Red Zone Research Articles

Assessment of risk factors for COVID-19 infection in personnel of military medical organizations

Relevance. Workers in medical organizations are at risk of developing occupational diseases, including coronavirus infection through frequent contacts with patients and colleagues in the course of their professional activities. Analysis of the causes of infection associated with the pathogen SARS-CoV-2 is the basis for development of preventive measures aimed at minimizing the risk of infection. Intention – development of the main directions for the prevention of COVID-19 morbidity among medical personnel based on a hygienic assessment of occupational risk factors. Methodology. An analysis of cases of a new coronavirus infection among employees of a military medical organization was carried out. An assessment was made of the factors that increase the risk of personnel infection, based on the study of materials from epidemiological investigations and the results of a survey. Results and Discussion. Research has identified factors that increase the risk of COVID-19. An analysis of the causes of the disease showed that in 60 % of cases, infection of personnel is associated with infection at the workplace (contacts with patients – 53.1 %, contacts personnel – 6.9 %), in 38.7 % of cases the cause was not established, in 1.3 % – contacts with sick relatives were registered. A number of specialists from certain professional groups have a higher incidence rate (traumatologists, surgeons, urologists, specialists who carry out sanitary and epidemiological surveillance). It was found that, regardless of the category of work and specialty, during the pandemic, the staff had contacts with sick patients – 78.2 %, contacts with sick colleagues – 53.7 %. Contacts with sick patients increased the risk of developing the disease (RR 1.26; 95 % CI: 1.02–1.55; p = 0.01). The required degree of personnel protection was not provided in this case, which affected the significance of the factor of violation of the rules for the use of PPE (RR 1.66; 95 % CI: 1.11–2.48; p = 0.006) in the risk of developing disease. At the same time, the involvement of personnel to the work in the “red zone” increased the likelihood of the disease (RR 2.98; 95 % CI: 1.24–7.17; p = 0.005). Conclusion. The conducted studies made it possible to establish differences in the level of potential risk for certain categories of medical specialists in non-infectious departments (traumatologists, surgeons, urologists; specialists in charge of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance) and to develop directions for preventive measures based on their analysis.

Facial flow line and its effect on dental midline deviation on a female subject in an Asian population - A cross-sectional study.

This study aims to understand the relationship between midline deviations and the inherent asymmetry that can be observed in a human face. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a frontal smile photograph of a female which was altered on Adobe Photoshop software version 23.0 into eight different photographs by deviating the dental midlines by 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm towards and away from the facial flow line (FFL). 4 mm of chin deviation was incorporated in all the pictures except for the first picture in which the midline and chin were kept symmetric. Orthodontic residents evaluated those photographs on an interrupted visual analogue scale (VAS) with 0 being the least attractive and 10 being the most. Simple linear regression was applied to observe factors associated with VAS score. Highest score was observed for picture with midline and chin on (MLCon) with a score of 9.4 ± 0.7, followed by picture with midline on and chin deviated (MLon) 8.7 ± 0.8. The deviations towards green zone received higher scores in comparison to deviations towards red zone. Linear regression revealed highly statistically significant differences between the constant and the rest of the pictures. The formation of green and red zones by the FFL influences the perception of midline deviation as judged by orthodontic residents. Midline when deviated towards the green zone, was judged to be more aesthetic than when shifted towards the red zones.

Digital-Based Self-Employed Tendencies in Maintaining Income Levels in the Red Zone of COVID-19

This study has two objectives: wanting to know the tendency of Self-Employed in the COVID-19 red zone to maintain income levels and the predictive probability of using digitalization to maintain income levels in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Secondly, wanting to know the socio-demographic factors of Self-Employed in the red zone and have used a digital approach in their work to maintain income levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data sourced from Sakernas August 2020, with logistic regression analysis method. Self-Employed in the red zone of COVID-19 have a lower tendency than those who work in the green zone of COVID-19 to maintain their income level. On the other hand, Self-Employed who have been digitized have a greater probability of increasing their income. Furthermore, Self-Employed with a digital approach who do not work in crowds, do not experience a decrease in working hours, have high skills, and live in villages have a greater probability of maintaining income levels in the red zone of COVID-19.

Гигантская базальноклеточная карцинома (клиническое наблюдение)

Basal cell skin cancer, or basal cell carcinoma (BCC), is the most common malignant tumor originating from skin keratinocytes or hair follicles. Giant BCCs are malignant skin neoplasms sized more than 5 cm with a greater tendency to invasion and metastasis than "standard" BCCs (sized less than 5 cm). Two or more foci in one person at the same time rarely occur. This paper describes a 69-year-old woman with skin lesions affecting the left scapula sized 20×10 cm and xiphoid process sized 7×4.5 cm that have existed for more than 15 years. During this period, the patient received various treatments with temporary insignificant improvement. Dermoscopy of the skin lesion of the scapula revealed pathological tree- like and tortuous vessels, homogeneous white and red zones, and ulcerations. Dermoscopy of skin lesion of the xiphoid process was uninformative because of rough surface hemorrhagic crusts. Cytology identified complexes of basaloid cells with atypia. Pathomorphologically, both tumors belonged to nodular BCC. For additional examination and treatment decisions, the patient was referred to the regional oncological dispensary. KEYWORDS: skin cancer, giant basal cell carcinoma, dermoscopy, pathomorphological examination, nodular type. FOR CITATION: Grekova Yu.N., Zilberberg N.V., Rimar O.G. Giant basal cell carcinoma (case report). Russian Medical Inquiry. 2023;7(6):383– 386 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2023-7-6-7.

Postcovid distant complications in periodontal tissues in individuals after inpatient treatment in the red zone

Postcovid distant complications in periodontal tissues in individuals after inpatient treatment in the red zone

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DELAYED ACCESS TO GROWTH MONITORING SERVICES AMONG UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The COVID-19 pandemic caused closures of or postponed integrated health service posts in the community and hampered access of children to growth monitoring services. This study aimed to measure the proportion of under-five children who delayed accessing growth monitoring services and assess its associated factors. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among mothers of under-five children within the period of August 14-September 14, 2020. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were performed to assess factors associated with delayed access to growth monitoring services among under-five children in Indonesia. 11,650 under-five children were included in the analysis. About 19.9% of children had delayed access to growth monitoring services. Children taken care of by their mothers had lower odds of delayed growth monitoring services than those taken care of by caregivers [AOR: 0.83; 95%CI: 0.73-0.94]. Mothers who accessed information on COVID-19 transmission [AOR: 1.15; 95%CI: 1.01-1.32] and living in high transmission of COVID-19 (red zone) had higher odds delay accessing child growth monitoring [AOR: 1.58; 95%CI: 1.39-1.78]. Therefore, there is an urgent need for customized community-level programs to increase access for growth monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic, notably among mothers living in high transmission of COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19, Growth Monitoring, Health Services DOI： https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.58.3.64

Treatment of cicatricial tracheal stenosis and tracheoesophageal fistula in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia

To describe treatment of cicatricial tracheal stenosis and tracheoesophageal fistula in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. There were 91 patients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis for the period from August 2020 to April 2022 (21 months). Of these, 32 (35.2%) patients had cicatricial tracheal stenosis, tracheoesophageal fistula and previous coronavirus infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Incidence of iatrogenic tracheal injury following ventilation for viral pneumonia in the pandemic increased by 5 times compared to pneumonia of other genesis. Majority of patients had pneumonia CT grade 4 (12 patients) and grade 3 (8 patients). Other ones had pulmonary parenchyma lesion grade 2-3 or mixed viral-bacterial pneumonia. Isolated tracheoesophageal fistula without severe cicatricial stenosis of trachea or esophagus was diagnosed in 4 patients. In other 2 patients, tracheal stenosis was combined with tracheoesophageal fistula. Eight (25%) patients had tracheostomy at the first admission. This rate was almost half that of patients treated for cicatricial tracheal stenosis in pre-pandemic period. Respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 1-7 months after discharge from COVID hospital. All patients underwent surgery. In 7 patients, we preferred palliative treatment with dilation and stenting until complete rehabilitation. In 5 patients, stent was removed after 6-9 months and these ones underwent surgery. There were 3 tracheal resections with anastomosis, and 2 patients underwent tracheoplasty. Resection was performed in 3 patients due to impossible stenting. Postoperative course in these patients was standard and did not differ from that in patients without viral pneumonia. In case of tracheoesophageal fistula, palliative interventions rarely allowed isolation of trachea. Four patients underwent surgery through cervical approach. There were difficult surgeries in 2 patients with tracheoesophageal fistula and cicatricial tracheal stenosis. One of them underwent separation of fistula and tracheal resection via cervical approach at primary admission. In another patient with thoracic fistula, we initially attempted to insert occluder. However, open surgery was required later due to dislocation of device. Absolute number of patients with tracheal stenosis, tracheoesophageal fistula and previous COVID-19 has increased by several times compared to pre-pandemic period. This is due to greater number of patients requiring ventilation with risk of tracheal injury, non-compliance with preventive protocol for tracheal injury including anti-ischemic measures during mechanical ventilation. The last fact was exacerbated by involvement of allied physicians with insufficient experience of safe ventilation in the «red zone», immunodeficiency in these patients aggravating purulent-inflammatory process in tracheal wall. The number of patients with tracheostomy was 2 times less that was associated with peculiarity of mechanical ventilation in SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, tracheostomy was a poor prognostic sign and physicians tried to avoid this procedure. Incidence of tracheoesophageal fistula in these patients increased by 2 times compared to pre-pandemic period. In subacute period of COVID-associated pneumonia, palliative measures for cicatricial tracheal stenosis and tracheoesophageal fistula should be preferred. Radical treatment should be performed after 3-6 months. Absolute indication for circular tracheal resection with anastomosis is impossible tracheal stenting and ensuring safe breathing by endoscopic methods, as well as combination of cicatricial tracheal stenosis with tracheoesophageal fistula and resistant aspiration syndrome. Incidence of postoperative complications in patients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis and previous mechanical ventilation for COVID-19 pneumonia and patients in pre-pandemic period is similar.

Effectiveness of Organic Waste Material Noise Dampening in Minimizing Noise Levels in Animal Feed Industry Machinery

Animal feed production machine specially in pellet machine to produce cylindrical animal feed, there is a pressing screw which high noise intensity. The industry has production machinery with high noise exposure and organic waste that can function as noise damping material. The aims of study to determine the effectiveness of noise absorbers from organic materials on machines. Methods of research is experimental. The object used the production machinery that will be intervened with organic damper on machines then measured by instruments: Sound Level Meter (noise intensity) and ArcGis 10.3 application for noise mapping areas. Analysis of research data with Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the noise intensity of machines exceeded the threshold limited value, an average of 96,75 and 97,35 dBA per 8 hours/day with the most red color zones. After using noise dampers, the noise intensity on the machine decreased to an average of 84,85 and 85,25 dBA/8 hours/day with the most green color zones. Statistical test results with a p-value of 0.000 show that there is a difference before and after the application of noise absorbers on machines. This study shows the effectiveness of organic waste material noise absorbers in minimizing noise levels in animal feed industry machinery.

Consequence Modeling and Analysis of Benzene leakage and explosion from a poorly sited gas station in the City of Douala, Cameroon

Introduction: Benzene has long been recognized as highly carcinogenic and the most cytotoxic of all air pollutants released by gas stations. Although several studies have been conducted on accidents in the process industry, very little work has been directed toward the modeling of risks caused by the leakage and explosion of toxic substances in gas stations. This knowledge could aid in predicting the vapor concentration inside gas station office buildings and neighboring infrastructures and in developing corresponding safety measures. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to model the consequences of Benzene dispersion following leakage and explosion from gas stations, taking the city of Douala, Cameroon as an example. Methods: Based on the measured vent emission and meteorological data, the Areal Location of Hazardous Atmosphere (ALOHA v.5.4.7) model was used to predict the hazard radius of leakage and dispersion of benzene from a tank in different seasons. The maps of the toxic and flammable vapor cloud of benzene, evaporation rate from a puddle, and the concentration of toxic and flammable vapor cloud inside and outside of the station were prepared with the aid of MARPLOT and Google Earth software. Results: The results showed that the maximum average sustained release rate of benzene from a tank was 26 kilograms per minute, with an estimated total amount released of 1,340 kilograms per 60 minutes in the dry season. The puddle spread to a diameter of 19.8 meters. The predicted threat zone distance from the station in the dry season, as compared to the rainy season, had an increase in radius of 12, 20, and 83m for the red, orange, and yellow zones, respectively. The worst hazard level extends primarily in the downwind direction and is predicted to be 31 meters in the rainy season in all directions, covering parts of the adjacent settlements and social infrastructure. Conclusion: The potential scenarios of benzene dispersion from a poorly sited gas station in the city of Douala have been modeled and the threat zones estimated. Nearby residences and social infrastructures are significantly exposed, with the predicted threat zones being more hazardous for the employees of the gas station. Further research looking at the impact of combined consequences of gasoline emissions may help determine whether the combined effects of benzene with other chemicals are cumulative or synergistic.

Evaluation of new biomolecules for combating rice yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; under red lateritic zone of West Bengal

Evaluation of new biomolecules for combating rice yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; under red lateritic zone of West Bengal

Effect Of Nitrogen And Potassium On Pomegranate Cv. Bhagwa Under Red And Lateritic Zone Of West Bengal

The experiment was conducted with five levels of nitrogen and four levels of potassium per plant with twenty treatment combinations were applied to three years old pomegranate cv. Bhagwa trees at the Regional Research Sub-Station, Sekampur, Birbhum of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal. The highest yield was observed with N60 (4.103 kg/plant). In potassium application the yield /plant varied between 2.96 kg/plant (K0) to 3.664 kg/plant (K40). The combined application of N80K40 resulted in a 28.07 % (212.60g) increase in fruit weight compared to the control treatment (166.00g). The highest number of fruits/plants was recorded in treatment N60 (20.438) and lowest in control (13.688). Significantly maximum number of fruits /plants was noted in K40 (18.550). The highest increase in aril weight and juice weight could be observed with the application of N60K60 treatment. Quality analysis of the fruits showed maximum TSS with the 60 g/plant k. It is concluded that the combined application of N@60g and K@40 g per plant is beneficial in improving the yield and quality of three years old pomegranate plants under the red lateritic zone of West Bengal.

Problem of Rohingya Repatriation and Current Trends of Violence: A Critical Analysis

This study attempts to examine in what manner violent and non-violent incidents of Rohingya are increasing in Bangladesh especially in the camps in Cox’s Bazar since August 2017 due to the delay of sustainable repatriation. It also investigates how increasing violent incidents among the Rohingya make the threat for themselves as well as for the people of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh. From the first influx of 1.3 million Rohingya, the camps are becoming a red zone of growing violent activities. Continuous delay of the repatriation process of those stateless people is creating possibilities for expanding criminal activities among them. To some extent, it is recorded, Rohingyas are involved in violent activities with the local people as well as the law enforcement agencies inside and outside the camps. Unexpectedly, there may have the same risk of violence in the relocated Rohingya refugees in the Bhasan Char (an Island in the Bay of Bengal). Against this backdrop, this is a mixed-method study where case studies and in-depth interviews are conducted as a qualitative method. Moreover, it analyzes the secondary numeric data from Bangladesh Police and Bangladesh Peace Observatory (BPO) database. Overall scenarios of violence from the Rohingyas inside and outside the camp areas are posing challenges for Bangladesh. Only sustainable repatriation can stop the turbulence among the Rohingya residing in Bangladesh.

Potential defects & failures in building industry

Padang is one of red zone area of earthquake disaster. Quality of building is of important aspect towards disaster resistant. This paper is to report findings of the survey on potential defects and failure modes in building industry in Padang City. The survey was conducted in 3 building projects. The research has uncovered technical defects and potential failures leading to vulnerability of structural deficiencies of buildings. Findings show that inappropriate procedures, defective selected materials and concrete structures of beam, column and foundation, defective design of electrical circuits are among those potential defects undermining the quality of buildings. These quality defects may lead to vulnerability of buildings under earthquake disasters.

Transisi New Normal: Bagaimana Masyarakat Rural dapat Bertahan?

The Indonesian government has declared a new order to live side by side with COVID-19, through the idea of a "new normal". An interesting study to see how the Indonesian people respond to this new normal policy, especially in rural communities. So far, most discussions about the new normal have only been in the context of urban society. This study aims to identify the resilience of rural communities in facing the new normal situation. The method used is qualitative with a phenomenological approach. Data was collected using in-depth interview techniques with key actors. The research was conducted in Pulo Pitu Marihat Village, Ujung Padang District, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra Province. This area was a red zone location when the pandemic took place, and most of the population worked in the informal sector which tended to be economically and socially vulnerable. The results show that people's ability to survive in the face of changes in the new normal transition period is influenced by individual resilience, social capital, natural resource environment, and social institutions.

LEGAL SECURITY OF LAND OWNERSHIP POST EARTHQUAKE IN PALU

This study aims to find out the efforts to provide legal certainty for land ownership after the earthquake in Palu. The research method is normative empirical, using a legal approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. Data collection is done through interviews and secondary data. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively through reasoning and legal arguments. The results of the analysis are interpreted based on the theory of legal certainty and the theory of land registration. The results of the study show that there have been concrete efforts from the South Sulawesi BPN Regional Office to provide legal certainty for the earthquake-affected lands in Palu. Land with the status of completely destroyed or partially destroyed, no certificate of land ownership is issued. In the Red Zone or Disaster Prone Zone, it is prohibited to be inhabited, either permanently or temporarily. Another work that must be carried out immediately is the registration of partially destroyed lands.

Dampak Covid-19 terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan dan Kinerja Keluarga Peternak Sapi Potong pada Peternakan Rakyat di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat

Data on the development of the Covid-19 pandemic as of May 17 2020 shows that all areas in West Nusa Tenggara Province are declared as red zones. This condition causes people to become anxious. One community group that feels this anxiety is beef cattle breeders on smallholder farms. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the anxiety level of beef cattle farming families on smallholder farms in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The research method is a survey method from May to September 2022 in 10 regencies/cities throughout West Nusa Tenggara Province. There are 20 parameters that are measured as indicators of anxiety levels. Anxiety levels are measured with a Likert scale of 1-5. Data was tabulated using Microsoft Excel and then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic was most felt by the farmers' wives with an average anxiety level of 97.4%; farmer's children 94.0%; and father as the head of the family 93.3%. The performance of beef cattle breeders is measured by seven indicators showing that 81.5% of beef cattle raising families do not stay at home all day long, but 70.4% leave the house to work in the fields, gardens and fields, and earn a living for their families. The conclusion is that all members of the beef cattle farmer's family feel anxious about the Covid-19 pandemic. The farmer's wife is the member of the family who feels the most anxiety. Nonetheless, the Covid-19 pandemic did not have a negative impact on the performance of beef cattle farming families on smallholder farms in West Nusa Tenggara Province.

Histochemical effects of brodifacoum on rat spleen

In this study, the histochemical effects of Brodifacoum, an anticoagulant used against rodents, on the spleen are examined under a light microscope using CD4 and CD8 histochemical staining methods. A single dose of 0.2 mg Brodifacoum was dissolved in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and was given orally to mature male rats. Spleen samples were collected under ether anesthesia after 24 h, 72 h, 14 days, and 30 days from the rats in the experimental groups and after 14 days from the rats in the control group. In this light microscope study, it was observed that the capsule, white pulp, and red pulp zones in the rat spleen were constructed normally and as their natural structures primary and secondary follicles (germinal center) they were few, and CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes were spherically structured. In the 24 h spleens of the rats, the diameters of germinal centers were expanded and deterioration of the structure of CD4 and CD8 cells was observed. Related to the increase in time (72 h and 14 days) it was determined that primary follicles increased in number and the diameters of germinal centers expanded. In addition to this, after30 days, the rate of CD4:CD8 of the brodifacoum applied rat spleens were approximately the rate of the control group, and the improvement of the structures of the cells was reported as an effect of regeneration. As a result of this study, it was found that Brodifacoum caused immunohistochemical abnormalities in the rat spleen, affected the morphological structure of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes and created an immune response in rats. It is thought that the obtained results will be a source for the studies on Brodifacoum.

TRENDS IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN CRISIS CONDITIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF HOTEL ENTERPRISES OF THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION, UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to identify trends in the operation of hotels in the Transcarpathian region in the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, based on the ratio of the indicators of the dynamics of tourist flows and the occupancy rate of enterprises. It is obvious that small hotel enterprises of Transcarpathian region make a significant part of the hospitality segment of the region – they are the ones who receive a large part of guests/visitors/tourists. The activities of most of them are diversified, small-scale and somewhat isolated, these factors have softened the impact of strict quarantine restrictions introduced at different times in 2020-2021. Therefore, the research methodology is based on a sample of questionnaires – interviews provided by 30 enterprises. The research was conducted in the period from January to April 2021, when the restrictions of the red quarantine zone were introduced in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, a literature review of scientific works of domestic and foreign authors was conducted, whose publications relate to some aspects of this research. Much of the research concerns the state and current functioning of the tourism or hospitality industry during the pandemic and the business innovations they employ during the crisis. The results of the survey reflect the highly indicative dynamics of tourist flows in the Transcarpathian region in the period 2000-2020, showing pronounced peaks in the number of visitors (2000, 2003, 2008) and their decline (2001, 2004, 2019), as well as periods of low tourist activity (2014-2016) due to the military and political situation in Ukraine. The study describes the occupancy trends of small and medium-sized hotels in the region for the period 2018-2020. These trends clearly show the consequences of the crisis phenomena that occurred in the economy and society due to the global pandemic. The practical implications of the study lie in possible further recommendations for management decisions that will allow to increase the competitiveness of the hospitality and tourism sector in the region, as well as to implement effective measures in possible crisis situations. Value/originality. Information about the reaction and details of the operation of hotel enterprises of the Transcarpathian region during the global pandemic crisis is useful for understanding the work of the tourism sector in general at different levels – from local to state.

Prohibition Of Friday Prayer During COVID-19 Pandemic Period Againts Red Zone Areas In Islamic Law Perspective

Pada pandemi covid 19 pemerintah indonesia melarang masyarakat untuk tidak melakukan sholat jumat di masjid terlebih dahulu hal berdasarkan fatwa MUI. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut penelitian ini ingin melihat apakah sebagian masyarakat patuh terhadap peraturan ataukah tetap melaksanakan sholat jum’at karna beranggapan bahwa sholat jum’at itu hukumnya wajib. Kemudian akan dicari bagimana hukum tidak melakukan sholat jum’at karna suatu wabah penyakit yang berbahaya. Akan dilakukan persamaan hukum asal dengan maslahah mursalah berdasarkan tinjauan filsafat hukum islam. Hukum shalat Jumat adalah fardlu ‘ain bagi laki-laki apabila terpenuhi syarat-syarat wajibnya. Shalat Jum’at adalah shalat wajib dua raka’at yang dilaksanakan dengan berjama’ah diwaktu Zuhur dengan didahului oleh dua khutbah. Wabah Covid-19 tidak hanya merupakan masalah nasional dalam suatu Negara, tapi sudah merupakan masalah global. Dalam Mengantisipasi dan mengurangi jumlah penderita virus corona di Indonesia sudah dilakukan diantaranya memberikan kebijakan membatasi aktifitas keluar rumah. Di indonesia MUI menghimbau umat muslim untuk sementara mengganti shalat jum’at dengan sholat dzuhur di rumah dalam kondisi darurat covid 19 agar terhindar suatu mudhorot yaitu tertular wabah penyakit.

Fruit based agroforestry systems - potential means for sustaining carbon sequestration, improving soil health and diet of community in red and lateritic zone of West Bengal, India

Fruit-based agroforestry systems (AFS) can assure food security towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and improvement in carbon sequestration, soil qualities of low-fertile degraded land. Those were revealed through observations on farmers’ practices, literature reviews and results from different agroforestry arrangements of mango with gamhar and eucalyptus; and sweet orange with gamhar for two years (2017-18 to 2018-19) of alley cropping with pigeon pea, green gram, cowpea and toria in ongoing AF experiments at Regional Research Station (Red & Lateritic Zone), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jhargram, West Bengal, India. Total carbon stock as well as potential food energy production were higher in AFS than either in sole silvi tree, fruit tree or plots under alley crops, because of better performances of all tree and crop components in AFS. Mango with eucalyptus-based AFS gave higher carbon stock (62.33 t ha-1 yr-1) including improvement in degraded acidic soil pH (6.20%), SOC (11.86%), available N (9.09%), available P (13.97%), available K (11.64%) contents in soil. In that way, fruit-based agroforestry systems can be used as a viable alternative land use to improve soil health, diet and livelihood security even of resource-poor farm families throughout the year, especially during their impoverished needy times in a year.