Red Spinach Research Articles

MENINGKATKAN KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT BERSAMA IBU-IBU PKK DAN LANSIA DI DESA TATAH LAYAP

Community Service activities carried out in Tatah Layap Village are one of the efforts to improve community health with PKK mothers and the elderly (elderly). Tatah Layap Village is a village that has potential in the agricultural sector. The level of knowledge of PKK women and the elderly about the benefits of light exercise and the utilization of natural materials that can be used as an alternative treatment is still very limited. This activity aims to improve the health of the people in Tatah Layap Village regarding the benefits of gymnastics, red spinach cultivation, making red spinach projects and the use of the leaves of balikai (Stenochlaena palustris) as blood-boosting tea (Anemia). This activity was carried out using a method which consisted of several stages, namely field observation, planning, socialization, red spinach cultivation practices and the use of the leaves ofelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) as a blood-boosting tea (Anemia) and evaluation. The activity participants were PKK mothers and the elderly (seniors) in Tatah Layap Village with the target number for each activity being 25 respondents. The conclusion from the activities carried out was that the community received education about the benefits of gymnastics, cultivating red spinach, making red spinach projects and using the leaves ofelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) as a blood-boosting tea (anemia). In addition, the community can use the yard of the house as a small-scale garden and the community can make hydroponics a business field which is expected to improve the family economy.

DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN C IN SPINACH (Amaranthus sp.) USING TITRATION METHOD

Vitamin C is a compound that is included in the group of water-soluble vitamins. The human body really needs vitamin C intake because it can act as an antioxidant which is closely related to collagen formation and iron absorption. Vitamin C is an organic compound that the human body needs in small amounts to maintain the body metabolic functions. Vitamin C is also one of the most important vitamins in increasing the body immunity This compound is very easy to find in fruits and vegetables, one of which is spinach. Spinach is a vegetable which generally contain vitamin C with an average of 158.54 mg/100 g. The research aims to analyze vitamin C levels in spinach using a titration method or also known as iodometric titration. This research method is included in an experimental study. The sample used in this research was obtained from Kotagede Market, Yogyakarta. The titration results for each spinach will be analyzed using Microsoft Excel, where the results have shown that the levels of vitamin C contained in snapper spinach (18.95 mg/100 g), picked spinach (46.39 mg/100 g), thorn spinach (14.52 mg /100 g) and red spinach (15.42 mg/100 g). Therefore, it can be concluded that this titration method can be used to accurately measure the vitamin C content in spinach. The iodometric titration method was chosen to analyze vitamin C levels because this application is very simple when compared to other methods. Ascorbic acid or vitamin C is known as a strong reducing agent and can simply be titrated using iodine solution.

Utilization of various honey, fruits, and vegetables to increase hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with anemia in Indonesia

The aims of the study was to analyze the student’s theses research data of Midwifery Study Program at Faculty of Health Sciences Universitas Nasional regarding the use of honey, fruit and vegetables to increase hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with anemia in Indonesia. The research was conducted by analyzing student theses for four semesters between 2020 and 2023. The variables analyzed included location of the research, types of honey, fruits and vegetables, form of serving, method of consumption, and the effect on hemoglobin levels. A total of 522 student’s theses from 2020 until 2023 were recorded. The results showed 40 theses research (7.66%) were according to the research objectives. The research locations were cover 11 provinces in Indonesia. There are two types of honey, namely acacia honey and mutiflora honey. There are 10 fruits consumed with or without a combination (guava, star fruit, dates, tomatoes, dragon fruit, watermelon, ambon banana, papaya, lime, avocado). There are also 10 vegetables consumed with or without a combination (beetroot, carrot, red spinach, green spinach, katuk, moringa, matel, green bean, broccoli, and caulerpa). The mean increase in the hemoglobin level ranged from 0.85 to 3.71 g/dl. Prevention of anemia in pregnancy should not only be done by providing blood-boosting tablets or iron supplement but also by providing varied and nutritionally balanced food to increase the hemoglobin level and prevent anemia in pregnancy.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ESSENCE SHEET MASK WITH CONVENTIONAL AND HYDROPONIC RED SPINACH LEAF EXTRACT

Red spinach is a plant that known as natural antioxidants that contain anthocyanins, flavonoids, betalains, polyphenols and carotenoids and can be developed into sheet mask essence. The antioxidant activity of red spinach affected by the cultivation method. This study aims to determine the physical properties and antioxidant activity of conventional and hydroponic essences with red spinach leaf extract. The making of essence sheet mask starts from making red spinach leaf extract by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent for 3x24 hours, then the extract is added to the formulation. Physic evaluations were organoleptic tests including assessing shape, aroma and color by panelists, homogeneity that their data analyzed by descriptively, pH and viscosity analyzed by t-test. Test of antioxidant activity of spinach leaf extract using the DPPH method that analyzed by t-test. Conventional and hydroponic red spinach leaf extracts have a thick green color, thick form and a characteristic spinach odor, while essence sheet masks have a light green color, viscous liquid form and a distinctive fragrance, a safe pH value for facial skin, which is around 5.18 ± 0. 29 to 5.64±0.12, homogeneous and viscosity values ranged from 162.92±21.95 to 187.58±17.54 cps. Based on the results of t-test the pH and viscosity values of all formulations were not significantly different. The antioxidant activity of conventional and hydroponic red spinach leaf extract was in the strong category and not significant difference based on the t-test. The essence sheet mask has good physical properties and the IC50 value of conventional red spinach leaf extract is 52.53 and hydroponic red spinach leaf extract is 73.93.

Development of Smart Packaging Film Label based on pH Sensor from Natural Source: Red Spinach for Freshness Detector of Meat

Abstrak. Smart packaging merupakan salah satu teknologi baru dalam bidang pengemasan yang dapat menginformasikan perubahan yang terjadi pada produk atau lingkungannya seperti suhu, pH, dan pertumbuhan mikroba. Pada penelitian ini akan dikembangkan label film smart packaging berbasis sensor pH dari sumber alami berupa ekstrak bayam merah. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa ekstrak bayam merah dengan pH = 2 memiliki nilai serapan yang tinggi, paling asam, dan warna paling solid dibandingkan pH lainnya, dibuktikan dengan hasil UV-Vis dengan puncak tertinggi. Hasil pengujian FTIR menunjukan ekstrak bayam merah masih terdeteksi di dalam sample label film kemasan. Label film dengan konsentrasi ekstrak bayam merah 6%, 8%, dan 10% memiliki hasil uji ketebalan, kuat tarik dan elongasi yang seragam dengan rata-rata nilai untuk uji ketebalan 0,015 mm, uji kuat tarik dengan nilai 5,67 kgf/cm², dan uji elongasi 0,19%. Label film dengan konsentrasi ekstrak bayam merah 6%, 8% dan 10% memiliki warna yang solid dan menghasilkan perubahan warna yang mudah diamati. Tidak hanya itu dalam pengujian fisik, mekanik kerekteristik UV-Vis, FTIR dan perubahan warna nya label film dengan konsentrasi 6%, 8%, 10% memiliki hasil uji yang baik dan dapat diaplikasikan pada kemasan daging. Abstract. Smart packaging is a new technology in the field of packaging that can inform changes that occur in products or their environment, such as temperature, pH, and microbial growth. In this research a smart packaging film label based on a pH sensor will be developed from a natural source in the form of red spinach extract. From the research results it was found that red spinach extract with pH = 2 had the highest absorption value, the most acidic, and the most solid color compared to other pHs, as evidenced by the UV-Vis results with the highest peaks. The results of the FTIR test showed that red spinach extract was still detected in the sample packaging film labels. Film labels with red spinach extract concentrations of 6%, 8%, and 10% had uniform thickness, tensile strength and elongation test results with an average value for the thickness test of 0.015 mm, tensile strength test with a value of 5.67 kgf/cm², and 0.19% elongation test. Film labels with red spinach extract concentrations of 6%, 8% and 10% have solid colors and produce easily observable color changes. Not only that, in physical testing, mechanical characteristics UV-Vis, FTIR and changes in color, film labels with concentrations of 6%, 8%, 10% have good test results and can be applied to meat packaging.

Combined Use of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Biochar Produced from Moss (Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Ångstr.) Biomass for Chinese Spinach (Amaranthus dubius L.) Cultivation under Saline Stress

Salinity-induced soil degradation poses a significant challenge to agricultural productivity and requires innovative crop-management strategies. In this study, the synergistic effect of biochar and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) obtained from moss (Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Ångstr.) biomass on the growth, yield, biochemical, and enzymatic response of Chinese spinach (Amaranthus dubius L.) grown under salinity stress was investigated. Purposely, A. dubius was grown under different combinations of arable soil, biochar, TiO2 NPs, and saline soils. The produced biochar and TiO2 NPs were characterized using microscopy image analysis, X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), zeta potential, particle size distribution, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that saline stress caused a significant (p < 0.05) decline in growth, yield, and biochemical constituents of A. dubius compared to control treatments. However, the combined application of biochar and TiO2 NPs significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated the saline stress and resulted in optimum fresh weight (30.81 g/plant), dry weight (4.90 g/plant), shoot and root length (28.64 and 12.54 cm), lead number (17.50), leaf area (12.50 cm2/plant), chlorophyll (2.36 mg/g), carotenoids (2.85 mg/g), and relative water content (82.10%). Biochar and TiO2-NP application helped to reduce the levels of stress enzymes such as catalase (2.93 µmol/min/mg P), superoxide dismutase (SOD: 2.47 EU/g P), peroxidase (POD: 40.03 EU/min/g P), and ascorbate peroxidase (3.10 mM/mg P) in saline soil. The findings of this study suggest that the combination of nanotechnology and biochar derived from unconventional biomass can be a viable option to mitigate salinity-related challenges and enhance crop yield.

Shear strength, wear, thermal conductivity, and hydrophobicity behavior of fox millet husk biosilica and Amaranthus dubius stem fiber–reinforced epoxy composite: a concept of biomass conversion

Shear strength, wear, thermal conductivity, and hydrophobicity behavior of fox millet husk biosilica and Amaranthus dubius stem fiber–reinforced epoxy composite: a concept of biomass conversion

THE EFFECT OF EGGSHELLS AS A GROWING MEDIUM TREATMENT ON PLANT GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF RED SPINACH (Amaranthus dubius)

Poultry waste, like eggshells, has been piling up on Earth through the years. On the other hand, home gardening has been a world trend as everyone urge to stay at home during this pandemic. This study aims to observe the influence of different percent of eggshells in a growing medium on the growth performance of red spinach (Amaranthus dubius). The eggshell fertilizer used in this study was collected, dried, crushed, and sieved before being used in the experiment. Three treatments were conducted: 100% cocopeat (blank), 50% cocopeat with 50% eggshells, and 80% cocopeat with 20% eggshells. The experiment was carried out over 35 days, with measurements of the plant's height and number of leaves taken every five days. The chemical analyses of ICP-OES and FTIR on eggshells and cocopeat were performed to determine the nutrient content. The result from ICP-OES shows that Calcium (Ca) showed the highest minerals in the eggshell. Blank medium shows the highest growth yield with mean height, leaf number, and fresh weight of 29.49 cm, 17.38 and 16.5g, respectively. While the result of a high percentage of eggshells shows 50% of eggshells forbid the growth of plants. The data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA to determine the percentage regression and p-value. The results of this study could lead to further investigation of the suitable amount of eggshell in the soilless medium growth.

Growth And Results of Some Microgreens of Order Caryophyllales on Different Plant Media

The research was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Asahan University, from March 2022 to April 2023. The aim of this study was to determine the growth and yield of several microgreens of the order Ceryophyllales on different planting media. The design used was a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 1 treatment factor: the first factor was: Growing Media (M) (M) consisted of M1 = rockwool, M2 = cocopeat, M3 = vermiculite. The observed variables consisted of: percentage of live seeds, number of seed germinations, plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight.The results showed that the treatment of several microgreens of the order (O) caryophyllales where the red spinach (O2) treatment gave the highest percentage of survival could have a real effect on the percentage of live seeds 0.82%, the number of seed germinations 13.89%, plant height 1.48% , number of leaves 1.51%, and the treatment of basil plants was not significantly different at 0.56% fresh weight. The treatment of different planting media (M) where the treatment of vermiculite growing media gave the highest percentage of survival could have a significant effect on the percentage of live seeds 0.79%, the number of seed germinations 11.22%, plant height 1.44%, number of leaves 1.45% , and the treatment of cocopeat plant media was not significantly different at 0.52% fresh weight. The interaction of several microgreens of the order Caryophyllales and different growing media had no significant effect on the percentage of live seeds, the number of seed germinations, plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight.

Development of Food Seasoning Powder from Subgrade Fish Cracker with Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.)

The subgrade of fish crackers known as amplang refers to some parts of amplang that do not meet the standard but can still be consumed and sold at a lower price, so it has contributed to the decrease in company profits. This study intends to develop a food seasoning powder created from the subgrade of amplang fish crackers with the addition of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.). Five formulations were developed with amplang powder and red spinach powder in the range of 36.66% to 66.66% and 0% to 30%, respectively. The best formulation is chosen based on sensory evaluation, followed by nutritional analysis and storage stability. Formulation 4 was chosen as the best, which consists of 41.60% subgrade amplang powder with 25% red spinach powder. The proximate analysis showed the F4 contained 6.18% moisture, 0.64% ash, 9.83% crude fat, 12.69% protein, 9.88% crude fibre, 47.27% dietary fibre, 61.46% carbohydrate, and a calorie content of 404.83 kcal/100 g, which significantly increased in ash, protein, and crude fibre contents compared to the control sample. Water activity (AW), colour and microbiological status showed no significant changes (p > 0.05) throughout the eight weeks of storage indicated that sample was stable during storage periods. Therefore, the development of this seasoning powder can be used as an alternative for amplang subgrade to be upgraded with better acceptability and enhance its nutritional value, which is beneficial to the consumer.

Growth of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Hydroponically Using POC Tomatoes and Moringa Leaves

Background: Red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L), one of the plants contains several important elements with high nutritional value, is liked by the community, easy to cultivate with hydroponics. Efforts to determine the growth of red spinach by administering POC as a nutrient needed by plants. The purpose of this study was to find out how red spinach plants grow in POC of a mixture of tomato extract and moringa leaf extract with the addition of coconut water hydroponically and at what concentration the most effective POC. This research was conducted at the Biology Green House FKIP UMS. Methods: this study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors, namely factor 1 type of POC extract mixture and factor 2 the difference in the volume of POC so that from both factors 6 treatments were obtained with three replications for each treatment. Results: Data analysis using Two Way Anova showed that the results of the C2V2 treatment had a plant height of 2.13 cm, root length of 1.96 cm, and the highest number of leaves with 4 strands. The C1V3 treatment produced the lowest plant height, namely 1.07 cm and the C2V3 treatment produced the lowest root length, namely 0.73 cm and the C1V1, C1V3, C2V1, C2V3 treatments showed the lowest number of leaves, only 2 leaves. Conclusion: The POC of tomatoes and Moringa leaves which were given the same treatment showed that the POC of Moringa leaves were effectively used as red spinach growth nutrients.

The Interplay of Sulfur and Selenium Enabling Variations in Micronutrient Accumulation in Red Spinach.

Aside from its importance in human and animal health, low levels of foliar-applied selenate (SeO4) can be advantageous in the presence of sulfur (S), contributing to improved growth, nutrient uptake, and crop quality. A hydroponic experiment in a growth chamber explored the interactive influence of Se and S on micronutrients and several quality indices, such as soluble sugars, organic acids, and total protein concentrations in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Three levels of S (deprivation, adequate, and excessive) with varying quantities of Se (deficient, moderate, and higher) were examined in combination. Under S starvation and along with S nourishment in plant parts, Se treatments were found to cause noticeable variations in plant biomass and the concentrations of the examined elements and other quality parameters. Both Se levels promoted S accumulation in S-treated plants. Although the Se treatment had the opposite effect in shoots, it had a favorable impact on minerals (apart from Mn) in roots grown under S-limiting conditions. The S and Se relationship highlighted beneficial and/or synergistic effects for Mn and Fe in edible spinach portions. Reducing sugars were synergistically boosted by adequate S and moderate Se levels in roots, while in shoots, they were accumulated under moderate-or-higher Se and excessive S. Furthermore, the concentration of the quantified organic acids under S-deficient conditions was aided by various Se levels. In roots, moderate Se under high S application enhanced both malic acid and citric acid, while in the edible parts, higher Se under both adequate and elevated S levels were found to be advantageous in malic acid accumulation. Moreover, by elevating S levels in plant tissues, total protein concentration increased, whereas both moderate and high Se levels (Se1 and Se2) did not alter total protein accumulation in high S-applied roots and shoots. Our findings show that the high S and medium Se dose together benefit nutrient uptake; additionally, their combinations support soluble sugars and organic acids accumulation, contributing ultimately to the nutritional quality of spinach plants. Moreover, consuming 100 g of fresh red spinach shoot enriched with different Se and S levels can contribute to humans' daily micronutrients intake.

Aplikasi Ekoenzim Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Bayam Merah (Amaranthus Tricolor L.) Pada Sistem Hidroponik Rakit Apung

This research was conducted to determine the effect of ecoenzyme concentration on the growth of red spinach plants in a hydroponic floating raft system conducted at the Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto. Ecoenzyme application treatment, namely: 0 ppm; 1000 ppm; 2000 ppm; and 3000 ppm with 6 replications arranged based on Completely Randomized Block Design (RAKL). Observations made consisted of: plant height, number of leaves, root length, leaf area, and root volume. The F test (ANOVA) at an error level of 5% was carried out to find out whether the treatment affected the observed variables. The LSD test at an error level of 5% is carried out if the F test is real. The results showed that the plant height of red spinach 2 MST was not affected by differences in ecoenzyme concentrations in the nutrient media; Plant height at 4 WAP with 1000 ppm ecoenzyme treatment was the highest and plant height at 6 WAP with 0 ppm and 1000 ppm ecoenzyme treatment was not different, while plant height growth with 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm treatment was lower. The number of leaves at 2 WAP, 4 WAP and 6 WAP, root length, leaf area, and root volume in all treatments of ecoenzyme concentration application showed no difference.

Analysis of Total Flavonoid and Phenol Content from the Combination of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Ethanolic Extract and Chrysanthemum Flower (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Ethanolic Extract as a Potential Anti-anemic

Red spinach and chrysanthemum are two plants that contain various active compounds, including flavonoids and phenols which have good antioxidant activity. One of the benefits of antioxidants is as an anti-anemia. The combination of red spinach and chrysanthemum extracts is expected to be a potential alternative treatment for anemia by combining high Fe and antioxidants found in both herbal ingredients. Research related to test the levels of flavonoids and phenols in red spinach and chrysanthemum extracts (in combination) has not been carried out. This study aimed to measure the total flavonoid and phenol levels of the combination of red spinach ethanol extract (EEBM) and chrysanthemum flower ethanol extract (EEBK). The design of this research is descriptif quantitative. The method used for the extraction is maceration. The solvent used is 70% ethanol. Then the two extracts were combined by mixing the two extracts with a ratio of 5.6 ml EEBM and 1.4 ml EEBK. The process of mixing the extracts was carried out by the centrifugation method. The suspension of the combination of EEBM and EEBK was then measured for the total flavonoid and phenol content. Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC) was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with AlCl3 reagent at 425 nm. TFC results are expressed in quercetin equivalent (QE). The TFC result from the combination of EEBM and EEBK was 85.33 mg QE/g. Determination of total phenol content (TPC) was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with Folin-Ciocalteu LP reagent at 735 nm. TPC results are expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The TPC result from the combination of EEBM and EEBK is 25.22 GAE/g. Flavonoids and phenols contained in the combination of EEBM + EEBK extracts can be an alternative anti-anemia because they have the effect of helping the absorption of iron in the intestine

Study Of Types And Dosages Of Management On The Growth And Years Of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor)

Red spinach is a vegetable whose demand is very high, so further research is needed to increase theproduction quality of this commodity. The use of organic fertilizers such as manure can help increase the yield and growth of red spinach (Amaranthus sp) cultivation. This study aims to determine the effect of the use and a good dose for growth and obtain good results on red spinach (Amaranthus sp). This study used a randomized block design consisting of 2 factors and was repeated 3 times. The first factor was the type of manure, namely chicken manure and quail manure. The second factor is the dose of manure, namely the dose of 10 tons/ha, the dose of 20 tons/ha, and the dose of 30 tons/ha. From the results of the study, it was found that there was no significant interaction with all the red spinach measurement variables.

Pengaruh Dosis dan Frekuensi Pemberian Bahan Organik Cair Urine Kelinci terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Bayam Merah (Amaranthus tricolor L.)

Increasing the production of red spinach can be done through fertilization. This research aimed to know the effect of dose, frequency application, and combination of dose and frequency application of liquid organic fertilizer from rabbit's urine on the growth and yield of red spinach plants. The research was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021 at the screen house in Melung Village, Kedung Banteng District, Banyumas Regency and the Laboratory of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University. The research was carried out using polybag experiment in a screen house with 3 x 3 factorial treatment plus control. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Block Design which resulted in 9 factorial and control treatments, repeated 3 times so that there were 30 experimental units. The first factor was the dose of liquid organic fertilizer from rabbit urine, which consisted of 3 levels, namely 150, 300, and 450 ml/plant. The second factor is the frequency of fertilization time which consists of 3 levels, that is 1x application (5dap), 3x application (5, 10, and 15 dap), and 5x application (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 dap). Observation variables included plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh plant weight, dry plant weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight, fresh crown weight and waste index. The data obtained were analyzed using the F test. If there was variance, the data was analyzed using the Dunnett test at a 95% confidence level. The dose of 300 ml/plant of liquid organic fertilizer of rabbit urine affected the growth of red spinach seen in the variables of fresh plant weight, dry plant weight, number of leaves, leaf area, and plant height. In addition, the fresh crown weight variable shows the effect on the yield of red spinach. The frequency of 5 times giving liquid organic fertilizer from rabbit urine affects the yield of red spinach seen in the fresh crown weight variable. A good combination was obtained between a dose of 300 ml/plant and a frequency of 5x administration of LOM rabbit urine on the growth of red spinach seen in the variable leaf area and fresh crown weight.

Development of A Plant-Based Meat Product Supplemented With Red Amaranth Antioxidants For The Elderly

This study was aimed at developing a protein-rich food formulation for the elderly using ingredients derived from soybean, sacha inchi, wheat flour, quinoa, and perilla seed. First, the protein content of all ingredients was analyzed. The results showed that the highest protein level (48.54%) was seen in sacha inchi. Then, sensory test by elderly adults was evaluated. The formulation which had the highest sensory acceptance comprised 33% soybean, 40% sacha inchi, 20% wheat flour, 5% quinoa, and 2% perilla seed. The effect of stabilizers (xanthan gum and sodium alginate) at levels of 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively, was studied. It was found that 0.1% sodium alginate produced the highest sensory score. Measurements of the texture and water absorption of the formulation showed that the values for hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, adhesiveness, chewiness and gumminess were 1003, 0.25, 0.45, 0.17, 110, and 222, respectively, while water absorption was 51.10%. An aqueous extract of Amaranthus dubius was subjected to analysis of levels of polyphenols and anthocyanins, as well as antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity. The aqueous extract had polyphenol, anthocyanin, DPPH radical-scavenging and FRAP levels of 41.13 µg GAE/mL, 458 mg/L, 62.7%, and 14.8 µg Trolox/mL, respectively. At a concentration of 2000 µg/mL, the crude extract exerted 22% average anti-proliferative effect on P388, KB, Hela and HepG2 cells. Different extract levels were added to the product, and the acceptability of the concentrated extract was re-evaluated. The results showed that the concentrated extract at 0.5% level of incorporation had the highest acceptance rating as a meat analogue. The energy per 100 g of the plant meat sample was 247.95 kcal, while its contents of protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, and dietary fibre were 24.71, 6.27, 23.17, 2.52 and 6.76%, respectively. Thus, the plant meat product supplemented with A. dubius extract could be an alternative and safe diet for the elderly.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Kelor yang Diekstraksi dengan Beberapa Jenis Pelarut sebagai Biostimulan terhadap Pertumbuhan Bayam Merah

Using biostimulants in plant cultivation can increase plant growth and make plants more stress-resistant. Plant extracts are one source of natural biostimulants such as Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.), which contain secondary metabolites and plant growth hormones. In the process of plant extraction, the type of solvent used affects the quality of the resulting extract. This study aimed to determine the effect of biostimulants of Moringa leaf extract extracted with several types of solvents on the growth of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) This research was conducted from March to April 2022 in the Greenhouse and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas, Padang. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and eight replicates. As treatment is a solvent for extracting moringa leaves consisting of without extract (A), Distilled water (B), Methanol (C), and Ethanol (D). The results showed that the solvent used to extract moringa leaves gave a significantly different effect on the number of leaves but had no significant effect on plant height, leaf area, root length, wet weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, and anthocyanin content of red spinach plants. Extraction of moringa leaves with methanol and ethanol increases the number of red spinach leaves, which is 14.1 strands.

In vitro assessment of antioxidant and anti-aging properties of ethanol extracts from Amaranthus dubius, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, and Phyllanthus emblica: Promising natural agents for age-related disease prevention

Age-related diseases (ARDs) and cellular senescence are significant concerns as the aging population increases in Thailand and the ASEAN region. Oxidative stress, induced by free radicals that result in the formation of senescent cells (SCs), is a primary contributor to ARDs. Antioxidant-rich plants have potential in mitigating free radical-related diseases, but their safety for normal cells requires careful investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-senescence properties of Amaranthus dubius leaves (AD), Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton seeds (PF), and Phyllanthus emblica fruits (PE), commonly used in culinary and traditional medicine in northern Thailand. The study assessed the phytochemical composition of the plant extracts by GC-MS, their total phenolic content, ability to scavenge free radicals and H2O2, and their potential for DNA damage protection, cellular senescence prevention, and restoration. The results showed that all plant extracts possessed antioxidant, H2O2 scavenging, and DNA damage protection properties, with PE displaying the highest efficacy. AD and PF were potentially non-toxic, whereas PE was observed to be harmful to HDF-a after 24-h treatment, with all extracts exhibiting potential harm after 72 h. Additionally, all extracts showed preventive properties against oxidative stress and cellular senescence but were not restorative, with PE exhibiting the greatest performance. In conclusion, PE displayed the most significant preventive properties against oxidative stress and cellular senescence, making it a potential candidate for supplement development to potentially mitigate the risk of ARDs occurrence.

Long-term residual effects of biochar from tobacco scraps on red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor) growth in Entisols: a five-year field experiment with urea fertilizer addition

The residual effects of biochar doses on Entisols after five years of application have not received attention. However, there is an assumption that the positive effects of biochar can last longer in the soil. Therefore, field experiments were carried out in polybags to assess the residual impact of applying biochar doses in the fifth year and the addition of urea fertilizer on the growth of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor) in Entisol. The growing media used in this study was a medium previously used for five years containing biochar in Entisols. This study used a 2-factor randomized block design consisting of residual doses of biochar (3 levels) and the addition of urea fertilizer (2 levels). There was no interaction between biochar and N fertilizer. Application of biochar at a dose of 500 g/polybag gave a better follow-up effect than 250 g/polybag on the growth of red spinach in the fifth year. Chlorophyll content increased with N fertilization. Applying biochar in the fifth year and N fertilization positively impacted the growth of red spinach in Entisol. Spinach yield increased 30% at the remaining dose of biochar 500 g/polybag and 52% with N fertilization. Within five years, using higher doses of biochar and adding urea will result in better growth of red spinach in Entisol.