Red-violet Pigment Research Articles

APPLICATION OF LAKES SYSTEM IN PREPARATION OF HAIR DYES POMADE CREAM OF FREEZE-DRIED RED DRAGON (Hylocereus polyrhizus) FRUIT PEEL JUICE AND ACUTE DERMAL IRRITATION

Dyes used in market products are mostly synthetic, which can irritate the skin and in the long term increase the risk of skin cancer. The peel of dragon fruit contains the red-violet pigment Betacyanin, which is potential as hair dyes but extremely sensitive to light and oxygen. The lakes system is the option to overcome the problem and increase the stability of pigments. The objective of this study was to learn about the use of the lakes system in the preparation of hair dyes pomade cream of freeze-dried red dragon fruit peel juice and its irritation aspect on skin. The lakes system was made with a 50% red dragon fruit peel juice, mixed with 5% alucol, then dried with 45% aerosil. Pomade cream was prepared by mixing oil phase and water phase at a temperature of ±60 °C with continuous mixing in 600 rpm for 10 minutes. Formula III is the bases without freeze-dried red dragon fruit peel juice. The non-lakes system of freeze-dried red dragon fruit peel juice was added to the bases for the FII, while the lakes system was added for the FI. Hair dyes pomade cream of red dragon fruit peel juice prepared in the lakes system has superior properties to the formula prepared without the lakes system. It demonstrated better homogeneity and softer texture, in addition acceptable skin pH range. The lakes system is suitable for the preparation of natural hair dye cream and does not irritate the skin.

Extraction of Betacyanins from Hylocereus polyrhizus Peels Using Aqueous Two-Phase System

Hylocereus polyrhizus, known as red dragon fruit provides a betacyanin pigment source, which is not only concentrated in the flesh but also present in the peel with high content. Betacyanins are beautiful red-violet pigments used as food additives and stable in a wide pH range from 3 to 6. However, the stability of betacyanins is affected by heat, which causes discoloration. The aim of this work was to report the extraction of betacyanins from red dragon fruit peels by an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) to overcome the drawback. By applying the aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) method on Hylocereus polyrhizus peels, the highest betacyanin yield of 85.07% was obtained in the optimal conditions of ammonium sulfate (12.75%, w/w); ethanol (30.00%, w/w); dragon fruit peel (8%, w/w), and pH 5.0 at 30 oC.

Red Beetroot and Banana Peels as Value-Added Ingredients: Assessment of Biological Activity and Preparation of Functional Edible Films.

In the present study, water extracts from banana and red beetroot peels were evaluated as a potential source of biologically active compounds for the formulation of edible films. Using spectrophotometric and HPLC-DAD methodologies, banana peel extract was found to be a valuable source of dopamine (156.08 mg L-1), while red beetroot peel extract was abundant in red-violet pigments betacyanins (90.1 mg betanin L-1). The biological activity of the extracts was studied by determining their effects on macromolecular models, including DNA (plasmid phiX RF1 DNA), protein (bovine serum albumin), and lipid (linoleic acid) models, as well as on continuous human cell lines of colon cancer Caco-2 and hepatocellular liver cancer Hep G2 at concentrations of 0.2 and 1 mg mL-1. Results showed that the extracts had no adverse effects and both were further used for the formulation of edible films using alginate in combination with three types of plant proteins-rice, peanut, and pumpkin. In general, edible films based on banana peel extract were characterized by better bioactive properties compared with the films based on red beetroot peel extract. The addition of peanut proteins into the formulations resulted in the most desirable bioactive profile of the formulated edible films, including total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Aside from the control sample prepared only with the alginate, the highest dopamine content was determined in the film with incorporated pumpkin proteins (10.72 mg g-1 dw), while the sample prepared with peanut proteins was richest in betacyanins (175.58 mg betanin g-1 dw).

EFFECT OF FIBRILLATION ON THE ABILITY OF CELLULOSE FIBERS TO SUPPRESS THE AGGREGATION OF QUINACRIDONE

Quinacridone is a red–violet pigment often used as a coloring agent. However, the aggregation of quinacridone needs to be resolved to avoid undesirable color changes. Cellulose nanofibers are a potential candidate for novel pigment dispersants, due to their ability to inhibit aggregation. In this study, the effect of the degree of fibrillation of cellulose fibers on their performance as dispersants was investigated. Four types of highly fibrillated cellulose particles (HFCPs) were prepared using a disk mill and a high-pressure homogenizer. The degree of fibrillation was evaluated using specific surface area measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and gravitational sedimentation analysis. Fibrillation of cellulose was found to increase its adsorption capacity toward quinacridone. Even partly fibrillated celluloses successfully inhibited the aggregation of quinacridone. Color measurements of the quinacridone–cellulose suspensions indicated that, although fibrillation of cellulose improves the chroma of the suspensions, excess fibrillation causes a decrease in the chroma.

Metode Maserasi Berbantu Gelombang Ultrasonik untuk Ekstraksi Pigmen Merah-Ungu dari Enam Varietas Bayam Merah

Natural dyes have been widely used for coloring food. Red spinach is an alternative resource of red violet color as it is abundant in nature. Despite its simplicity of extraction technique, the maceration method still needs enhancement because it is time-consuming. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to shorten the extraction time. In this study, the red-violet pigment extraction has been carried out by the maceration method for six red spinach varieties. The spinach leaves' ratio to a mixture of ethanol 96% and citric acid 10% were 1:7, 1:9, 1:11, and 1:13. The highest absorbance for Delima, Abbang, Baret Merah, and Mira extracts were obtained from the ratio of 1:7, whereas Red and Clara extracts were 1:9. The optimum solvent/mass ratio for each variety was then used in the UAE. Extractions assisted by ultrasound in 5, 10, and 15 minutes have been conducted. UAE time yields the highest red-violet extract absorbance in 15 minutes for Red, Abbang, Baret Merah, Mira, and Clara while Delima was in 5 minutes. The results suggested that the UAE is more effective than 24-hours maceration for red-violet pigment extraction from red spinach.

The protection of Salicornia rubra from ultraviolet radiation by betacyanins and phenolic compounds.

Salicornia rubra is a commonly occurring annual species of the salt playas of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States. In such habitats, plants experience high levels of ultraviolet radiation, which could potentially damage DNA. As a member of the Amaranthaceae (Caryophyllales), S. rubra shoots typically contain high concentrations of the red-violet pigments called betacyanins, which are ultraviolet-absorbing compounds. Nevertheless, some specimens of S. rubra are green even when growing with full exposure to the sun. We, therefore, tested several hypotheses regarding the causes of variation among S. rubra plants in betacyanin concentration and the role of betacyanins in the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. We measured ultraviolet radiation absorption and the concentrations of betacyanins and phenolic compounds of the cell sap expressed from red and green plants growing in full sun, as well as plants grown under various levels of shade. We found that while betacyanin concentrations were predictable from plant color (red plants contained more betacyanins than green plants), the ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation was determined primarily by the concentration of phenolic compounds, which was determined by the level of exposure to the sun. Therefore, the DNA of green plants growing in full sun appears to be at no greater risk than the DNA of red plants.

The chromosome-level genome of dragon fruit reveals whole-genome duplication and chromosomal co-localization of betacyanin biosynthetic genes

Dragon fruits are tropical fruits economically important for agricultural industries. As members of the family of Cactaceae, they have evolved to adapt to the arid environment. Here we report the draft genome of Hylocereus undatus, commercially known as the white-fleshed dragon fruit. The chromosomal level genome assembly contains 11 longest scaffolds corresponding to the 11 chromosomes of H. undatus. Genome annotation of H. undatus found ~29,000 protein-coding genes, similar to Carnegiea gigantea (saguaro). Whole-genome duplication (WGD) analysis revealed a WGD event in the last common ancestor of Cactaceae followed by extensive genome rearrangements. The divergence time between H. undatus and C. gigantea was estimated to be 9.18 MYA. Functional enrichment analysis of orthologous gene clusters (OGCs) in six Cactaceae plants found significantly enriched OGCs in drought resistance. Fruit flavor-related functions were overrepresented in OGCs that are significantly expanded in H. undatus. The H. undatus draft genome also enabled the discovery of carbohydrate and plant cell wall-related functional enrichment in dragon fruits treated with trypsin for a longer storage time. Lastly, genes of the betacyanin (a red-violet pigment and antioxidant with a very high concentration in dragon fruits) biosynthetic pathway were found to be co-localized on a 12 Mb region of one chromosome. The consequence may be a higher efficiency of betacyanin biosynthesis, which will need experimental validation in the future. The H. undatus draft genome will be a great resource to study various cactus plants.

Assessment of factors influencing the concentration of betacyanin from Opuntia ficus-indica using forward osmosis

Betacyanin is the red-violet pigment possesses potent antiradical and antioxidant properties. Globally, natural colorants have gained much interest than synthetic colours due to their adverse ill effects. The study aimed to assess membrane technology for the concentration of betacyanin pigment from cactus pear employing forward osmosis. The effect of process parameters such as feed and osmotic agent solution (OAS) flowrate and temperature on betacyanin concentration was investigated using factorial design. Maximum concentration of betacyanin was obtained with 150mL/min feed flowrate, 50°C feed temperature, 150mL/min OAS flowrate and 50°C OAS temperature. Further, sodium chloride was the best OAS that concentrated betacyanin from 898 to 1325mg/L with a transmembrane flux of 1.13L/m2h. Physico-chemical characteristics imply high retention of antioxidant activity and other nutrients during concentration process. The results revealed the suitability of forward osmosis for the concentration of betacyanin from Opuntia ficus-indica using cellulose acetate membrane.

The study of morphological and biochemical parametres of Amaranthus tricolor L. Valentina variety

Morphometric and biochemical indices of the red-colored Amaranthus tricolor L. Valentina variety were studied, the content of the reduced form of vitamin C, the amaranthine pigment in roots, leaves, stems and inflorescences was determined. Studies have shown the presence of a high concentration of vitamin C in the leaves of amaranth both in the open ground (195 mg%) and in the film greenhouse (176 mg%). In the leaves of amaranth of different varieties of the species Amaranthus tricolor , a large amount accumulates a secondary compound - an antioxidant - amaranthine. The red-violet color of the inflorescences is due to the presence in the vegetative organs of the plant of the red-violet pigment of amaranthine. It is important to note that the amaranth Valentine variety have found substances with antioxidant activity: ascorbic acid, selenium, carotenoids, methionine. In the largest amount, amaranthine is found in the inflorescences (2.18 mg/g) and leaves (1.41 mg/g). Its predecessors are D-glucose and L-tyrosine - photosynthetic metabolites, which are used in growth processes and in the biosynthesis of amaranthine In red-colored plants of the genus Amaranthus , betacianin-amaranthine is 5-O-glucuronidoglucoside betanidine. Leaves with a high content of red-violet pigment amaranthine used in the production of food additives-dyes Amvita and Amphicra, used in the food concentrates industry. These additives, due to their antioxidant properties, enhance immunity and have immunomodulatory activity. Extraction of amaranth leaves in H2O revealed high rates of antioxidant activity (CCA from 1.81 mg EQ GK/g). The low gluten content makes amaranth an extremely valuable and useful for functional food.

Microencapsulation of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel Extract Using Maltodextrin

Dragon fruit peel can be utilized as a natural dye due to betacyanin content, red-violet pigment of betalain group. Betacyanin is unstable to temperature, oxygen, and light, consequently microencapsulation technology is required to maintain its stability. This study aims to determine microencapsulation efficiency of dragon fruit peel extract with variation of encapsulation ratio and to perceive morphological characteristics of dragon fruit peel extractt encapsulated. In this study, the dragon fruit peel was extracted using polar solvent pH 4 and pH 5 by maceration method. Maltodextrin is used as coating encapsulation and freeze drying is applied as microencapsulation method. The results showed that, encapsulation of dragon fruit peel extract using maltodextrin with extract ratio to suspension of 5:1, more efficient than ratio of 3:1. Morphological encapsulation of dragon fruit peel extracts resulted in matrix form with particle diameter of dragon fruit peel extract with pH 5 solvent between 0,460-0,770 μm, while particle diameter of dragon fruit peel extract with pH 4 solvent between 0,288-0,640 μm. This study has a great impact to development of microencapsulation technology on red dragon fruit peel as waste utilization which can further be utilized as a functional natural dye in food. This study would be a reference for further researchers or people who engaged in food industry.

Synthesis and characterization of the Bi-for-Ca substituted copper-based apatite pigments

Substitution of Bi for Ca in the red-violet pigment Ca10(PO4)6CuyO2H2-y-δ has been studied in order to access possibilities to vary the color of the pigment. Synthesized compounds have been investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance (ultraviolet-visible-near infrared range) and Raman spectroscopy. Initial Bi-free samples contain Cu in the hexagonal channels, and a fraction of the Cu atoms constitutes recently discovered chromophore [O–CuIII–O]−-units. Bi3+ occupies Ca2+ position in the hexagonal channel walls and causes the reduction of the chromophore concentration. A small fraction of Cu2+ substitutes Ca2+ and forms a new chromophore characterized by the main absorption band at 400 nm and the resonant Raman band at 593 cm−1. Consequently, Bi-doping suppresses the initial red-violet color of the pigment while a yellow tint emerges. This may open an opportunity to develop new less-toxic yellow pigments.

A method for red-violet pigments extraction from fruits of Malabar spinach (Basella rubra) with enhanced antioxidant potential under fermentation.

Basella rubra fruit juice with a total soluble solids content of 5 to 9 (0)Brix was fermented using the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An 87.5% of conversion of fermentable sugar was achieved. The TSS ((0)Brix) reduced from 0.60 (0)Brix to 0.17 (0)Brix (71.67% decrease in TSS) upon performing fermentation of fruit juice water extract with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 2. There was 8 folds reduction in pigment quality as evidenced from fermentation. Besides, the potential increase of phenolics, thanks to a higher content of total betalains in general and betacyanins in particular when fermentation was carried out with S. cerevisiae strain 3. The DPPH (2, 2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate) free radical scavenging potential (IC50) of fermented juice (1.9mg.ml(-1)) was significant over control (2.4mg.ml(-1)) extracts of B. rubra. The reducing power of fermented extracts was significantly high compared to control samples. The multiple antioxidant activity of fermented extract was also evident by significant reducing power assay when compared to its control samples.

Establishment of a stable Amaranthus tricolor callus line for production of food colorant

The present study attempts to establish and screen Amaranthus tricolor L. callus for development of a stable callus line with enhanced production of food colorants. The best betacyanin-producing callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.25 mg/L) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) (2 mg/L) using stem segment as explants. The callus line (IIT BT/PBT At 11) was maintained up to 24 subculture cycles. Betalain production in callus was detected by reversed phase HPLC and LCMS. In addition to the reported abundant red-violet pigment amaranthin, 2 new yellow pigments and 18 other bioactive phenylpropanoids were detected in the callus line. A novel betaxanthin, methyl derivative of arginine betaxanthin was identified. All pigments were purified by size exclusion chromatography.

Structural Identification and Bioactivities of Red-Violet Pigments Present in Basella alba Fruits

Mature Basella alba L. fruit, with dark blue skin and deep red-violet flesh, is a potential source of natural colorants. Its pigment components and bioactivities deserve particular attention and investigation. In this study, fruit flesh was extracted with 80% methanol (containing 0.2% formic acid) and subjected to solid-phase extraction, semipreparative HPLC isolation, mass spectrophotometric analysis, and structural elucidation. The major red pigment was identified as gomphrenin I. Its quantity increased with the increase of fruit maturity. The gomphrenin I extract yield from ripe fruits was 36.1 mg/100 g of fresh weight. In addition to gomphrenin I, betanidin-dihexose and isobetanidin-dihexose were also detected. The antioxidant activities of gomphrenin I determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and antioxidative capacity assays were equivalent to 534 μM Trolox, 103 μM butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 129 μM ascorbic acid, and 68 μM BHT at 180, 23, 45, and 181 μM, respectively. The anti-inflammatory function was tested at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μM in murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results revealed that gomphrenin I suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner and decreased PGE(2) and IL-1β secretions at the highest concentration tested. The transcriptional inhibitory activities of gomphrenin I on the expression of inflammatory genes encoding iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were also observed. It is of merit to identify gomphrenin I as a principal pigment of B. alba fruits and as a potent antioxidant and inflammatory inhibitor. These findings suggest that B. alba fruit is a rich source of betalains and has value-added potential for use in the development of food colorants and nutraceuticals.

The influence of lactic acid fermentation process of red beet juice on the stability of biologically active colorants

Lactic acid fermentation can have preservative effect on red beet juice. The behavior of the pigment in the fermented juice was investigated and the results were compared with those of non-fermented juice. Two red beet varieties (Czerwona Kula and Chrobry) were used in our experiment. Three probiotic bacteria and three infant intestinal microbiota of Lactobacillus sp. were selected for beet juice fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation influenced both red and yellow pigments. In the two beetroot varieties (Chrobry and Czerwona Kula) studied, the dominant red-violet pigment components were betanin, isobetanin, while vulgaxanthin I was the major yellow pigment. Betanin was the main red-violet component in juices before fermentation. After fermentation also betanidin and isobetanidin were observed. Huge amounts of betanidin were found especially in fermented Chrobry juice. It was observed that fermented juice from Chrobry cultivar contained higher betanidin than betanin levels. Contrarily, in juice from Czerwona Kula cv., betanin level was much higher than betanidin level.

Clariant’s new red-violet pigments

Permanent violet is an organic pigment that is extensively applied in the colourant industry, wherein excellent dispersion ability and stability of organic pigments in a solution is required. Therefore, surface modification of organic pigments significantly impacts their application performance. Herein, a few-nanometres-thick inorganic film coating layer via atomic layer deposition (ALD) method has been prepared for surface modification of permanent violet pigments, which enhances the pigments’ dispersion stability. Uniform coatings comprising individual particles (rather than agglomerates) are confirmed by morphology, specific surface area and particle size distribution characterizations. The UV–Vis absorbance results indicate 20 cycles of Al2O3 coated permanent violet pigments exhibit excellent stability when dispersed in ethanol solvent, which is attributed to the electrostatic stabilization of Al2O3 coatings. The ultrathin film coating provides an effective method of improving the dispersion stability of organic pigments, which can promote the applications in electronic colouration industry.

Induction of betacyanin formation in Chenopodium album cell cultures by co-cultivation with the duckweed Wolffia arrhiza

Cells of Chenopodium album and whole plants of the duckweed Wolffia arrhiza were cocultivated. In the presence of Wolffia arrhiza the synthesis of a red-violet pigment (betacyanin) was induced in several cells or cell clusters of Chenopodium album in the light. The exchange of solutes through the liquid phase was necessary for the induction of pigment formation. The red-violet cells could be selected and subcultivated resulting in a red callus. A reddish cell suspension was obtained in liquid culture in the presence of the duckweeds.

Selection of anthocyanin-accumulating potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cell lines from calli derived from seedlings produced by gamma-irradiated seeds

Callus cell lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Zarevo) were obtained from seedlings germinated from gamma-irradiated seeds (200 Gy). Some of these cell lines produce red-violet pigments which were identified as acylated anthocyanins. The major anthocyanin was determined to be peonidin 3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-rhamnosyl)-glucoside]-5-O-glucoside ("peonanin"). Single cell-derived protoclones from non-pigmented protoplasts sometimes also gave rise to pigmented cell clusters thus indicating that the changes in the expression of the anthocyanin pathway can also occur after the stage of initial callus induction.

High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the pigments of blood-red prickly pear ( Opuntia ficus indica)

A method for the extraction, separation and evaluation of betalaines, the pigments of bood-red Opuntia ficus indica grown in Sicily, was studied. Tests with different solvent systems that extraction of the pigments with water-ethanol was the most complete. For the preparative separation of the betalaines, reversed-phase low-pressure column chromatography on an octadecylsilica bonded phase (RP-18) was the most suitable. Using phosphate buffer (pH 5)-methanol (85:15) the major yellow and red-violet pigments were sharply separated and recovered in good purity. Elution with the same mixture in the ratio 70:30 separated three minor yellow and red-violet components. The amounts of the yellow pigment were evaluated spectrophotometrically at 475 nm and of the red-violet pigment at 538 nm. For the evaluation of the purity of the recovered pigments, a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was applied using a LiChrosorb Select B column eluted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5)-methanol (85:15), with spectrophotometric detection at 538 nm for the red pigments and 475 nm for the yellow pigment. The yellow pigment obtained was pure indicaxanthin, whereas in the red-violet pigments betanin and isobetanin were identified with another not yet characterized betalainic glucoside.

Naphthoquinone antibiotics from Streptomyces lateritius. I Fermentation, isolation and characterization of granatomycins A, C, and D

The fermentation and isolation procedures of the antibiotic granatomycin produced by Streptomyces lateritius are described. Furthermore, the producing strain ZIMET 43 627 and the main constituents of granatomycin will be characterized. Granatomycin is a red-violet pigment antibiotic of the naphthoquinone type. The physicochemical properties of granatomycin resemble those of granaticin. The antibiotic can be isolated from culture filtrates and from the mycelium by extraction with lower aliphatic alcohols. It can be purified by gel filtration methods. Granatomycin displays antimicrobial activity, particularly against grampositive and gramnegative bacteria, and antiviral activity against fowl-plaque-virus in mammalian cells. Granatomycin is useful in selection of resistant mutants of bacteria and viruses with decreased virulence but high immunogenity suitable for use as life vaccines against infection diseases. The physicochemical properties of the main constituents of granatomycin studied confirm the identity of granatomycin C with granaticin and the identity of granatomycin D with dihydrogranaticin Granatomycin A is identical with the well-known semisynthetic methylester of dihydrogranaticin. Therefore, the production of granatomycin A is the first possibility to produce this derivative of granaticin biosynthetically.