Red Water Research Articles

O3/UV-type POAs integrated with catalytic material based on scrap iron and mineral clay to degrade 2,4 and 2,6-dinitrotoluene in Red Water

Nitroaromatic compounds have significant economic and industrial relevance in various inputs such as dyes, inks, agrochemicals, and explosives. In the manufacture of the explosive 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT), there is the formation of contaminated wastewater that is difficult to treat because it contains, among other compounds, high concentrations of 2,4 and 2,6-trinitrotoluene (DNT). In this work, the application of advanced oxidation processes of the O3/UV type was studied in sequential integration with catalytic material based on metallic iron slag (SZVI) and mineral matrix to treat an industrial effluent from the explosives industry contaminated with compounds nitroaromatics. Two types of mineral matrix composition were studied, kaolinite (Kau) and pumice powder (Pum), having been observed in the conditions of best efficiency (O3/UV-SZVI/Kau) 100% removal of both nitroaromatic compounds and residual ozone. On the other hand, photo-ozonation alone could only partially remove these components, with 38% DNT removal and 3.2 mg/L residual O3 observed, proving the importance of integration with the catalytic matrix for more effective treatment of the studied effluent.
 Keywords: DNT degradation, explosives industry effluent, Scrap zero-valent iron.

Loose nanofiltration membranes functionalized with in situ-synthesized metal organic framework for water treatment

In this study, modified loose nanofiltration membranes were prepared by in-situ decoration with Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-7 (ZIF-7) on the surface of porous polyethersulfone substrates functionalized with co-deposited sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) zwitterion (ZW) and polydopamine (PDA). With the aid of ZW/PDA active layer co-deposition under mild conditions, ZIF-7 metal organic framework (MOF) nanocrystals were successfully formed and anchored onto the membrane surface via both non-covalent and covalent bonds to simultaneously achieve the desired selectivity and productivity of the loose nanofiltration membranes. The characterization results confirmed the successful deposition of the ZW/PDA active layer and the consequent decoration with ZIF-7 nanocrystals. The average water contact angle decreased notably from 81.4 to 51.43° upon the formation of ZIF-7. This membrane showed high rejection (∼99.9%) of methyl blue and Congo red dyes and high water flux with dye solutions (around 40 L m−2h−1) at a very low applied pressure of 1.5 bar. Moreover, the filtration experiments revealed that functionalized membranes exhibited a significant reduction in fouling and biofouling propensity. Notably, the MOF-SBMA/PDA membrane displayed favorable antifouling behavior associated with a significant ability to recover flux upon simple physical cleaning. The combination of these two properties is possibly the most promising feature of the membrane proposed in this study.

High-Frequency Variability of Bacterioplankton in Response to Environmental Drivers in Red Sea Coastal Waters.

Autotrophic and heterotrophic bacterioplankton are essential to the biogeochemistry of tropical ecosystems. However, the processes that govern their dynamics are not well known. We provide here a high-frequency assessment of bacterial community dynamics and concurrent environmental factors in Red Sea coastal waters. Weekly sampling of surface samples during a full annual cycle at an enclosed station revealed high variability in ecological conditions, which reflected in changes of major bacterioplankton communities. Temperature varied between 23 and 34°C during the sampling period. Autotrophic (Synechococcus, 1.7–16.2 × 104 cells mL−1) and heterotrophic bacteria (1.6–4.3 × 105 cells mL−1) showed two maxima in abundance in spring and summer, while minima were found in winter and autumn. Heterotrophic cells with high nucleic acid content (HNA) peaked in July, but their contribution to the total cell counts (35–60%) did not show a clear seasonal pattern. Actively respiring cells (CTC+) contributed between 4 and 51% of the total number of heterotrophic bacteria, while live cells (with intact membrane) consistently accounted for over 90%. Sequenced 16S rRNA amplicons revealed a predominance of Proteobacteria in summer and autumn (>40%) and a smaller contribution in winter (21–24%), with members of the Alphaproteobacteria class dominating throughout the year. The contribution of the Flavobacteriaceae family was highest in winter (21%), while the Rhodobacteraceae contribution was lowest (6%). Temperature, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved organic carbon concentration were the environmental variables with the greatest effects on bacterial abundance and diversity patterns.

Lycopene - A Review: Chemistry, Source, Health Role, Extraction, Applications

Lycopene is an unsaturated carotenoid pigment which is acyclic and open chain, of great dietary prominence obtained mainly from colored plant sources. It is a phytochemical which is found mainly in red amaranth, tomatoes, water melon and other plants and fruits mostly red colored which covered various antioxidant which attracted attentions due to its biological properties. Lycopene has critical role in the prevention of tumor and cancer. Various ways can be utilized to identify, extract and purify lycopene from various sources by efficient analytical support. Several analyses have been attended for the extraction and quantification of lycopene in various natural sources such as various red leaf plants and fruits. This review study highlights lycopene as a carotenoid pigment including auspicious nutraceutical implications, and counts the important plant and also microbial sources for its production, and methods to calculate its bioavailability and utilization.

Highly stable membrane comprising MOF nanosheets and graphene oxide for ultra-permeable nanofiltration

The separation application of two-dimensional (2D) material membrane, e.g., graphene oxide (GO) membrane, has long been limited by the low stability and uncontrollable permeability originated from their severe swelling in water and uneven interlayer spacing caused by the loose and imperfect stacking of GO laminates. Herein, we conceive a composite membrane by integrating a highly porous 2D Al-MOF nanosheets into a graphene oxide membrane that simultaneously improves membrane stability and solvent permeability. On one hand, strong interactions, including Al–O coordination and π−π stacking between Al-MOF and GO nanosheets help tightening the GO stacking, which improves the structural stability of the composite membrane. On the other hand, the high porosity of Al-MOF greatly enhances the mass transfer efficiency by affording more pathways in the membrane. When used for nanofiltration, the GO@Al-MOF composite membrane exhibits 99.9% rejection of Congo red and ultrahigh water permeance of 51.6 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, which is more than 17-fold higher than that of the pure GO membrane. This high separation performance can be maintained for up to 140 h, suggesting the superior chemical and structural stability of the composite membrane. This work provides a useful co-stacking strategy to construct 2D material membranes with high chemical and structural stability as well as outstanding selectivity and permeability.

Differences effect of red and big white ginger extract as anti-inflammatory agents by In vitro

This research was conducted to evaluate the possibility of different anti-inflammatory effects from the extract of red ginger and big white ginger by measuring their protein (bovine serum albumin) denaturation inhibitory capability. This study is a quasi experimental, using a model reaction between 0.2 % BSA were heated to form protein denaturation by five groups: red ginger water extract group, red ginger ethanol extract group, big white ginger water extract group, and big white ginger ethanol extract group as the test group (200 ppm, 100 ppm, 10 ppm, and 1 ppm) and diclofenac sodium as the standard group (40 ppm, 20 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 2.5 ppm, and 1.3 ppm). Potential inhibition of protein denaturation is known to determine the value of IC50. The results of this study indicate that the red ginger water extract has the IC50 value of 107.4513 ppm (r=0.967), the red ginger ethanol extract has the IC50 value of 193.4338 ppm (r=0.959), the big white ginger water extract has the IC50 value 160 ppm (r=0.969), the big white ginger ethanol extract has the IC50 value 160.9536 ppm (r=0.994), of whereas for diclofenac sodium by 27.1133 ppm (r=0.874). These results indicate that the red ginger and big white ginger as a potential inhibitor of protein denaturation for inflammatory processes in vitro.

CeO2-Fe2O3 mixed oxides: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation in the photocatalytic degradation of nitroaromatic compounds from wastewater of the explosives industry

Cerium-iron mixed oxides were synthesized by the polymeric precursor method with three Fe/(Fe + Ce) ratios (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3). The incorporation of iron caused significant changes in the properties of CeO2 such as decrease in the crystallite size and lattice parameter, formation of oxygen vacancies, redshift of the absorption edge and reduction of the band gap energy. The photocatalytic performance of the mixed oxides using ultraviolet and visible radiation was evaluated in the degradation of nitroaromatic compounds present in the effluent known as red water (RW), typical of the explosives industry. The reaction performed with the catalyst with the lowest iron content (7.5 g L-1) under ultraviolet radiation at pH 3.0 resulted, after 360 min, in 96% of degradation of nitroaromatic compounds and 90% of reduction in toxicity of the effluent. Such performance characterizes the potentiality of cerium-iron mixed oxides as alternative materials for the photocatalytic treatment of recalcitrant chemical species.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF Ni(II) AND Cu(II) COMPLEXES WITH SCHIFF BASE DERIVED FROM 2-ACETYL-5-METHYLFURAN GLYOXIME HYDRAZONE

A hydrazone Schiff base has been synthesized by the interaction of ethanolic solution of antiglyoxime hydrazine with 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran, to obtain the corresponding Schiff base L. The complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II) of the Schiff base were synthesized and studied. The Schiff base and its metal(II) complexes characterized based on solubility, percentage yield, elemental analysis, melting/decomposition temperatures, infra- red spectral (FT-IR), conductivity measurement, magnetic susceptibility and water of crystallisation. The synthesized Schiff base and the complexes are coloured and stable at room temperature. Based on the results the prepared Schiff base and synthesized complexes are relatively soluble in most organic solvents but insoluble in distilled water. The melting point temperature of the ligand was 118oC while the decomposition temperature for metal complexes were 308 and 300oC respectively. The molar magnetic susceptibility of the complexes were 3.55 and 2.10 x 10-3 erg.G-2mol-1. The molar conductance values of 2.17 and 2.43ohm-1cm2mol-1 indicating non electrolytic nature of the complexes. The spectral data of the Schiff base showed band of 1584cm-1, revealing the formation of the azomethine. A bands of 791cm-1 indicate the metal nitrogen bond. The elemental analysis determination of the complexes and the Schiff base showed the metal ligand ratio of 1:2 (M:2L). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the Schiff base and the metal(II) complexes were evaluated using disc diffusion method. The antibacterial assay was carried out on three pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumonia and two fungi viz: Candida utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All the Schiff base

The impact of Red Sea and topography on the atmospheric kinetic energy budget of a cyclonic system

The main objective of this paper is to assess the impact of the features (topography and surface water) of the Red Sea on the Kinetic Energy Budget (KEB) of a case of cyclogenesis occurred on November 15–19, 2015, over the eastern Mediterranean. This case of cyclogenesis was simulated using the weather research and forecasting model (WRF). This case study included one WRF control run (WRF-CR) and three sensitivity studies. The WRF-CR experiment was carried out with the physical presence of the Red Sea features, while the other three sensitivity experiments were executed as (i) No Red Sea Topography (NRST), (ii) No Red Sea surface Water (NRSW), and (iii) No Red Sea Topography and surface Water (NRSTW). The analysis of KEB terms from WRF-CR revealed that the persistence of the subtropical jet stream and its activity represent the main source of kinetic energy throughout the study period. Also, the most critical energy source is the generation of kinetic energy throughout the study period except from 18Z18 to 00Z19, while the major energy sink is the kinetic energy dissipation from grid scales to sub-grid during the study period except from 12Z18 to 00Z19. Furthermore, the horizontal flux convergence functions as an energy source during the first (15 November) and second (16–17 November) stages, whereas it acts as the principal energy sink in the final stage (18 November). It's also found that the KEB terms computed from WRF-CR behave similarly to those calculated from the other three studies, but with significant variances in absolute values.

Effects of Different Solvents Extractions on Total Polyphenol Content, HPLC Analysis, Antioxidant Capacity, and Antimicrobial Properties of Peppers (Red, Yellow, and Green (Capsicum annum L.)).

Plants possessing various bioactive compounds and antioxidant components have gained enormous attention because of their efficacy in enhancing human health and nutrition. Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), because of their color, flavor, and nutritional value, are considered as one of the most popular vegetables around the world. In the present investigation, the effect of different solvents extractions (methanol, ethanol, and water) and oven drying on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties was studied of red, yellow, and green peppers. The green pepper water extract showed the highest total polyphenol content (30.15 mg GAE/g DW) followed by red pepper water extract (28.73 mg GAE/g DW) and yellow pepper water extract (27.68 mg GAE/g DW), respectively. The methanol extracts of all the pepper samples showed higher TPC as compared to the ethanol extract. A similar trend was observed with the total flavonoid content (TFC). The antioxidant assays (DPPH scavenging and reducing power) echoed the findings of TPC and TFC. In both antioxidant assays, the highest antioxidant activity was shown by the water extract of green pepper, which was followed by the water extract of red pepper and yellow pepper. Furthermore, all extracts were assessed for their potential antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Aqueous extracts of all three pepper samples exhibited slightly higher inhibition zones as compared to their corresponding ethanolic and methanolic extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 0.5 to 8.0 mg/ml. The lowest MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/ml concentration were recorded for aqueous extracts of green pepper. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed tannic acid as the major phenolic compound in all three pepper samples. Thus, it is envisaged that the microwave drying/heating technique can improve the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the pepper.

Evaluation of Interaction between Surface Water and Groundwater in the South of Hanoi City by Stable Isotope Technique

The δ18O and δ2H stable isotope techniques for studying properties of groundwater and surface help us to understand more clearly about the distribution and movement of groundwater in the South of Hanoi area. There were 68 water samples from the studying area and analyzed by a Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer (LWIA-24D). The stable isotope values of the groundwater from Pleistocene aquifers were range from -3.21‰ to -9.55‰ δ18O and -35.32‰ to -67.44‰ δ2H; rainwater from -8.18‰ to -4.13‰ δ18O and -61.19‰ to -17.93‰ δ2H; Red river water from -7.51‰ to -5.29‰ δ18O and -51.60‰ to -38.99‰ δ2H. Based on stable isotope characteristics, the results show that there was a relationship between surface water and groundwater in the South of Hanoi city. It is that groundwater recharges for river water in the dry season with 74%, and in the rainfall season groundwater is recharged from river with 87%.

Hydrochemistry of the Mixed Dead Sea-Red Sea Water under Different Impoundment Scenarios as a Time Dependent State

The expected water mixing process between Red/Dead Sea water during the proposed conveyance projects is the main target of this research. The project will ensue transporting Red Sea water to recover and maintain certain level of the Dead Sea, mostly will reach -395 m. It is found that, the two different water bodies with different EC values or different densities (salinities) are relatively divided by stable plane. This plane is defined as the BARZACH PLANE. In this study, the mixing process occurred between the Red Sea with the Dead Sea waters, located at 20% - 24% of the Dead Sea column depth based on the Barzach Plane level. During a laboratory experimental work, it is found that the mixed Red/Dead Sea water evaporates in a high rate until certain level where the solution attains oversaturated conditions with different dissolved solids. At this stage, a thin layer of solids suddenly formed and floated at the surface of the dense brine. The salinity of the captured water is so dense that floated salt layer cannot be dissolved. In addition, the formed floated salt layer at the surface prevents the below captured water to evaporate and at this stage, stalactites start to form until the excess dissolved solids are not oversaturated with any mineral.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT ON COMPANY PERFORMANCE: STUDY ON CATFISH FARMING COMMUNITY OF RED WATER SYSTEM AND BIOFLOC IN WONOGIRI

The aim of this study is to analyze the factors that influence the performance of the company's supply chain management with a case study of the catfish farming community red water system and bioflok in Wonogiri 2021. This study used a questionnaire as a medium in collecting data which was then analyzed by multiple regression in SPSS 25.0. Three variables consisting of information sharing, long term relationship, and cooperation, is considered to have an influence on the performance of the company's supply chain management. The results showed that information sharing and cooperation significantly influence the performance of the company's supply chain management, while long term relationship has no significant effect. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the factors considered by the catfish farming community red water system and bioflok in Wonogiri, to provide better company performance are information sharing and cooperation. There are clarity and trust in information sharing and cooperation between breeders, farmers, and collectors, so the quality of the information sharing and cooperation are obtained allows farmers to run the business well. Therefore, to improve the performance of enterprise supply chain management, the catfish farming community need to optimize long-term relationship. This is due to the lack of trust that exists between the breeders, farmers, and collectors due to prices that often change; this causes farmers to often look for new breeders or collectors in the hope of not harming the farmers.Â

ОБНАРУЖЕНИЕ ВОД КРАСНОГО МОРЯ И ПЕРСИДСКОГО ЗАЛИВА В СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОЙ ЧАСТИ ИНДИЙСКОГО ОКЕАНА ПО НАБЛЮДЕНИЯМ ПОПЛАВКОВ АРГО

Peculiarities of the spatial distribution of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf waters in the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean have been investigated based on the Argo float measurement database. 27128 profiles of temperature and salinity were taken into account. To process these data, we used the Argo Model for Investigation of the Global Ocean (AMIGO). This technique allowed us for the first time to obtain a complete set of oceanographic characteristics up to a depth of 2000 m for different time intervals of averaging (month, season, years). Joint analysis of the variability of hydrological characteristics within the depths of 0-500 m during the summer monsoon clearly showed the influence of the Somali Current on the dynamics of the waters of this region: the formation of the largest anticyclone (Great Whirl), coastal upwelling zones, redistribution of water masses in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. The main influence on the formation of the temperature and salinity fields is exerted by the Persian Gulf waters. The same analysis of the variability of fields within the depths of 600-1000 m showed the role of the outflow of the Red Sea waters from the Gulf of Aden in the formation of deep waters in this area during the year. And, finally, at depths of 1000-1500 m, a deep anticyclonic eddy is formed, the southern branch of which, moving westward, at 7˚N. reaches Africa and turns to the south with a narrow stream of Red Sea waters, and then, crossing the equator, reaches 15˚S. An original result was obtained for determining the temporal characteristics of the Somali Current: the time of its formation, the values of transports and life expectancy (according to model estimates of the estimated data for 7 years (1960–1996).

RED GINGER BOILED COMPRESSES ARE MORE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING THE PAIN SCALE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS THAN CITRONELLA BOILED WATER COMPRESSES

The citronella plant contains analgesic compounds that help relieve aches or pains such as muscle aches and joint pain, pegalinu due to rheumatoid arthritis or anti-rheumatism. In addition, it is also useful as an antioxidant that can prevent cancer, in lemongrass there are anti-microbial and anti-bacterial substances that are useful as infection drugs. Red ginger compress is a combination of warm therapy and relaxation therapy that is useful for people with joint pain that has no side effects. Ginger contains phenolic compounds which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and are known to be effective in relieving joint disease and muscle tension so that it can improve the declining musculoskeletal system. In addition, ginger also has a pharmacological effect, namely a hot and spicy taste where this heat can relieve pain, stiffness and muscle spasms and the occurrence of vasodilation of blood vessels. Simpur Health Center Bandar Lampung the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis increased in 2019 from 262 to 284 people. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the effect of giving compresses of boiled lemongrass water and red ginger water on decreasing pain scale in rheumatoid arthritis patients.This research method uses quantitative research, pre-experimental design using a two group pre-post-test design approach. The population in this study were all patients with rheumatoid arthritis at Simpur Bandar Lampung Health Center with a sample of 30 people. Data analysis using t test.The results of univariate analysis obtained that the average pain scale before being given a compress of warm lemongrass boiled water was 5.85, after being given a compress of warm lemongrass boiled water was 3.45. The average pain scale before being given a red ginger boiled water compress was 5.75, after being given red ginger boiled water was 2.65. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a difference in the effect of giving lemongrass stem decoction compresses on the rheumatoid arthritis pain scale (p-value = 0.001). There is an effect of red ginger boiled water on the rheumatoid arthritis pain scale (p-value = 0.000). There is a difference between giving warm lemongrass boiled water compresses and red ginger boiled water compresses on the rheumatoid arthritis pain scale (p-value = 0.023).

Study on the occurrence of typical heavy metals in drinking water and corrosion scales in a large community in northern China

Excessive heavy metal content in drinking water could lead to red water and acute and chronic diseases. A field study in combination with batch experiments using pipe scales of drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) in the study area, was used to determine the content distribution and migration of As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb, and V in DWDS. In the field study, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and V contents in pipe scales and drinking water were extremely low and did not exceed the Chinese drinking water standards. However, Mn concentrations at the end of the DWDS with aged and corrosive pipes were relatively high, which presented a risk of excessive release. The batch experiment showed that As in pipe scales would not be released into water under static immersion conditions; however, pipe scales would release excessive Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb, and V in the initial reaction stage, and the heavy metal contents released by tubercle scales in the initial release stage were at least twice as much as those released by loose scales. The mass percentage of four metals (excluding Cd and Pb) released from pipe scales was extremely low. The field study and batch experiment data both suggested a strong correlation between Cr and V released into the water, indicating a synergistic effect. There were differences in heavy metals released in the field research and the batch experiment. The amount of Cd, Cr, Pb, and V released were not consistent with its proportion in pipe scales. As release did not occur under static conditions, but may be promoted by the water flow in the actual network. The effect of water flow on heavy metal release in DWDS should be considered.

Fishery Biology and Population Structure of the Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus pelagicus, from the Red Sea, Egypt

More than 300 MT of blue swimmer crabs (BSC), Portunus pelagicus, are annually captured from the fisheries of the Egyptian Red Sea waters. During the last 20 years, a decline has been witnessed in the production of this species. For management purposes, information about the fishery's biology and population structure is required. Hence, monthly samples of P. pelagicus were collected from the commercial catch of Hurghada landing site, Red Sea, Egypt during the period from November 2017 to October 2018. A number of 1190 specimens were measured for morphometric relationships, sex ratio, age determination using carapace width frequency, population structure, mortality rate and exploitation ratio. The study revealed that P. plagicus was targeted by trammel nets and caught by a small bottom trawler as a by-catch. Carapace width- total weight relationship showed positive allometric growth (b-value= 3.10). Higher condition factors were observed in the small individuals. Four age groups were determined and age group +I was dominant by number (60.6%). Parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation were 21.19 cm, 0.414 year-1, and -0.998 year for CW∞, K and to, respectively. The carapace width at first capture was estimated (CW50 = 8.7 mm). The mortality rates were calculated as 2.929, 1.285 and 1.644 year-1 for total, natural and fishing mortalities, respectively. The blue swimmer crab fisheries on the Red Sea is over-exploited (E= 0.65) by the trammel net. Some management measures were suggested to maintain its stock for sustainability.

Growth and yield of tilapia hybrid (red tilapia) in aquaponics system

An aquaponics system was studied through the integrated culture of tilapia hybrid (Red Tilapia) and lettuce var. Estrosa in a recirculating system for 100 days. Red Tilapia with an Average Body Weight (ABW) of 36.99g were stocked in two treatments, 80 fish/m3 (Treatment I) and 100 fish/m3 (Treatment II), to assess the fish growth, survival, yield and production of lettuce. Specific Growth Rate (SGR) in Treatment I was 1.03 and Treatment II, 1.14. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) varies from 1.83 to 1.90, associated with stocking density. Treatment II incurred the highest survival rate of 92.85% while Treatment I has 90.19%. Biomass production of red tilapia was significantly higher in Treatment I with 1,761.00 g than in Treatment II with 1,341.00 g (p = 0.012). Highest yield of lettuce was obtained during the second cropping with 250.00g for Treatment I and 202.00g for Treatment II, but no significant difference was observed between the two treatments. Correlation analysis showed no significant relationship between red tilapia weights and water quality parameters such as ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids, and DO. However, a significant positive relationship was revealed between the biomass of lettuce and nitrite during the first cropping in Treatment II. This study demonstrated the stocking density of 80 fish/m3 had better effect on the growth, FCR, and biomass production of red tilapia under an aquaponics system.

Evaluation of the Effects of Magnetically Treated Saline Water on Physiological, Antioxidant and Agronomic Traits of Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider

Salinity poses a serious challenge to agriculture across the globe. In the Middle East, countries such as Saudi Arabia are facing potential problems of salinity due to the use of processed saline Red Sea water for agriculture. To tackle this challenge, the current study was conducted with the objective of assessing the effects of magnetically (1.80 mT) treated normal agriculture water (NW = 2.11 DSm−1) and different concentrations of Red Sea water (RSWC1 = 5.61 DSm−1 and RSWC2 = 7.01 DSm−1) on the physiological traits (chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and membrane damage), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase), proline and agronomic characteristics (germination percentage, germination rate, shoot length and root length) of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) seedlings. The experiment was set in a glasshouse with three replicates, using RCBD with two factorial arrangements. The data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis using statistix8.1 and R-program. All magnetically treated concentrations of saline water showed significant improvements in all traits compared with their respective controls, except proline, membrane damage (MD) and germination rate (GR). However, the response of these all traits was more significant at NW compared with RSWC1 and RSWC2. Furthermore, correlation, PCA and heat map analysis revealed that all traits are significantly interlinked in determining the jojoba response to different concentrations of salinity, both in the presence and absence of MF.

The effect of mulched ridge and furrow micro catchment water harvesting on red pepper yield and quality features in Bafra Plain of Northern Turkey

For two decades, promising results have been obtained by ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) to feed the increasing world population and cope with water scarcity and drought in semiarid and arid areas. A two-year study in Turkey's semi-humid Black Sea Region was conducted to examine RWHS's effects on harvested water, soil water content, red pepper growth, yield, quality attributes, water consumption, and crop water productivity (WPc), crop water stress index (CWSI). The profitability of the system was examined by economic analysis. For these purposes, three different polyethylene-covered ridge widths (RWHS1: 100 cm, RWHS2: 120 cm, and RWHS3: 140 cm) were considered. To allow the harvested water infiltration root zone and grow red pepper, 80 cm width furrow areas with double plant rows were left between the covered ridges on contours. To compare the RWHS treatments, three conventional rainfed farming or dry farming treatments (DFS1, DFS2, and DFS3) with 90 cm, 100 cm, and 110 cm plant row distances were considered. Each treatment was replicated three times in the randomized block design experiment. Besides, a multiple regression model was developed to estimate the runoff from the plastic-covered ridges by using independent parameters such as covered ridge ratios and rainfall amounts (R2 = 0.97). The red pepper consumed between 165 and 174 mm water in 2017 and 118–147 mm in 2018. Maximum red pepper yields, which increased by 68% in 2017 and 149% in 2018, were derived from RWHS1 as 33.2 and 27.19 t ha−1, respectively. As plastic-covered ridge width increased, red pepper yield decreased because of lowering plant density. RWHS improved red pepper yield and significantly increased leaf area, plant height, fruit length, and diameter. RWHS produced Turkey's highest red pepper WPc ratios, and RWHS1 improved WPc by 74% in 2017 and 169% in 2018. Although the red pepper consumed nearly the same amount of water under whole treatments, CWSI was lower under RWHS treatments. It was determined that sustainable red pepper farming according to the net income values under rainfed farmland in the region would not be possible without using rainwater harvesting systems such as RWHS1.