50 mg/kg) treated mean value was 4.02 mmol/l, group-6 moderate dose (100 mg/kg) treated mean value was 3.7 mmol/l, group-7 poly medium dose (200 mg/kg) treated mean value was 3.38 mmol/l, and group-8 poly high dose (400 mg/kg) treated mean value was 3.12 mmol/l where combined extract formulations were used. The combined formulation of the methanol extract of Nigella Sativa L. (Seed) and Syzygium Cumini L. (Seed) possesses significant oral hypoglycemic activity at different time intervals in the cases when compared to Control mean value, showing that all doses given significantly reduced blood sugar level

Effectiveness of Chinese Ketepeng Infusion on Streptozotocin-Induced Mice

Blood sugar is a metabolic disorder disease that occurs due to insufficiency of insulin hormone production or due to insulin insensitivity resulting in typical clinical manifestations in the form of increased glucose levels in the blood (hyperglycemia). This study aims to determine the effect of Chinese ketepeng leaf decoction on blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice. This research was carried out in the Zoology laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon. This research is an experimental laboratory with a pre and post-test research design with a control group design. This study wanted to prove whether there was an effect of giving Chinese ketepeng leaf decoction to decreasing blood sugar levels in male Balb/C mice using Chinese ketepeng leaf decoction at a dose of 3.64 mg/kg, 7.28 mg/kg, 10.92 mg/kg. The results showed that the usage of Chinese ketepeng leaves (Cassia alata L) can reduce blood sugar levels in mice (Mus musculus). The most effective dose to lower blood sugar levels is a dose of 10.92 mg/kg BW.

Low to High Intensity Exercise dalam Menurunkan Kadar Gula Darah pada Pasien DM Tipe 2

This study aims to map and synthesize evidence regarding the effectiveness of low to high-intensity exercise in reducing blood sugar levels in type 2 DM patients according to patient characteristics. The method used is a scoping review with a search strategy using the PICO(s) format. Pubmed, Science Direct, CINAHL, and the Google Scholar search engine are the databases used. The research results showed that eight articles were in English, five studies showed a significant reduction in blood sugar, and three others showed no significant decrease. Apart from that, it was also found that there was an increase in insulin, which showed a significant increase in HbA1c, and there was no increase in the dose of anti-diabetic therapy. Several types of exercise are used at all intensities depending on the patient's ability, including walking, jogging, power cycling, and walking on a treadmill. In conclusion, exercise can reduce weight for obese patients and increase muscle strength, followed by improved physical function for patients with weight loss.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Exercise Therapy, Blood Glucose

Investigation of Antidiabetic Activity of Isolated Molecule from the Bark of Olax scandens

Hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin synthesis and/or activity characterizes diabetes mellitus (DM), which is categorized as a metabolic condition. Some patients may develop side effects or drug interactions when treating these disorders with synthetic drugs. Due to this, there is an increased interest in researching the medical properties of plants and herbal substances while also considering synthetic medications’ interactions and negative effects. To isolate and identify the flavonoid 5-hydroxy-apigenin-7-O-Dglucopyranoside, the bark of Olax scandens was extracted with methanol in a soxhlet system (5HAG). The current study set out to examine 5HAG’s potential ability to treat albino wistar rats with STZ-induced diabetes. The chemical component significantly lowered rats’ blood glucose levels and improved lipid markers. Hepatic enzymes improved significantly, including SGOT, SGPT, ALP, plasma insulin, and total proteins. Overall, this study exposes new avenues for researching how 5HAG reduces blood sugar levels so drastically, but according to the aforementioned study, the flavonoid possesses antidiabetic properties because of its antioxidant activity. In addition, the isolated flavonoid may significantly impact the reduction of blood sugar and its complications by acting as a lead molecule in the identification of novel antidiabetic drug candidates.

Black mulberry extract inhibits hepatic adipogenesis through AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in T2DM mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceBlack mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is an ancient dual-use plant resource for medicine and food. It is widely used in Uyghur folklore for hypoglycemic treatment and is a folkloric plant medicine with regional characteristics. However, the mechanism of Morus nigra L. treatment in diabetes mellitus has not been fully understood, especially from the perspective of hepatic lipid accumulation is less reported. Objective of this studyThis study was to explore the potential of Morus nigra L. fruit ethyl acetate extract (MNF-EA) to reduce blood sugar levels by preventing the production of hepatic lipogenesis and to provide more evidence for the use of MNF-EA as an adjuvant therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methodsIn this study, the chemical composition of MNF-EA was first analyzed and characterized using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique. A series of in vitro studies were performed with HepG2-IR cells and oleic acid (OA)-induced HepG2 cells, including MTT assay, glucose uptake assay, oil red O staining and Western blot analysis. The STZ-HFD co-induced T2DM mice were employed for in vivo research, including physical indices, biochemical analysis, histopathological examination, and Western blot analysis. ResultsThe 19 compounds in MNF-EA were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique. Insulin resistance (IR) and lipid droplet accumulation in HepG2 cells were greatly improved by MNF-EA treatment, which had no appreciable side effects at the dosage used. In T2DM mice, MNF-EA decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG), saved body weight, and significantly improved oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) and IR status. In addition, MNF-EA treatment also improved lipid metabolism disorders and liver function in T2DM mice. Histopathological sections showed that MNF-EA treatment reduced hepatic steatosis. Mechanistic studies suggest that MNF-EA acted through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. ConclusionsThese results suggest that MNF-EA has great potential to reverse the metabolic abnormalities associated with T2DM by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, we believe that MNF is a promising medicinal and food-homologous agent to improve T2DM.

Comparative Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Gongronema latifolium Benth and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken in The Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Albino Rats

Introduction: Diabetes is a multi-factorial metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which is the primary factor in preventing glucose from achieving its desired levels in patients with the condition. Hyperglycemia results from a lack of insulin secretion, inadequate insulin action or both. Materials and Methods: The comparative effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of The comparative effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium (G. latifolium) and Bryophyllum pinnatum (B. pinnatum) on some biochemical parameters in diabetic induced albino rats were investigated. Two different concentrations of ethanolic leaves extracts of both plants were used to treat alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results: The study found that alloxan administration significantly increased blood sugar levels in diabetic rats, with the highest reduction in group 7 and the lowest in group 5. The ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum and G. latifolium leaves showed potential hepatoprotective and renal protective activities, but mild urea level alteration was observed. The study suggests that these extracts may be beneficial for diabetic rats. Conclusion: The study reveals that alloxan monohydrate can induce diabetes in animals, and ethanolic extracts from B. pinnatum leaves and G. latifolium leaves may reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide showed better hypoglycaemic effects. Alloxan may cause hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity, but the extracts may also cause mild urea level alteration.

Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Kulit Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) pada Mencit (Mus musculus)

Diabetes is one of a number of diseases that result in too much sugar levels in the blood (high blood glucose), treatment with the example of the drug Glibenclamide can reduce blood sugar levels gradually, so alternative treatment is needed from natural ingredients. One of the natural ingredients that contain chemical compounds Flavonoids, Coumarins, and Triterpenoids, which have activity lowering blood sugar levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of melinjo peel extract against antidiabetes in mice to determine the most effective dose of lowering blood sugar levels in male mice, in this study using this research method using melinjo peel extract (Gnetum gnemon L) with a dose of 200mg/kgBB ,250mg/kgBW and a dose of 42mg/kgBW which aims to determine the effect of melinjo peel extract as a decrease in blood sugar levels in male mice, shows that melinjo peel extract (Gnetum gnemon L.) is the most effective in reducing sugar levels at a dose of 42mg/kgBW, compared with positive control and doses of 28mg/kgBW and 35mg/kgBW. The results of the study concluded that melinjo peel extract (Gnetum gnemon L) in the 28mg/kgBW, 35mg/kgBW and 42mg/kgBW dose groups were the most effective in reducing blood sugar levels. 42 mg/kg body weight. The conclusion is that there is antidiabetic activity in the extra skin of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) both at doses of 28mg/kgBW, 35mg/kgBW and 42mg/kgBW but the most effective for reducing blood sugar levels is at a dose of 42mg/kgBW compared to the positive control. This data is supported by repeated ANOVA test with a significant value of p=0.012 (p&gt;0.05), which means that all groups have significant differences in both the extract and the comparison group used.