Red Tone Research Articles

DESENVOLVIMENTO, FISIOLOGIA DA MATURAÇÃO E INDICADORES DO PONTO DE COLHEITA DE FRUTOS DA UMBUGUELEIRA (Spondias sp.)

RESUMO A umbugueleira produz frutos com amplas possibilidades de utilização que, embora subexplorados, têm grande potencial socioeconômico. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento e a fisiologia da maturação em frutos da umbugueleira. As inflorescências foram marcadas em seis plantas, no período da antese, e o fruto (umbuguela) foi avaliado em intervalos regulares até a abscisão da planta. O ciclo de desenvolvimento da umbuguela, da antese até o início da abscisão, abrange 157 dias; a massa, o volume, o comprimento e o diâmetro apresentam aumentos rápidos até 117 dias após a antese (DAA), estabilizando-se até o final da maturação. O padrão respiratório do fruto foi climatérico, com pico aos 147 DAA. A coloração evoluiu do verde para o amarelo e, no pós-climatério, para o vermelho-púrpura. A relação SS/AT e pH aumentaram, e a AT diminuiu durante a maturação. O ponto ideal de colheita para o armazenamento ocorreu dos 127 aos 137 DAA, com início da coloração amarela a amarelo predominante. Para consumo fresco, o ponto de colheita foi a partir de 147 DAA (amarelo com traços avermelhados).

Efectos de la presión de evaporación y la variedad de caña en la calidad de la miel y la panela

Al implementar el uso de evaporadores múltiple efecto (EME) al proceso panelero, además del ajuste tecnológico, se requiere mantener la calidad del producto. Esta condición develó el desconocimiento de aspectos como el aporte de las diferencias composicionales en las variedades de caña a las características de la panela. A fin de llenar parte de este vacío tecnológico, el objetivo del trabajo que aquí se presenta fue determinar el efecto de la presión de evaporación y la variedad de caña sobre la calidad de la panela. Para lograrlo, se trabajó la presión de evaporación y la variedad de caña en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial de 4x3 y cuatro repeticiones, las variedades CC 85-46, RD 75-1 y PR 61-632, sin floculante, coadyuvante, ni antiespumante y una densidad de flujo calórico en evaporación de 27,778 kW/m2. Los resultados mostraron un comportamiento similar para las variedades estudiadas. Así, las mieles y panelas del sistema presurizado presentaron coloraciones oscuras, tonalidades rojizas, alta turbidez, coeficiente glucósido entre 60 % y 70 % y no solidificaron y las mieles y panelas de los sistemas al vacío presentaron la mayor turbidez, coloraciones claras, tonalidades amarillentas, buena solidificación y coeficientes glucósidos menores al 12 %.

Color density spectral array of bilateral bispectral index system: Electroencephalographic correlate in comatose patients with nonconvulsive status epilepticus

Purposeto describe the characteristics of the color density spectral array (CDSA) of bilateral bispectral index (b-BIS) monitoring system in patients with comatose nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). We hypothesized that CDSA could be helpful for monitoring NCSE in critically subjects if continuous EEG (cEEG) is not available. Methodswe retrospectively analyzed comatose patients admitted to our neurological intensive care unit (NICU) from 2011 to 2014 with a diagnosis of definitive NCSE that underwent b-BIS monitoring for at least 24h to guide anesthetic sedation. Clinical, electroencephalography and neuroimaging findings were analyzed. Moreover, all parameters from the b-BIS data including the CDSA were reviewed during periods of NCSE (NCSE pattern) and profound sedation (sedation pattern). Results15 NCSE patients were included. The delay from the diagnosis of NCSE to the onset of b-BIS monitoring was 8 (0.5–31)h and total time of b-BIS monitoring 7.8±6.5 days. CDSA during NCSE pattern was characterized by continuous or intermittent red and dark red tones, spectral edge frequency (SEF) in the delta-theta range, with or without asymmetry and BIS number trend with significant variability. In contrast, CDSA during sedation revealed predominance of orange, yellow, green and occasionally blue tones, SEF in the alpha-beta range, absence of asymmetry and stability of BIS number. Conclusionsb-BIS monitoring system and, in particular, CDSA used by nonexpert NICU personnel may be helpful to follow-up episodes of NCSE, to detect recurrences of nonconvulsive seizures (NCSzs), and to monitor profound anesthetic therapy in comatose patients when cEEG is not available.

Effects of water-soluble varnishes on red color tone in wood material colored with water-soluble wood stains

In this study, changing effect of water-soluble varnishes on red color tone in different wood materials which were colored with water-soluble wood stains in brown tone has been researched. For this purpose, samples which were prepared from the Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.), Sessile oak (Quercus petreae L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) woods in accordance with TS 53 and TS 2470, after being colored with aniline, ready-mix and chemical stains according to ASTM-E 1347-97, were coated with one-component and two-component waterborne varnishes according to ASTM-D 3023. Color changes were determined in accordance with ASTM 2244. According to research results, the highest color change in red color tone was obtained on oak wood colored with ready-mix stain and after coated with one-component waterborne varnishes; and the lowest change was obtained on Scots pine wood colored with chemical stain and after coated with two-component varnishes. Keywords: Red color tone, Waterborne varnishes, Water-soluble stains, Wood material

발효 포도부산물의 단백질 분해물 매염제를 활용한 염색 최적조건에 관한 연구

Many of the natural dyes used for natural dyeing are difficult to maintain colorfastness due to their complex structure and specific properties. Therefore, there is a need for developing of color sustainable ability for use as an advanced coloring agent for fabrics, which would eco benign or not. In this study, the natural dye extracted from the waste of grape fruits was used to dye cotton fabric. Thus, the present study aims at extraction of color from grape seeds, skin, and stem through fermentation and then employing the same in dyeing and mordanting of cotton. Dyeing experiments were done under different conditions of fermentation and protein type mordants which were treated before and after dyeing. Experimental fabrics were used with cotton after scouring. Color value of dyed fabrics and color fastness of cotton dyed fabrics to washing and light were measured. The fastness of dyed experimental fabrics was increased by mordanting of protein fermentation and the color of dyed cotton was light red purple. The color of dyed fabric found with the optimum mordant treatment when treated with pre milk-mordant at 40 for 30min and 3% grape seed extract. On the whole, reddish tone °C very slightly increased with the milk pre-mordant. The color fastness of dyed cotton fabrics to light and washing was increased after fermentation.

Influence of humic acid and salicylic acid on yield, fruit quality, and leaf mineral elements of strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa duch.) cv. Camarosa

ABSTRACTA greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliarly-applied Humic Acid (HA) and Salicylic Acid (SA) on strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa cv. Camarosa). On average, HA applications, regardless of concentration, increased overall yield, Soluble Solids Concentrations (SSC), Titratable Acidity (TA), vitamin C, red tone (a*), leaf potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) while had no effect on pH and fruit luminosity (L*). In contrast, fruit from the untreated control tended to have higher Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and SSC: TA ratio than HA-treated plants. Application of SA significantly increased yield, vitamin C, SSC, SSC: TA ratio, TAC, a*, leaf P and Ca while had no effect on TA, fruit size, L* and pH. In general, application of either HA at 25 mg L1 or SA at 2 mM resulted in better strawberry performance than did other rates of these compounds.

Evaluation of Photocatalytic Properties of Portland Cement Blended with Titanium Oxynitride (TiO2−xNy) Nanoparticles

Photocatalytic activity of Portland cement pastes blended with nanoparticles of titanium oxynitride (TiO2−xNy) was studied. Samples with different percentages of TiO2−xNy (0.0%, 0.5%, 1%, 3%) and TiO2 (1%, 3%) were evaluated in order to study their self-cleaning properties. The presence of nitrogen in the tetragonal structure of TiO2 was evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as a shift of the peaks in the 2θ axis. The samples were prepared with a water/cement ratio of 0.5 and a concentration of Rhodamine B of 0.5 g/L. After 65 h of curing time, the samples were irradiated with UV lamps to evaluate the reduction of the pigment. The color analysis was carried out using a Spectrometer UV/Vis measuring the coordinates CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) L*, a*, b*, and with special attention to the reddish tones (Rhodamine B color) which correspond to a* values greater than zero. Additionally, samples with 0.5%, 1%, 3% of TiO2−xNy and 1%, 3% of TiO2 were evaluated under visible light with the purpose of determining the Rhodamine B abatement to wavelengths greater than 400 nm. The results have shown a similar behavior for both additions under UV light irradiation, with 3% being the addition with the highest photocatalytic efficiency obtained. However, TiO2−xNy showed activity under irradiation with visible light, unlike TiO2, which can only be activated under UV light.

Isparta Müzesi Volütlü Kandilleri

In this study, fifteen volute lamps located in the inventory of Isparta Museum were introduced. During the catalog work on these artifacts, which were provided to the Isparta Museum by purchase, confiscation or recruiting methods, 5 primary colors (Gray, Brown, Red,Yellow and Pink) and clay tones associated with them were observed. The slip colors are usually red and brown tones. In addition, these lamps are determined to have varying dimension such as length within the range of 11.1-6.8 cm., height of 4.7-2.0 cm and base diameter of 4.2-3.0 cm. In accordance with the results of typological data carried out on the Isparta Museum volute lamps, 9 of them are classified under the Type A and other 6 are classified under the Type B. Identified in the assessment phase of the artifacts in the creation of typological distinction, the overall profile features is taken into account. Also in a manner deemed appropriate by many scientists, nasal structures and volute applications have been identified as the main evaluation criteria. Isparta Museum volute lamps in our study, after comparing to other similar artifacts, can be dated between 1st century and the end of the 2nd century AD. When the clay structure of these artifacts are analyzed, they can probably be produced in close workshops in our regions. At our work’s conclusion, the three main clay structure draws attention. In this case, they may be produced in workshops in one city or nearest cities which use different clay deposits. At this point, the question of the production possibilities of urban environment is put forward. If we consider our region and the close environment, Cyprus, Knidos, Miletus, Laodicea, Sagalassos and Kibyra, whose excavations are regularly supported by publications, emerge as areas that need to assessed initially. Also the results of our studies in areas like Pisidian Antioch, Konane and Cremna show an increase in data for ceramics. Sagalassos artifacts, with a similar structure and reddish yellow clay, are very close to the lamps of Isparta Museum. However some artifacts of clay and slip as well as the mold are detected in Kibyra samples is extremely important to point out at least one of the production sites. Some other possible production centers are Miletus or Knidos—particularly because of number 11 and 12 lamps. Very similar artifacts were introduced as Romanesis workshops lamps by Heres. In all of these data, although not as a result of stratigraphic excavation, but rather by purchase or even provided to the museum through donations, the lamps specimens in Isparta (1, 3 - 4, 6, 14 and 15) are thought to be interacting in the Pisidia region where production was carried out in the early urban Imperial period in the city of Anatolia, West and Central Southwestern region (Kibyra, Sagalassos, Knidos, Miletus and Laodicea). This information is achieved in accordance with similar pattern, the clay and slip properties. Systematic excavations will be carried out in our region and that the data from the excavations are released and also carried out with archaeometric analysis the possible local production centers and trade areas will be better understood.

탄자니아산 루비의 열처리에 의한 보석·광물학적 품질개선 연구

Department of Earth Environmental Science, Pukyong National UniversityRuby is one of the most favor colored gem, for beautiful red tone, be high in scarcity value. However, rubieswith high quality are produced in restricted regions, such as in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Tanzania etc.,and they have been gradually exhausted by mining for a long period. Therefore, improving qualities of low levelrubies with various treatments is arising an alternative way to obtain better rubies. Gemological and mineralogicalproperties of the natural ruby from Tanzanian were studied with heat treatments. Those characteristics were com-pared between only heat and adding flux materials under heating. Tanzanian raw rubies were applied a heat treat-ment (1,600°C for 6 hours). However, chromameter and UV-Vis analyses found that a simple heat treatment isinappropriated for the Tanzanian ruby. Although Cr

New Cr-Doped SrTiO<sub>3</sub> Ceramic Color Pigments

This study aimed to explore a new perovskite-based color pigment system. The Cr:SrTiO3pigments were in the 350 nm range. A solid solution could be obtained at high calcination temperatures as confirmed by both structural and optical characterization. A secondary phase of SrCr2O7was detected at high Cr doping, suggesting a possible complicated nature of Cr species techniques. Shifting of the absorption edge toward the visible range was also observed. The pigments were found to be evenly distributed in the glaze. The synthesized pigment powders were initially brown-maroon and gradually changed to the red and yellow tones when incorporating with the glaze.

Effect of Sorbitol and Salicylic Acid on Quality and Functional Food Contents of Tomato Fruit (Solanum lycopersicum)

본 연구는 솔비톨과 살리실산의 토마토 과시의 품질과 기능성 물질에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 0.5mM과 1.0mM의 솔비톨과 살리실산 단독 및 혼합처리는 무처리보다 토마토 과실의 적색도, 당 함량, 경도 및 무게와 리코펜, 안토시아닌류 및 비타민류와 같은 기능성 물질의 함량을 증가시켰다. 토마토 식물체에 살리실산 단독 및 솔비톨과 살리실산 혼합처리는 시아니딘 함량을 약 52-61% 정도, 그리고 델피니딘 함량이 20-24%, 39-41% 가량 증가되었다. 뿐만 아니라 비타민 <TEX>$B_1$</TEX>과 C의 함량도 증가시켰다. 특히 비타민 C는 솔비톨 단독처리에서 무처리보다 약 1.2배, 살리실산 단독처리에서는 2배 가량 증가되었다. 솔비톨과 살리실산 혼합처리에서는 무처리보다 약 4배 가량 비타민C 함량이 증가되었다. In this study, we aimed to understand the effect of sorbitol and salicylic acid (SA) on quality and functional food contents of tomato. Sole or combined application of sorbitol and SA in different concentrations (0.5 mM and 1.0 mM) greatly improved the characteristics of tomato, such as red color tone, soluble solid content, hardness and weight as well as increasing the functional food contents such as of lycopene, anthocyanins and vitamins in comparison with the control. The cyanidin content increased approximately 52-61% and delphinidin contents also increased 20-24% and 39-41% in tomato plants treated with SA alone and sorbitol with SA, respectively. Furthermore, the sole or combined application of sorbitol and SA also increased the vitamin <TEX>$B_1$</TEX> and C contents. In particular, vitamin C content was increased 1.2-fold by treatment with sorbitol alone and was increased 2-fold by SA treatment compared to the control. In the sorbitol with SA treatments, vitamin C content was approximately 4-fold increased relative to control plants.

Deceiving colors: recognition of color morphs as separate species in orchid bees is not supported by molecular evidence

The orchid bees includes many species whose integument color is predominantly metallic, in particular those from the genus Euglossa. In the Atlantic Forest, some species exhibit color variation that seems to be linked with their distribution, with warmer colors (green, with coppery and reddish tones) in lower latitudes and cooler colors (blue, with purple shades) in higher latitudes. Contrasting taxonomic interpretations of this color variation lead to the recognition of distinct species for the different color morphs. In all three case studies investigated in this work (Euglossa iopoecila, Euglossa stellfeldi, and Euglossa townsendi), the different forms were sampled throughout their distribution. Thirty samples from 16 different localities were used, which had their DNA extracted, amplified, and sequenced for fragments of the genes cytochrome b (cytb) and cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CO1). A concatenated data matrix, totaling 1,089 bp, was submitted for Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. The resulting phylogenetic trees, together with the estimated genetic distances between samples, led to the conclusion that the different color morphs in all the three case studies do not represent separate species, but only integumental color variations of their respective species.

Nuevos Sitios con Representaciones Rupestres en la Localidad Potrok Aike (Santa Cruz, Argentina)

New data about rock art distribution in Potrok Aike locality (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina) is presented. Motif concentrations and isolated motifs were surveyed on volcanic outcrops located to the northwest of the Potrok Aike lagoon. They are paintings, mainly in red, with a few motifs in white. Most of them are abstract representations, although hand stencils are the second in abundance. Different tonalities (two red tones), superposition and repainting suggest distinct times of painting execution, which according to the regional background correspond to Late Holocene. Shape, size, color and tonality, technical treatment and motifs distribution are described. Finally, a regional comparison shows the main trends in Pali Aike volcanic field rock art.

SPECTROMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF PIGMENTS AND SUBSTRATA IN WOOD PAINTINGS

A polychrome and gilded wooden artifact was found, in a heavily deteriorated state, in the stores of the Mdina Cathedral Museum, Malta. The object represents two zoomorphic angels holding a coat of arms. Stylistically, the artifact matches with parts of a late 16th century Organ balcony, currently exhibited at the same Museum. The present study aims to establish whether or not the newly recovered artifact might have formed part of the balcony ensemble by means of material identification techniques. The combined use of XRF, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy ensure a detailed characterization of the material used. In the case of pigments, for both artifacts the blue pigment was smalt, while cinnabar was used for red and flesh tones. The metallic decorative parts of the panels are gilded, confirmed by the presence of Au peaks in the X-ray spectra. The supporting structure of both artifacts was manufactured from poplar wood.

How can i find a doggy book?: Children's cognitive processes of physical characteristics of books

How can i find a doggy book?: Children's cognitive processes of physical characteristics of books

A Preliminary Study of Color Survey Method in Drum Backstreet's Historical and Cultural District in Yu County

Color of the historical and cultural districts is the product of culture in a certain historical period and certain regions. This article systematically investigates the present color situation of Drum Backstreet's historical and cultural district in Yu county of Hebei province. From the analysis of color attributes including hue, brightness, saturation and tonal statistics characteristics, we can conclude three main characteristics of color of Drum Backstreet's historical and cultural district. One is ancient and modern architecture color difference is large, and color is no order, and color continuity of district is poor. Another one is the visual effect of architectural color individual relatively monotonous, low degree of saturation and high brightness. The third is the reddish yellow tone retaining the typical cultural characteristics. Three color planning suggestions are put forward, including protecting traditional color, following the principle of overall harmony and regulating building classification.

Color tunable green–yellow–orange–red Er3+/Eu3+-codoped PbGeO3:PbF2:CdF2 glass phosphor for application in white-LED technology

Color tunable wide gamut light covering the greenish, yellow–green, yellow, orange, and reddish tone chromaticity region in Er3+/Eu3+-codoped lead–cadmium–germanate PbGeO3:PbF2:CdF2 glass phosphor is presented. The phosphors were synthesized, and their light emission properties examined under UV and blue LED excitation. Luminescence emission around 525, 550, 590, 610, and 660nm was obtained and analyzed as a function of Eu/Er concentration, excitation wavelength, and glass host composition. The color tunability was actually obtained via proper combination of Er3+ and Eu3+ active ions concentration. The combination of the emission tone with blue LEDs in the region of 400–460nm, yielded a mixture of light with color in the white-light region presenting a color correlated temperature in the range of 2000–4000K. Results indicate that the color-tunable fluorolead germanate erbium/europium co-doped glass phosphor herein reported is a promising novel contender for application in LED-based solid-state illumination technology

Diet-Induced Plumage Erythrism in Baltimore Orioles as a Result of the Spread of Introduced Shrubs

Baltimore Orioles (Icterus galbula) of unusual redness over large sections of their plumages were recently discovered in southeastern Canada. Reddish feathers from six of nine specimens sampled at the McGill Bird Observatory in Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, Quebec in fall 2006 contained rhodoxanthin, a keto-carotenoid of deep red hue usually found in plants. Rhodoxanthin comprised ∼5% of carotenoids in many oriole feathers, and up to 18% in the reddest one. Redness in oriole feathers with rhodoxanthin correlated with amounts of that pigment, rather than with amounts of red 4-keto-carotenoids like canthaxanthin normally present in orange oriole feathers. Redness in feathers with rhodoxanthin also tended to be greatest in feathers with the least amounts of carotenoids. The anomalous rhodoxanthin altered the normal relationship between redness and 4-keto-carotenoid concentration, and total feather carotenoid concentration in Baltimore Orioles. We believe rhodoxanthin and the associated aberrant reddish tones result from consumption of berries of exotic bush honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.), now widely propagated in eastern North America and the Midwestern United States. We confirm the presence of rhodoxanthin in the berries of Tatarian honeysuckle (L. tatarica). Rhodoxanthin produces a shoulder at ∼520 nm of the reflectance spectrum of feathers in which it occurs.

Assessment of some plasma fibrinolytic proteins in sickle cell anemia patients in steady state and in vaso-occlusive crises

Background: The clinical manifestations of vaso-occlusion result from a dynamic combinations of abnormalities in hemoglobin (Hb) structure and functions, red blood cell membrane integrity, erythrocyte density, endothelial activation, microvascular tone, inflammatory mediators and coagulation factors. Objective: The objective of the following study is to determine the changes in plasma concentration of fibrinolytic proteins among sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients in two clinical states; steady state and vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) and compare with HbAA controls and also to determine if any, the clinical relevance of these proteins in evaluating these patients in the different clinical state. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 (14M: 11F) HbSS subjects in VOC, 24 (13M: 11F) HbSS subjects in a steady state and 30 (17M: 13F) healthy HbAA volunteers matched for age and sex with the subjects were recruited for the study. Hematological parameters, i.e., full blood count, fibrinolytic proteins concentration including plasma concentration of D-dimer, plasminogen, fibrinogen (FBG), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and fibrinopetide-A were determined. Result: Plasma fibrinopeptide A (FPA) concentration of 680.99 ΁ 411.37 ng/ml for SCA subjects in VOC and 449.67 ΁ 310.01 ng/ml in steady state subjects were significantly increased (P Conclusion: The significant increase in FPA concentration observed among subjects compared to controls may have been confounded by hyperleucocytosis especially polymorphonuclear leucocytes commonly associated with SCA. Thus, the clinical relevance of these plasma proteins in evaluating these patients in either of the clinical states of this disorder is doubtful.

'Le Rouge et le Noir': a decline in flavone formation correlates with the rare color of black dahlia (Dahlia variabilis hort.) flowers.

BackgroundMore than 20,000 cultivars of garden dahlia (Dahlia variabilis hort.) are available showing flower colour from white, yellow and orange to every imaginable hue of red and purple tones. Thereof, only a handful of cultivars are so-called black dahlias showing distinct black-red tints. Flower colour in dahlia is a result of the accumulation of red anthocyanins, yellow anthochlors (6’-deoxychalcones and 4-deoxyaurones) and colourless flavones and flavonols, which act as copigments. White and yellow coloration occurs only if the pathway leading to anthocyanins is incomplete. Not in all cultivars the same step of the anthocyanin pathway is affected, but the lack of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase activity is frequently observed and this seems to be based on the suppression of the transcription factor DvIVS. The hitherto unknown molecular background for black colour in dahlia is here presented.ResultsBlack cultivars accumulate high amounts of anthocyanins, but show drastically reduced flavone contents. High activities were observed for all enzymes from the anthocyanin pathway whereas FNS II activity could not be detected or only to a low extent in 13 of 14 cultivars. cDNA clones and genomic clones of FNS II were isolated. Independently from the colour type, heterologous expression of the cDNA clones resulted in functionally active enzymes. FNS II possesses one intron of varying length. Quantitative Real-time PCR showed that FNS II expression in black cultivars is low compared to other cultivars. No differences between black and red cultivars were observed in the expression of transcription factors IVS and possible regulatory genes WDR1, WDR2, MYB1, MYB2, 3RMYB and DEL or the structural genes of the flavonoid pathway. Despite the suppression of FHT expression, flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FHT, synonym F3H) enzyme activity was clearly present in the yellow and white cultivars.ConclusionsAn increased accumulation of anthocyanins establishes the black flowering phenotypes. In the majority of black cultivars this is due to decreased flavone accumulation and thus a lack of competition for flavanones as the common precursors of flavone formation and the anthocyanin pathway. The low FNS II activity is reflected by decreased FNS II expression.