Red Winter Wheat Research Articles

Genotype, environment, and their interactions on the phytochemical compositions and radical scavenging properties of soft winter wheat bran

The effects of genotype (G), growing environment (E), and their interactions (G × E) on the phytochemical compositions and radical scavenging properties of wheat bran were investigated using ten soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties grown in four locations. In general, E had stronger influence on the selected health beneficial components and antioxidant properties of soft winter wheat brans than G or G × E (P < 0.001). E had a strong impact on α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, total tocopherols, total phenolic content (TPC), total soluble ferulic acid, and ABTS+ cation and DPPH radical scavenging capacities (P < 0.001). The results also showed that each soft wheat bran component or radical scavenging property may respond to individual environmental factors differently. For the first time, the present study showed that E, G, and G × E differed in their effects on the selected health components and antioxidant properties of soft red winter wheat bran.

Optimal Protein Segregation Strategies for Wheat Growers

A technology that can measure wheat grain protein concentration and then segregate grain based on measurements during harvesting is on the horizon. This new technology provides wheat growers with opportunities to segregate grain that can be directed to premium markets. In this article, we identify an individual grower's optimal segregation and blending strategies under non‐uniformly curved price schedules. When price schedules are three‐step shaped, we show that the optimal segregation and blending strategies can be obtained by solving a specified non‐linear programming problem. Based on cash price and protein distribution data for wheat in the U.S. Pacific Northwest region over 1991–2011, an application of our theoretical model shows that on average a Hard Red Winter (respectively, Hard Red Spring) wheat grower should be willing to pay about 17.7 (respectively, 30.8) cents for segregating one bushel of wheat. We also study how growers’ net returns would be affected were the technology to be adopted.

Suitability of Ontario‐Grown Hard and Soft Wheat Flour Blends for Noodle Making

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the blending of flours made from an Ontario hard red winter wheat (HWF) and an Ontario soft red winter wheat (SWF) and compared it with a commercial standard noodle flour (control) made from Canadian Western Hard Red Spring wheat to assess the impact on white salted noodle‐making performance and texture of cooked noodles. Flour characteristics, gluten aggregation, and starch pasting properties were assessed with a farinograph, GlutoPeak tester, and Rapid Visco Analyzer, respectively. The machinability of dough was evaluated with an SMS/Kieffer rig attached to a TA.XT Plus texture analyzer. Tensile and bite tests of cooked noodles were also conducted. Blending HWF with standard noodle flour decreased gluten strength and dough extensibility linearly proportional to the blend ratio, whereas a curvilinear response from blending SWF with standard noodle flour was observed. HWF demonstrated more favorable pasting properties except for lower peak viscosity for noodle making than standard noodle flour. Below a 20% blend ratio with HWF, no significant changes were seen on dough extensibility, cooking loss, tensile properties, and bite testing parameters of cooked noodles. It can be concluded that blending HWF up to a 20% level caused no significant change in the processing properties of dough and cooked noodle quality. The results also showed that the GlutoPeak tester is a sensitive tool for evaluating gluten strength in wheat flour.

Physiologic Specialization of Puccinia triticina on Wheat in the United States in 2012.

Collections of Puccinia triticina were obtained from rust-infected leaves provided by cooperators throughout the United States and from wheat fields and breeding plots by United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service personnel and cooperators in the Great Plains, Ohio River Valley, southeastern states, and Washington State and Idaho in order to determine the virulence of the wheat leaf rust population in 2012. Single uredinial isolates (501 in total) were derived from the collections and tested for virulence phenotype on 20 lines of 'Thatcher' wheat that are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes. In 2012, 74 virulence phenotypes were described in the United States. Virulence phenotypes TNBGJ, TCRKG, and MBTNB were the three most common phenotypes. Phenotype TNBGJ is virulent to Lr39/41 and was widely distributed throughout the hard red winter wheat region of the Great Plains. Phenotype TCRKG is virulent to Lr11, Lr18, and Lr26 and was found mostly in the soft red winter wheat region in the eastern United States. Phenotype MBTNB is virulent to Lr11 and was also found mostly in the soft red winter wheat region. The frequency of isolates with virulence to Lr39/41, which is present in many hard red winter wheat cultivars in the Great Plains region, continued to increase. Isolates with virulence to Lr21, which is present in many hard red spring wheat cultivars, also continued to increase in frequency in the northern Great Plains region.

Genetic resistance to and effect of leaf rust and powdery mildew on yield and its components in 50 soft red winter wheat cultivars

Effects of leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici Eriks.) and powdery mildew [caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal], on performance of 50 soft red winter (SRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cultivars were evaluated under natural field conditions. Widely grown cultivars released from 1919 to 2009 with varying disease resistance were grown in split-plot experiments in 2010 and 2011. Treated replications received seed treatments of triadimenol, captan and imidacloprid and foliar applications of propiconazole and prothioconazole + tebucanazole fungicides. Non-treated replications received only tebucanazole + metalaxyl + imazalil seed treatments. Final mean disease severity, agronomic, yield-related traits, yield components and spike characteristics were analyzed to determine individual and combined effects of leaf rust and powdery mildew on the cultivars. Yield losses as high as 54% were observed in the susceptible cultivar Red May. Average yield losses ranged from 1% to 21%. Yield losses primarily due to powdery mildew were as high as 14%, and losses primarily due to leaf rust were as high as 33%. Powdery mildew had the largest negative correlation with harvest index and seeds/spike. Leaf rust was most negatively correlated with plant biomass and harvest index, with a less consistent negative relationship with kernel weight.

Molecular Mapping of Stripe Rust Resistance in Hard Red Winter Wheat TAM 111 Adapted to the U.S. High Plains

ABSTRACTStripe rust, also known as yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss. (Pst), is one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the United States and other parts of the world. To investigate the genetic basis of resistance conferred by the winter wheat cultivar ‘TAM 111’, a mapping population of 124 F5 and F6 derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the cross of ‘TAM 112’/TAM 111 was evaluated against Pst populations in eight environments in the United States and against predominant race PST‐100 in the greenhouse. The RIL population was further genotyped with Diversity Arrays Technology, simple sequence repeats and sequence tagged sites markers. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), QYr.tam‐2BL, was identified on the long arm of chromosome 2B, which is found to be associated with resistance to stripe rust in TAM 111. QYr.tam‐2BL was identified in five out of the eight environments (Arkansas 2012, Arizona 2010, Castroville, TX, 2010, Mt. Vernon, WA, 2010 and Pullman, WA, 2011) as well as in the greenhouse, and explained 13 to 63% of the total phenotypic variation in severity across the environments. The QTL was also detected in seedling and adult plant stages with race PST‐100 under controlled greenhouse conditions. Based on the available evidence, QYr.tam‐2BL probably represents a previously uncharacterized gene on 2BL. Minor QTL on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 6B, and 7D were also detected inconsistently across environments. Because the effectiveness of QYr.tam‐2BL was observed to be environmentally dependent and probably race‐specific, it is suggested to combine this locus with effective major genes or adult plant resistance genes to increase its usefulness.

Price dynamics in agricultural commodity markets: a comparison of European and US markets

This study tests for the presence of linear and nonlinear dependences in returns and volatility for six agricultural futures daily prices series, three traded on MATIF Euronext (wheat, corn, and rapeseed), and three traded on Chicago Board of Trade (red winter wheat, corn, and soybean) over the period 2000–2013. Whereas price dynamics on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) market seem to fit classical GARCH modelling, time series dependences in the MATIF market cannot be fully described by short-term dependences alone. According to various criteria, the results suggest the presence of long memories for the European market. However, the low fractional order of ARFIMA-type or FiGARCH-type models can explain only some, but not all, of the observed nonlinearity. Nonlinearity could be influenced by the regime shift. By taking volatility breaks in the series into account, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the serial dependencies.

Physiology and transcriptomics of water-deficit stress responses in wheat cultivars TAM 111 and TAM 112

Hard red winter wheat crops on the U.S. Southern Great Plains often experience moderate to severe drought stress, especially during the grain filling stage, resulting in significant yield losses. Cultivars TAM 111 and TAM 112 are widely cultivated in the region, share parentage and showed superior but distinct adaption mechanisms under water-deficit (WD) conditions. Nevertheless, the physiological and molecular basis of their adaptation remains unknown. A greenhouse study was conducted to understand the differences in the physiological and transcriptomic responses of TAM 111 and TAM 112 to WD stress. Whole-plant data indicated that TAM 112 used more water, produced more biomass and grain yield under WD compared to TAM 111. Leaf-level data at the grain filling stage indicated that TAM 112 had elevated abscisic acid (ABA) content and reduced stomatal conductance and photosynthesis as compared to TAM 111. Sustained WD during the grain filling stage also resulted in greater flag leaf transcriptome changes in TAM 112 than TAM 111. Transcripts associated with photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, phytohormone metabolism, and other dehydration responses were uniquely regulated between cultivars. These results suggested a differential role for ABA in regulating physiological and transcriptomic changes associated with WD stress and potential involvement in the superior adaptation and yield of TAM 112.

Registration of ‘Warhorse’ Wheat

‘Warhorse’ (Reg. No. CV-1096, PI 670157) hard red winter (HRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed and released by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in September 2013. Warhorse is of unknown pedigree, derived from a composite of three topcrosses made to the same F 1 population in 2000: MT9908//‘Nuplains’/MTS9862; Nuplains/ MTS9862//MTW0047; and Nuplains/MTS9862//MTS0028. Warhorse was developed using a modified bulk breeding method and selected as an F 5:6 headrow. Warhorse was tested under the experimental number MTS0808 from 2008 to 2013 in Montana. Quality was evaluated in multilocation Montana trials since 2008. Warhorse is a solid-stem, high-yielding HRW wheat line with medium to high test weight, medium maturity, reduced height (Rht-B1b), medium to high grain protein, and acceptable milling and baking quality. Warhorse was released for its improved host plant resistance to wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) conditioned by stem solidness, along with short stature and improved yield potential relative to existing solid-stem cultivars adapted to Montana.

Registration of ‘Antero’ Wheat

‘Antero’ (Reg. No. CV-1093, PI 667743) hard white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and released in August 2012 through a marketing agreement with the Colorado Wheat Research Foundation. In addition to researchers at Colorado State University (CSU), USDA–ARS researchers at Manhattan, KS, St. Paul, MN, and Pullman, WA, participated in its development. Antero was selected from the cross KS01HW152-1/‘TAM 111’ made in 2003 at Fort Collins, CO. TAM 111 (PI 631352) is a hard red winter wheat cultivar released by Texas A&M University in 2002 with the pedigree ‘TAM 107’//TX78V3630/‘Centurk 78’/3/TX87V1233. KS01HW152-1 is an experimental line from Kansas State University with the pedigree ‘Trego’ (PI 612576)/‘Betty’ (PI 612578) Sib. Antero was selected as an F3:4 line in July 2007 and assigned experimental line number CO07W245. Antero was released because of its superior grain yield under nonirrigated and irrigated production conditions in eastern Colorado, its resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.) and stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn), and its milling quality attributes. The name Antero was chosen in recognition of Mount Antero (also known as Antero Peak), one of Colorado's 53 mountains above 4267 m (14,000 ft) elevation.

Susceptibility of Selected Perennial Small Grain Cultivars, to Greenbug,Schizaphis graminum(Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Abstract. Twelve perennial small grain cultivars were examined for eight characteristics favorable to management of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). A greenbug-susceptible variety of hard red winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and a greenbug-resistant hard red winter wheat variety were used as checks. Eight of the 12 perennial small grain cultivars (including X Triticosecale spp. / Thinopyrum intermedium // X Triticosecale spp., X Triticosecale spp. / Thinopyrum ponticum // X Triticosecale spp., Thinopyrum ponticum / Triticum aestivum var. Eltan, X Agrotriticum spp. (PI550715) / Tripsacum dactyloides var. Spitzer, and Hordeum vulgare var. MT2 / Tripsacum dactyloides var. Spitzer) had at least one favorable greenbug management characteristic. Cultivars that included X Triticosecale spp. and either Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey or T. ponticum wheatgrass in their genetic background had the most favorable characteristics.

Synergism of Nitrogen Rate and Foliar Fungicides in Soft Red Winter Wheat

Projected global demand for small grain cereals emphasizes the need for sustainable intensification with higher crop yields. Field studies on soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) examined interactions among three fertilizer N rates, eight fungicide application strategies, and various cultivars grown in nine field environments in Ontario, Canada. A synergistic response occurred when a high rate of N was applied with a fungicide strategy that controlled disease. Overall, compared to a typical N rate of 100 kg ha−1 and no fungicide, yields increased by an average of 1.45 Mg ha−1 when N was applied at 170 kg ha−1 with the most intensive fungicide treatment pooled across sites. This yield response varied from 0.80 to 2.11 Mg ha−1 depending on field site and pooled across cultivars. Fungicide strategies that included a T2 (flag leaf timing) or T3 (anthesis timing) produced the highest yields across environments, especially at the high N rate and in most cultivars. The crop response to fungicide depended on the susceptibility of the cultivar to foliar disease and whether the field environment was favorable for disease development. High N rates increased spike numbers and kernels spike−1, whereas fungicides mainly increased kernel weight and kernels spike−1. Prior to an economic analysis, results from this study indicates clear potential for increasing wheat performance by intensifying management with increasing N and deploying fungicide application strategies, especially in some cultivars and in high yielding environments that may be favorable for disease development.

Economics of foliar fungicides for hard red winter wheat in the USA southern Great Plains

Grain yields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the southern Great Plains are often reduced by the presence of foliar diseases. This study was conducted to determine whether the application of foliar fungicides is an economically optimal management strategy. The effects of fungicide treatment on commercially available hard red winter wheat varieties with differing levels of genetic resistance (i.e., resistant, intermediate, and susceptible) to foliar diseases were investigated at two locations, Apache and Lahoma, OK, USA, for the harvest years 2005–2012. Two fungicides were rotated between the two locations and applied at approximately Feekes growth stage 9–10.5. When averaged across years, plots to which fungicide was applied generated greater average net returns than plots that did not receive fungicide for susceptible varieties at Apache, and for resistant, intermediate, and susceptible varieties at Lahoma. However, foliar fungicide application was not economical in every year at either location suggesting fungicide use should be reassessed each year given that profitability depends on year specific yield potential, prices, and foliar disease conditions. At both locations high disease incidence occurred in all but one site-year when the average March through May relative humidity exceeded 65%. Additional research would be required to determine the relationship between weather, including relative humidity, and disease incidence, and to develop an economic threshold for treatment decision aid.

CDC Chase hard red winter wheat

Fowler, D. B. 2014. CDC Chase hard red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 183–186. CDC Chase is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is eligible for grades of the Canada Western Red Winter (CWRW) wheat class. High grain yield potential relative to the grain quality checks, CDC Buteo and Moats, is its primary strength. It has excellent stem, leaf, and stripe rust resistance, and low physiological leaf spot and very susceptible bunt ratings. Except for minor differences, its performance has been similar to that of CDC Buteo and Moats for the remainder of the agronomic characters measured. A suitable combination of grain quality, rust resistance, and grain yield make CDC Chase a good fit for the low to intermediate precipitation regions of western Canada.

Effects of wheat source and particle size in pelleted diets on finishing pig growth performance, caloric efficiency, and carcass characteristics (2014)

A total of 576 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 96 lb BW) from 2 consecutive finishing groups were used to determine the effects of wheat source and particle size of pelleted diets on finishing pig growth performance, caloric efficiency, and carcass characteristics. Pigs were allotted randomly to pens upon entry into the finisher. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 12 replications per treatment and 8 pigs per pen in two groups of finisher pigs. The experimental diets all had the same wheat-soybean meal formulation, with the 6 treatments formed by including the wheat from 1 of 2 sources (hard red winter vs. soft white winter) that were processed to 1 of 3 mean particle sizes (200, 400, or 600 μ). All diets were fed in pelleted form. Overall, feeding hard red winter wheat improved (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and caloric efficiency on both an ME and NE basis compared with soft white winter wheat. There was a tendency (P < 0.07) for a quadratic particle size × wheat source interaction for ADG, ADFI, and both DM and GE digestibility because the lowest ADG, ADFI, and both DM and GE digestibility values were for 400-μ hard red winter wheat, and the highest were for 400-μ soft white winter wheat. No significant (P > 0.10) main effects were detected of particle size, or of particle size within wheat source. Finally, dietary treatments did not affect carcass characteristics. In conclusion, decreasing wheat particle size from 600 to 200 μ in pelleted diets had no effect on growth performance. Feeding hard red winter wheat improved ADG and ADFI compared with feeding soft white winter wheat.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 20, 2014

Effects of hard red winter wheat particle size in meal diets on finishing pig growth performance, diet digestibility, and caloric efficiency (2014)

A total of 288 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 96.4 lb) were used in an 83-d study to determine the effects of hard red winter wheat particle size on finishing pig growth performance, diet digestibility, and caloric efficiency. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments with 8 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. The same wheat-soybean meal–based diets were used for all treatments. Diets were fed in three phases in meal form. The 3 dietary treatments were hard red winter wheat ground with a hammer mill to 730, 580, or 330 μ. From d 0 to 40, decreasing wheat particle size decreased (linear; P < 0.05) ADFI but improved (quadratic; P < 0.05) F/G and caloric efficiency (CE), with no change in ADG. From d 40 to 83, decreasing wheat particle size increased (quadratic; P < 0.05) ADG and improved (linear; P < 0.05) F/G and CE, with no change in ADFI. Overall from d 0 to 83, decreasing wheat particle size improved (linear; P < 0.05) F/G and CE on both an ME and NE basis, with no difference in ADG or ADFI. Finally, reducing wheat particle size improved (linear; P < 0.05) DM and GE digestibility. In summary, fine-grinding hard red winter wheat was detrimental to feed intake in early finishing, but improved ADG in late finishing and improved F/G in both periods and overall. Dry matter and GE digestibility as well as CE were all improved for the overall period with fine-grinding wheat. Grinding wheat from 730 to 330 improved the caloric content on an NE basis by 100 kcal/lb.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 20, 2014

Characterization of Nebraska Isolates of Fusarium graminearum Causing Head Blight of Wheat

ABSTRACTFusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other small grain cereals. The disease is caused by several species of Fusarium. This study was conducted to identify the major species of Fusarium causing FHB in Nebraska and to characterize isolates of the species for perithecia and deoxynivalenol (DON) production and for aggressiveness (quantified as disease severity and area under the disease progress curve) on spikes of two winter wheat cultivars. Isolates of Fusarium spp. obtained from wheat spikes and grain collected from FHB‐affected winter wheat fields and grain elevators, respectively, in 2007 and 2008 were identified as Fusarium graminearum. The isolates varied widely in perithecia and DON production in vitro and in aggressiveness on wheat spikes of soft red winter wheat cultivars Coker 9835 (FHB susceptible) and VA04W‐433 (moderately resistant). Fusarium head blight severity for the three most aggressive F. graminearum isolates was higher in Coker 9835 than in VA04W‐433 during the first 7 d after inoculation (DAI) but was comparable in both cultivars from 10 to 21 DAI. Deoxynivalenol concentration and aggressiveness were positively and linearly related (R2 ≥ 0.60, P &lt; 0.05). Isolates that produced higher concentrations of DON were more aggressive than those that produced lower concentrations of the toxin regardless of wheat cultivar.

Farming systems affect potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber and soil quality

In organic farming, nutrient cycling is based mainly on a farm level with external inputs only when organic fertilisers are not cycled and produced, and conventional systems largely depend on external inputs. Therefore, crop rotations are important tools for maintaining soil fertility and for increasing crop yields and qualities not only in organic farming systems but also in conventional systems. Moreover, proper nutrient management is a key element for sustainable farming. To identify the farming systems that would be sustainable for a longer period, a field experiment was conducted. The aim of this study was to investigate how different farming systems influenced tuber yields and quality (N, NO3−, P, K, Ca, Mg, dry matter and starch concentrations) of potato as well as how potato cultivation within a crop rotation under different farming systems affects soil quality (pH, Ntot, Corg, plant available P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations). Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was part of a five crop rotation experiment in which red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), peas (Pisum sativum L.), potato and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) followed each other simultaneously on a same field. Data presented in this paper concerned the first 3 years of the rotation during 2009–2011. The experiment was performed with six different farming systems as follows: two organic and four conventional. In both organic farming systems, catch crops (Organic CC) were used to provide organic green manure. In the second organic system, fully composted cattle manure (Organic CC+M) at a rate of 40tha−1 was also added as a fertiliser. The four conventional farming systems differed in the amounts of mineral fertilisers used as follows: N0P0K0 (control), N50P25K95 (low), N100P25K95 (average), or N150P25K95 (high). The average yield as well as tuber N, NO3−and Mg concentrations were significantly influenced by farming systems, year and their interaction. Fresh tuber yields were significantly higher under conventional systems in which nitrogen fertilisers were used. The use of average and high amounts of mineral nitrogen fertilisers increased tuber nitrogen and nitrate concentrations. The use of nitrogen fertilisers slightly decreased tuber Mg concentrations. There were no significant differences among farming systems in average tuber K, Ca, dry matter and starch concentrations. Only the year and its interaction with farming systems had a significant influence on these indicators. Different farming systems had different effects on some soil quality parameters. The Organic CC system significantly decreased the average soil K concentration after potato cultivation. The other organic system, Organic CC+M, significantly increased the average soil Corg and P concentrations after potato cultivation. The conventional control system significantly decreased the average soil Ntot, K and Mg concentrations and increased the P concentration. The conventional system that received 50kgNha−1 significantly decreased the average soil Ntot concentration after potato cultivation. The farming system that received an average amount of mineral nitrogen fertilisers significantly increased the average soil Corg and P concentrations and decreased the soil pH and K after potato cultivation. The conventional system that received 150kgNha−1 significantly decreased the average soil Corg, K and Mg concentrations. The average plant available Ca concentrations before and after potato crops did not have statistically significant differences among systems.

Swainson hard red winter wheat

Fowler, D. B. 2013. Swainson hard red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1257–1259. Swainson is a medium tall, high-yielding, stem and leaf rust resistant winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is registered for production in western Canada. It is a hard red winter wheat cultivar that is eligible for grades of the Canada Western General Purpose (CWGP) wheat class, which was created in 2008 to encourage the development of cultivars to fill the high energy demands of the biofuel and livestock feed markets in western Canada. Its high yield potential has been particularly evident on dry land in Saskatchewan where its grain yield was 116% of CDC Buteo, the Canada Western Red Winter Wheat Class grain quality check cultivar, and 110% of Accipiter and 117% of CDC Falcon, the high-yielding check cultivars. High grain yield potential of low protein concentration grain and rust resistance make Swainson a good fit for the CWGP class.

OAC Flight soft red winter wheat

Tamburic-Ilincic, L. and Smid, A. 2013. OAC Flight soft red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1261–1263. OAC Flight is a soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar registered for Ontario, Canada. It has high grain yield, with good pastry quality and similar resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) as the moderately susceptible check Emmit. OAC Flight is well adapted for the winter wheat growing areas of South Western Ontario.