Red Stock Research Articles

Analysis on the Path of Integrating Red Resources into Middle School Students' Party History Education—Taking Bazhong Sichuan Province as an Example

Party history education is of great significance to the healthy growth of middle school students. Red resources are advanced, national and educational, and are fresh materials for middle school students' party history education. Bazhong as the old revolutionary base areas, red stock of resources is very rich, the local red resources into high school party history education can optimize red resources into middle school students from the party history education teaching design ,transform the red resources into high school party history education teaching method, strengthen the red resources into high school party history education extracurricular practice three aspects, such as the red gene your middle school students' heart, let the party history education work, enhancing party history education effect, so as to guide students to establish correct world outlook, the outlook on life and values.

Monitoring of Water Quality and Zooplankton Community in Presence of Different Dietary Levels of Commercial Wood Charcoal of Red Tilapia

The objective of this study assess the effects of physico-chemical parameters and dietary active commercial wood charcoal (CWC) levels on the zooplankton standing crop in addition to growth and biochemical of red tilapias in fifteen fish cement ponds for period an eight weeks feeding trial during 2019. The results declared that, water temperature, pH and salinity didn´t show any major differences among wood charcoal treatments when measured inside fish ponds, while dissolved oxygen, ammonia, moisture, ash and total lipid are significantly (P 0.05) could be detected among fish groups that received dietary charcoal in feeds. Furthermore, the effect of heavy metals decrease with increase of activated carbon at fed fish, leading to protect cultured fish. Soon after the juvenile red tilapias stocking, rotifers, Cladocera and rare groups replaced Copepoda, which constituted more than 80% of total zooplankton community. Diversity Index classified the pond water as being among moderately and heavily polluted. The results displayed that 30-40 g/kg dietary CWC in T3 and T4 are a suitable level to improve water quality parameter of the fish farm and improve growth percentage (S%) of red tilapia with percentage higher than 95%.

Discrimination of Red Mullet Populations (Teleostean, Mullidae) Off the Sicilian Coasts (Mediterranean Sea) on the Basis of Metazoan Parasites

Knowledge on fish stock units and their boundaries is still poor in the Mediterranean despite the relevance of this information for developing accurate stock assessment and effectively managing fisheries. The aim of this work is to identify parasite species that might serve as biological tags for discrimination of red mullet stocks Mullus barbatus and M. surmuletus, off the northern and southern coasts of Sicily (central Mediterranean). Stephanostomum sp. metacercariae were selected as good biological tags for M. barbatus and M. surmuletus. Specimens caught in the Strait of Sicily showed a high level of metacercariae infections while no infected fish was found in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Furthermore, cestode larvae (order Trypanorhyncha), and adult and larval digeneans were considered suitable as biological tags for stock discrimination in M. surmuletus, presenting statistically different epidemiological levels between the two areas. Results suggest a likely occurrence of distinct populations of red mullets in two areas of the central Mediterranean on the basis of parasite infestations.

Changes in Shrimping Effort in the Gulf of Mexico and the Impacts to Red Snapper.

Despite a complex management landscape and decades of overfishing, Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) stocks have grown substantially in the Gulf of Mexico and restrictions on the fisheries that catch them are being loosened. This year, annual shrimping effort was allowed to increase by 21% after National Marine Fisheries Service scientists concluded that the resulting bycatch of Red Snapper would only reduce the annual allowable catch in other fisheries by ∼1% and have no impact on population growth. Nonetheless, the recreational fishing sector intensely campaigned against this rule, fueled by wild mischaracterization of shrimp trawl bycatch in media outlets targeting anglers. Here, we aim to elevate the debates surrounding Red Snapper management by presenting scientific and historical context for the potential impacts from shrimping. We discuss our views of the current problems facing Red Snapper and key ecological questions to address for more effective management of this resource.

Genome-wide association study and genomic prediction for resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae in hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)

Streptococcosis is a major disease that causes severe mortality in tilapia aquaculture worldwide. Although the conventional BLUP family selection to enhance disease resistance in a commercial red tilapia stock was successful, the response was low due to the low heritability of the traits. An alternative strategy is the utilization of genomic information to identify the best performing candidates within families. In this study, we performed genome-wide association studies for red tilapia resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae using 11,480 SNPs within 110 families represented by 1020 fish. Nineteen SNP markers were found to explain ~10% of the genetic variation. We compared the accuracies of genomic prediction using the pedigree-based (PBLUP), marker-based (GBLUP), and Bayesian models. The prediction accuracy was assessed by performing ten replicates of five-fold cross-validation. In each replicate, approximately 80% of the data (n~816) were sampled for the training set and the remaining data (n~204) were used for the validation. The BayesB model yielded the highest accuracies (0.31 and 0.20) followed by GBLUP (0.25 and 0.15) and PBLUP (0.15 and 0.06) for days to death and binary trait.

Using Common Age Units to Communicate the Relative Catch of Red Snapper in Recreational, Commercial, and Shrimp Fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico

AbstractThe natural mortality rates and fecundity of Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus vary substantially by age, so the age composition of catch is an important consideration when quantifying the relative effects of catch on the Red Snapper population across different fisheries. For example, the shrimp fishery catches many (but younger) Red Snapper, whereas directed commercial and recreational fisheries catch fewer (but older) individuals. We propose a simple approach for comparing catch across sectors. Fish that are caught can be scaled to a common age by multiplying or dividing by natural mortality rates so that the catch data can then be reported in “common age units.” Applying this approach to the catch data from the 2018 Red Snapper stock assessment, we showed that the shrimp‐trawl bycatch typically accounts for <10% of the relative catch, the commercial sectors account for ~32%, and the recreational sectors are responsible for ~59%. We believe that the effective management of Red Snapper requires regulation and oversight of each fishery that is proportional to its effect on the population. Given the apparently large influence of recreational fisheries on Red Snapper populations, recent management changes that delegate state‐by‐state control over important aspects of the recreational fishery (Amendment 50) should be accompanied by efforts to improve the understanding of this sector's interactions with Red Snapper.

How Baseball Happened: Outrageous Lies Exposed! The True Story Revealed by Thomas W. Gilbert

Reviewed by: How Baseball Happened: Outrageous Lies Exposed! The True Story Revealed by Thomas W. Gilbert Mark McGee Thomas W. Gilbert. How Baseball Happened: Outrageous Lies Exposed! The True Story Revealed. Boston: David R. Godine, 2020. 381 pp. Cloth, $27.95. Maybe the title of this book should have been "MythBusters," stealing from the television show of that name. Thomas Gilbert wants to tell baseball fans that virtually all of what they know about the origins of the game are false or misguided. After a thoughtful and detailed introduction by John Thorn, Official Historian of Major League Baseball, Gilbert attempts to set the record straight. He concentrates on an era few baseball historians write about—the amateur teams who first stepped on baseball fields. What is most fascinating is the way Gilbert weaves in the history and culture of our country as he argues the true facts of the game's origin. So where did baseball start? It started in the state of New York—but it wasn't in Cooperstown, the site of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Abner Doubleday, a Union general during the Civil War, did not invent the game and, as Gilbert points out, he is given credit "for reasons that nobody today understands" (17). Those who think the first game was held in Hoboken, New Jersey are wrong as well. There have been other myths about how the game started, but Gilbert reveals the truth. Baseball was first played in New York City. Amateurs started playing the game in the early 1800s, though Gilbert's research could not find an exact year; reports of games were first seen in newspapers in the 1840s. [End Page 222] Men from all walks of life, from doctors and businessmen to dock workers, played "bat-and-ball" games. Fireman and militia groups formed teams. Some early players also played cricket. Some may have played a game called "rounders." Different parts of the country played different styles of the bat-and-ball games. The "New York" game most closely resembles what we know as baseball today, but how was it both different and similar to what was known as the "Philadelphia" game? Gilbert explores the Doubleday myth in depth. Albert Spalding, known for his sporting goods company and ownership of the Chicago Cubs, is credited with starting the lie. Spalding was upset with people who claimed baseball was derived from the English game of "rounders." Editor Henry Chadwick was a major proponent of this belief, but Gilbert points out how Chadwick was wrong as well. Did baseball begin with Alexander Cartwright, whose Baseball Hall of Fame plaque names him the "Father of Modern Baseball"? What role did the New York Knickerbockers, friends who played for the enjoyment of the game and nothing else, play in origin of baseball? Was Chadwick the "Father of Baseball" as proclaimed on his tombstone? Gilbert argues it is not possible to point to one person as singularly responsible for the origin of baseball. He examines how the changing culture of the nineteenth century, including the Civil War, affected the development of baseball as it became "the American pastime." He pursues other myths as well: were the Cincinnati Red Stockings really the first professional baseball team in 1869? Gilbert provides an in-depth study of the Red Stockings and the personalities behind the team. How did baseball evolve from a purely amateur game featuring "chowder" dinners as one of the job benefits for players, to what would become a professional sport? Gilbert regards a post card bearing pitcher James Creighton's image as the first true baseball card. Was Creighton the inventor of the curve ball? You have to read Gilbert's analysis of what kind of pitch Creighton threw. Then you can make up your mind. Were Creighton and Al Reach the first players to receive money for their playing abilities? Gilbert is ferreting out what is true and untrue about baseball's beginning. His research concerning the game and cultural and historical aspects of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries fills the book with interesting facts. [End Page 223] How did pleasure gardens and a desire for fresh air and exercise influence the development...

The population dynamics of the red porgy Pagrus pagrus along southern Brazil, before its fishery collapse in the 1980s: a baseline study

The intense exploitation since 1972 of the formerly only slightly exploited protogynous hermaphroditic fish Pagrus pagrus (L.) in southern Brazil has led in less than a decade to the collapse of the fishery, with no recovery four decades later. In this study we analized the age structure, growth, reproduction and mortality of the species were studied based on samples collected from 1976 to 1985 to provide a baseline before the onset of overexploitation. Maximum estimated ages were 21 and 26 years based on scale and otolith readings, respectively. Mean total length (TL) at age did not differ between males and females, while hermaphrodites were smaller. The von Bertalanffy growth coefficients for all fish (immature, females, hermaphrodites and males) were L∞ = 447 mm, k = 0.204 and t0 = −1.134 yr. Change in growth was observed during the study period. Females were dominant at all sizes, hermaphrodites were only present up to intermediate sizes, and males, despite being infrequent at small sizes, made up over 40% among the larger specimen (TL > 400 mm). Spawning took place mainly in late spring and condition factors were lower after spawning. Natural mortality was estimated as M = 0.173 yr−1 based on the von Bertalanffy growth parameters. Total mortality (Z) and exploitation rate (E) estimated from catch curves of fully recruited red porgies aged five to ten years increased from 0.24 yr−1 and 28% before 1973 to 0.49 yr−1 and 63% in the following years. Two distinct scale and otolith patterns, one with well-marked annuli and another with faint or absent annuli, suggested that the red porgy stock off southern Brazil might not be homogeneous and may include subpopulations that do not fully mix.

Fishy Business: Red Snapper Mislabeling Along the Coastline of the Southeastern United States

Seafood mislabeling is a widely documented problem that has significant implications for human and environmental health. Defined as when seafood is sold under something other than its true species name, seafood fraud allows less-desired or illegally-caught species to be marketed as one recognizable to consumers. Red snapper is one of the most frequently mislabeled species, with previous studies showing mislabeling rates as high as 77%. We assessed whether red snapper mislabeling rates varied among states or vendor type. We also determined the stock status of substituted species to assess whether frequently substituted stocks were more or less at-risk than red snapper stocks. We used standard DNA barcoding protocols to determine the identity of products labeled as “red snapper” from sushi restaurants, seafood markets, and grocery stores in the Southeastern United States. Overall, 72.6% of samples (out of 62) were mislabeled, with sushi restaurants mislabeling samples 100% of the time. Out of 13 substituted species (including samples that were indistinguishable between two species), seven (53.8%) were not native to the U.S. Of the ten substituted species assessed by the IUCN red list, nine (90%) were listed as less threatened than red snapper. These results contribute to a growing body of mislabeling research that can be used by government agencies trying to develop effective policy to combat seafood fraud and consumers attempting to avoid mislabeled products.

A methodology based on data filtering to identify reference fleets to account for the abundance of fish species: Application to the Striped red mullet (Mullus surmulletus) in the Bay of Biscay

For data-limited stocks (DLS), professional fishing data can be used as a potential source of information, especially in the absence of appropriate scientific survey, to understand abundance evolution under realistic hypothesis on resource catchability. This work focuses on a data-filtering approach, the selected fishing effort must reflect vessel activity that is least dependent on their technical characteristics and as stable as possible over time. The variable of interest is landing by fishing sequence (landing for a given gear, gear mesh, day and ICES statistical rectangle) called LPUE. In order to account for the abundance of the species, it was necessary to consider the discards. The method thus proceeds in 4 steps: (i) focus on LPUE variability and causes' prioritization; (ii) cluster definition to obtain a typology of vessels; (iii) average LPUE per cluster analysis; (iv) consideration of gear mesh classes and seasonal variations (quarters). This approach is outlined for the Striped red mullet of the Bay of Biscay that is currently in DLS category 5. Two reference fleets are thereby proposed: firstly the otter trawlers composed of small vessels (7.9–15.8 m) with a gauge of 2–43.9 grt, an engine power between 44 and 256 kW and a gear mesh of 70–79 mm; secondly the set gillnetters, which are defined by medium-sized vessels (8.2–14.8 m, 2–30.2 grt, 70–331 kW) whose gear mesh is either 50–59 mm (2nd and 3rd quarters), 60–69 mm (2nd quarter) or greater than 90 mm (2nd quarter). LPUEs of these fleets show a downward trend, significant in two out of four cases which may reflect a deterioration of the status of the Striped red mullet stock.

Cross-shelf habitat shifts by red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the Gulf of Mexico.

Habitat shifts that occur during the life cycles of marine fishes influence population connectivity and structure. A generalized additive modeling approach was used to characterize relationships between environmental variables and the relative abundance of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus over unconsolidated substrate on the continental shelf (<150 m) of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GoM) at three different life stages: juvenile (age-0, <125 mm FL), sub-adult (age-1-2, 125–300 mm FL), and adult (age-2+, >300 mm FL). Fisheries independent data (2008–2014) were used to develop separate models for both the eastern and western GoM, and final models were used to predict the relative availability of suitable habitat for each life stage across the two regions. Predictor variables included in final models varied by age class and region, with depth, dissolved oxygen, longitude, and distance to artificial structure common to most models. Depth was among the most influential variables in all models, and preferred depth increased with increasing size/age. Regional differences in fish-habitat relationships were also observed, as relative abundance of larger red snapper over unconsolidated substrates was more closely linked to artificial structure in the eastern GoM. The location of predicted high quality habitat for juvenile red snapper was greatest on the inner Texas shelf and a smaller area east of the Mississippi River Delta, suggesting these two areas may represent important nursery grounds for the respective regions. Clear ontogenetic shifts in the spatial distribution of predicted high quality habitat were evident in both the eastern (expansion from west to east with age) and western (shift from inshore to offshore) GoM. Given the unique population dynamics between the eastern and western GoM, improving our understanding of spatial and temporal variability in habitat quality may be important to maintaining connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats, and may enhance recovery and management of red snapper stocks in the GoM.

Forecasting the genetic influences of red drum stock enhancement in South Carolina

AbstractThe South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) began stocking red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus), in 1989 to augment the abundance of juveniles available for recreational harvest in South Carolina estuaries. While stock enhancement can help supplement wild populations under high fishing pressure, releasing hatchery‐raised fish into the wild also presents the risk of decreased genetic diversity. An individual‐based model (IBM) was developed to forecast the genetic influences of stocking on the wild spawning population to inform responsible stocking strategies. Model results indicated the SCDNR red drum stock enhancement programme should maintain mean contributions of stocked fish no greater than 30% per year class over a 45‐year stocking period, coupled with at least 10 effective breeders in the hatchery replaced annually, to maintain current levels of genetic diversity estimated in the wild population. The IBM is a useful tool for hatchery managers to guide responsible stock enhancement.

Transfusion emergency preparedness for mass casualty events

Transfusion emergency preparedness is increasingly being recognized as an important element in the healthcare response to mass casualty events (MCE). Planning should be designed to support an integrated response between the blood services and hospitals. The lessons identified from the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017 and recent incidents in London have led to new guidance. Demand planning has been informed by the global experience of civilian MCEs and the changing trends in trauma care. Past evidence suggests that only a modest number of hospitalized patients following MCEs require transfusion. The mean blood use per patient admitted is consistently calculated at 2–3 red cell units. Most blood is used within the first 6 h. However, a small number of critically injured with multi‐trauma may require massive transfusion and ongoing support. Many blood services have reported meeting the initial overall demand for blood from stock. However, universal components may be in short supply. The demand can be managed by pre‐agreed substitutions. Early transfusion triage enables the best use of hospital laboratory and blood service support. Careful communication with donor communities is essential to manage a controlled replenishment of stocks. Future challenges for the transfusion community include the trend towards lower red cell stock holdings and the changing trends in weapon use and tactics. A standardized approach to transfusion data collection is required to support future planning. The transfusion community is encouraged to plan for MCEs, contribute to ‘after action reviews’ and work together for safe and sustainable transfusion support.

Elevated Magmatic Sulfur and Chlorine Contents in Ore-Forming Magmas at the Red Chris Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Northern British Columbia, Canada

The Red Chris porphyry Cu-Au deposit is located in the Stikinia island-arc terrane in northwest British Columbia. It is hosted by the Red Stock, which has five phases of porphyry intrusions: P1, P2E, P2I, P2L, and P3. New U-Pb dating of zircon shows that these intrusions were emplaced over a similar to 10 m.y. period, with P1 intruded at 211.6 +/- 1.3 Ma (MSWD = 0.85), P2I at 206.0 +/- 1.2 Ma (MSWD = 1.5), P2L at 203.6 +/- 1.8 Ma (MSWD = 1.5), and P3 at 201.7 +/- 1.2 Ma ( MSWD = 1.05). The ore-forming event at Red Chris was a short-lived event at 206.1 +/- 0.5 Ma (MSWD = 0.96; weighted average age of three Re-Os molybdenite analyses), implying a duration of Zircons from P1 to P3 porphyry rocks have consistently high Eu-N /Eu-N* ratios (mostly > 0.4), indicating that their associated magmas were moderately oxidized. The magmatic water contents estimated from plagioclase and amphibole compositions suggest H2O contents of similar to 5 wt %. Taken together, the P1 to P3 porphyries are interpreted to be moderately oxidized and hydrous. The porphyry phases are differentiated by sulfur and chlorine contents. The SO3 contents of igneous apatite microphenocrysts from the mineralization-related P2 porphyries are higher (P2E: 0.28 +/- 0.10 wt %, n = 19; P2I: 0.32 +/- 0.17, n = 15; P2L: 0.29 +/- 0.18 wt %, n = 100) than those from the premineralization P1(0.11 +/- 0.03 wt %, n = 34) and postmineralization P3 porphyries (0.03 +/- 0.01 wt %, n = 13). The chlorine contents in apatite grains from the P2E, P2I, and P2L porphyries are 1.47 +/- 0.22 (n = 19), 0.82 +/- 0.10 (n = 15), and 1.47 +/- 0.28 wt % (n = 100), also higher than those from P1 (0.51 +/- 0.3 wt % Cl, n = 34) and P3 (0.02 +/- 0.02 wt % Cl, n = 17). These results imply that the sulfur and chlorine contents of the P2 magmas were higher than in the P1 and P3 magmas, suggesting that elevated magmatic S-Cl contents in the P2 porphyries may have been important for ore formation. Although the process that caused the increase in sulfur and chlorine is not clear, reverse zoning seen in plagioclase phenocrysts from the P2 porphyry, and the occurrence of more mafic compositions in P2L, suggest that recharge of the deeper magma chamber by a relatively S-Cl-rich mafic magma may have triggered the ore-forming hydrothermal event.

A benefit-cost analysis of a red drum stock enhancement program in South Carolina

Recreational saltwater anglers from the mid-Atlantic through the Gulf of Mexico commonly target red drum. Due to concerns about overharvesting within South Carolina coupled with regional management actions, South Carolina explored the technical feasibility of stocking hatchery-produced juvenile red drum as a technique to augment the abundance of South Carolina stock. In order to assess a continued program, in 2005 a mail survey was used to collect data for estimating the economic benefits with the contingent valuation method. The theoretical validity of willingness to pay was assessed by comparison to the value of a change in red drum fishing trips that would result from the program. Benefits were compared to estimated, explicit stocking costs. We illustrate how a certainty recode approach can be used in sensitivity analysis. The net present values (NPVs) for the stocking program are positive suggesting that the program would have been economically efficient relative to no program.

Blackguards and Red Stockings: A History of Baseball’s National Association, 1871–1875

Blackguards and Red Stockings: A History of Baseball’s National Association, 1871–1875

A Witness in Red Stockings

"There’s no pain on earth that doesn’t crave a benevolent witness,” says eleven-year-old Sarah Grimke in Sue Monk Kidd’s (2014) The Invention of Wings after she is humiliated at the hands of her mother. The benevolent witness is a ten-year-old slave named Handful. Although Monk’s novel is not intended for young readers, she has crafted a beautiful, singular phrase that transcends genre. The world of young adult literature is filled with benevolent witnesses. Armed with an unvarnished honesty, they describe the indescribable, take us to places we would otherwise never reach, lift the lid on bitter truths that cannot and should no longer be contained. They inject their insights with humor, a directness that can make us squirm or laugh or stop us in our tracks. Sometimes benevolent witnesses step forward decades after a scarring experience that has seared their soul and left a stain that no amount of revision-ism or skepticism can scrub away. It can take years before the world is ready to open its ears to cries that were initially muted, stunned into silence. Bodies of literature that are, in essence, testimonies-as-art aren’t simply hatched; those who live to chronicle the unspeakable must first believe they have the legitimacy to share their stories, and that journey can take a long time. A benevolent witness has to be ready to speak; the world has to be ready to listen.

High genetic diversity and differentiation in three red tilapia stocks revealed by microsatellite DNA marker analysis

Red tilapia is thought to be the result of mutant-colored female Mozambique tilapias mating with male Nile, blue, or Zanzibar tilapias and cultured widely in Asia and central and South America. However, there is limited information about its genetic diversity and stock structure. In this study, we investigated the genetic variability of red tilapia stocks to provide fundamental knowledge for genetic improvement by molecular-marker-assisted selective breeding programs. Individuals (n = 180) from three stocks (Chinese Taiwan, Israel, and Malaysia) of red tilapia were genotyped based on 14 microsatellite markers. The results showed that all microsatellite loci were detected with high levels of polymorphism, with a mean number of 14.87 ± 3.85 alleles per locus in all stocks. Taiwan and Israel stocks showed higher heterozygosity than did the Malaysia stock. The F-statistic analysis showed that there was no significant genetic differentiation between the Taiwan and Israel stocks (P > 0.05), whereas there was highly significant genetic divergence in the other pairwise stocks (P < 0.01), suggesting that Taiwan and Israel stocks could be regarded as a single genetic group distinct from Malaysia stock. This result was in accordance with the UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distances of three stocks. The analysis of molecular variances (AMOVAs) revealed highly significant genetic variation among three stocks (P < 0.01) and accounted for 8.68% of the total variance. The results reported above were confirmed by Bayesian analysis in genetic structure simulation, which indicated a distinct genetic difference between Taiwan and Israel stocks compared with Malaysia stock.

Temporal and spatial comparisons of the reproductive biology of northern Gulf of Mexico (USA) red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) collected a decade apart.

In studies done a decade apart, we provide evidence of a recent shift toward a slower progression to sexual maturity as well as reduced egg production, especially among young, small female red snapper, in the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf). Slower maturation rates (among fish ≤6 years old), lower GSI values and decreased spawning frequency were observed, and were especially pronounced in the northwestern Gulf. Furthermore, an Index of Reproductive Importance showed that young fish (ages 2–7) are contributing far less to the spawning stock in recent years, while older fish (>8 years) are contributing more, when compared to fish from the same age groups sampled in the previous decade. Coincident with these changes in reproductive output, fishing pressure has steadily declined gulf-wide, and spawning stock biomass and spawning potential ratio have increased. Thus, it is possible that the age structure of the red snapper stock is becoming less truncated, or that reproductive effort observed is due to the temporary influence of recent strong year classes produced in 2004 and 2006 as they begin to reach full reproductive potential. If the latter is true, careful documentation of the stock’s reproductive dynamics during a time of population growth provides new understanding at the meta-population spatial and decadal temporal scales. In contrast, if the former is true, a truncated age structure due to overharvest can limit the productivity of the Gulf red snapper stock. In addition, we have learned that red snapper females in the northwestern Gulf collected on natural reefs and banks have much higher reproductive output than those on artificial reefs in the form of standing and toppled oil and gas platforms, thus making the need to know the relative abundance of females found on these disparate habitats an important next step toward better-understanding factors impacting the reproductive dynamics of this species.

An Updated Description of the Benefits and Consequences of Red Snapper Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Management Actions in the Gulf of Mexico

AbstractPopulations of Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus in the Gulf of Mexico remain overfished, but overfishing has been ended. Historically, rebuilding plans were based almost entirely on the reduction of shrimp trawl bycatch mortality, which was believed to account for 80% of the total juvenile Red Snapper mortality. This estimate was based on the assumption that juvenile Red Snapper had low rates of natural mortality. Bycatch reduction devices were believed to be capable of reducing bycatch mortality by more than 50%, which would enable the stock to rebuild without any other management actions. Over the years, new information has shown that natural mortality rates of juvenile Red Snapper are four times higher than originally estimated, and bycatch mortality is presently estimated to comprise only about 4% of the total juvenile mortality. Hence, bycatch reduction, regardless of the means by which it is achieved, will not be very effective for rebuilding the Red Snapper stock. Limits on the harvest of adult Red Snapper beginning in 2007 have put this species on the road to recovery, but care must be taken to maintain a conservative harvest if full recovery goals are to be met on schedule.Received June 15, 2016; accepted December 8, 2016 Published online March 10, 2017