Red Signal Research Articles

DNA Sensor-Based Strategy to Visualize the TRPM7 mRNA-Mg2+ Signaling Pathway in Cancer Cells.

Technological advances and methodological innovations in cell signaling pathway analysis will facilitate progress in understanding biological processes, intervening in diseases, and screening drugs. In this work, an elaborate strategy for visualizing and monitoring the transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7)-Mg2+ signaling pathway in living cells was constructed through the logical analysis of upstream mRNA and downstream molecules by two individual DNA sensors. The DNA sensors are constructed by modifying the dye-labeled DNA sequences on the surface of gold nanoparticles. By hybridizing with upstream mRNA, Cy5-modified DNA sensor 1 can detect and silence it simultaneously, outputting a red fluorescence signal. When the upstream mRNA is silenced, the concentration of downstream molecules of Mg2+ will be affected and down-regulated. The FAM-modified DNA sensor 2 detects this change and emits a green fluorescence as a signal. Therefore, the dynamic information on TRPM7 mRNA and the Mg2+-mediated signaling pathway can be successfully obtained by fluorescence imaging methods. Furthermore, the TRPM7 mRNA-Mg2+ signaling pathway also affects cell activity and migratory function through cell scratching and other experiments. More importantly, the proposed sensor also shows potential for screening signaling pathway inhibitors. Our work provides a simple and general strategy for the visualization of signaling pathways, which helps to understand the changes in the physiological activities of cancer cells and the causes of carcinogenesis and is crucial for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Acute and repeated exposures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells culture to particles from a coloured pyrotechnic smoke

Coloured pyrotechnic smokes are frequently used in the military field and occasionally by civilians, but their health hazards have been little studied. The main concern could rise from inhalation of smoke particles. Our previous study showed that acute exposure to particles from a red signalling smoke (RSS) induced an antioxidant and inflammatory responses in small airway epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to further explore the toxicity of RSS particles at a more proximal level of the respiratory tract, using normal human bronchial epithelial cells grown at the Air-Liquid Interface. Acute exposure (24 h) induced an oxidative stress that persisted 24 h post-exposure, associated with particle internalization and epithelium morphological changes (cuboidal appearance and loss of cilia). Repeated exposures (4×16h) to RSS particles did not trigger oxidative stress but cell morphological changes occurred. Overall, this study provides a better overview of the toxic effects of coloured smoke particles.

A novel colorimetric NIR fluorescent probe for turn-on detection and imaging of hydrogen sulfide

A near-infrared emission fluorescent turn-on probe FC-DNBS for H2S detection was synthesized based on assembling hydroxyphenyl substituted corrole derivative with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl moiety. FC-DNBS could recognize H2S through thiolysis reaction triggered by HS- to liberate 5,15-di(4-fluorophenyl)-10-(4-hydroxylphenyl)-corrole (FC-OH), which produced a strong red fluorescent signal (652 nm). The sensing mechanism was checked by 1H NMR, MS and the DFT calculations. FC-DNBS displayed ultra-fast response (18 s), high selectivity and sensitivity (LOD: 48 nM), large Stokes shift (228 nm), and “naked eye” visualization for tracing H2S. Thanks to these unique features, FC-DNBS has been successfully applied for NIR fluorescence for detection and imaging of H2S in natural waters, red wines, living cells and zebrafish, demonstrating its value of practical applications in food samples and biological systems.

Tetrahedraphene: A Csp3 -centered 3D Molecular Nanographene Showing Aggregation-Induced Emission.

The bottom-up synthesis of 3D tetrakis(hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenyl)methane, "tetrahedraphene", is reported. This molecular nanographene constituted by four hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) units attached to a central sp3 carbon atom, shows a highly symmetric arrangement of the HBC units disposed in the apex of a tetrahedron. The X-ray crystal structure reveals a tetrahedral symmetry of the molecule and the packing in the crystal is achieved mostly by CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions since the interstitial solvent molecules prevent the π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. In solution, tetrahedraphene shows the same electrochemical and photophysical properties as the hexa-t Bu-substituted HBC (t Bu-HBC) molecule. However, upon water addition, it undergoes a fluorescence change in solution and in the precipitated solid, showing an aggregation induced emission (AIE) process, probably derived from the restriction in the rotation and/or vibration of the HBCs. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations reveal that upon aggregation, the high energy region of the emission band decreases in intensity, whereas the intensity of the red edge emission signal increases and presents a smoother decay, compared to the non-aggregated molecule. All in all, the excellent correlation between our simulations and the experimental findings allows explaining the colour change observed in the different solutions upon increasing the water fraction.

Tetrahedraphene: A Csp3‐centered 3D Molecular Nanographene Showing Aggregation‐Induced Emission

AbstractThe bottom‐up synthesis of 3D tetrakis(hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenyl)methane, “tetrahedraphene”, is reported. This molecular nanographene constituted by four hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene (HBC) units attached to a central sp3 carbon atom, shows a highly symmetric arrangement of the HBC units disposed in the apex of a tetrahedron. The X‐ray crystal structure reveals a tetrahedral symmetry of the molecule and the packing in the crystal is achieved mostly by CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions since the interstitial solvent molecules prevent the π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. In solution, tetrahedraphene shows the same electrochemical and photophysical properties as the hexa‐tBu‐substituted HBC (tBu‐HBC) molecule. However, upon water addition, it undergoes a fluorescence change in solution and in the precipitated solid, showing an aggregation induced emission (AIE) process, probably derived from the restriction in the rotation and/or vibration of the HBCs. Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations reveal that upon aggregation, the high energy region of the emission band decreases in intensity, whereas the intensity of the red edge emission signal increases and presents a smoother decay, compared to the non‐aggregated molecule. All in all, the excellent correlation between our simulations and the experimental findings allows explaining the colour change observed in the different solutions upon increasing the water fraction.

Pedestrian behaviour in integrated street designs: A mesoscopic analysis

Recent trends in urban design have called for more equal treatment of all road users and have effected a shift away from the traditional concept of segregation and towards more integration. This usually translates to more pedestrian-friendly layouts with wider footways, fewer protective guardrails and lower (or even no) kerbs. Following-on from previous research on the topic, this study explores changes in pedestrian behaviour in response to integrated street design. A “mesoscopic” level of analysis is adopted, whereby the actions and revealed choices of individual pedestrians are modelled probabilistically, but without a detailed investigation into their attitudes and perceptions. Video footage from London’s Exhibition Road site during periods before and after its conversion from a conventional layout to a more integrated pedestrian-oriented design is used, and an observation scheme focusing on pedestrian actions and discernible characteristics is devised. Inferential statistics methods are used to derive models expressing two behavioural traits: walking/crossing speed, and crossing on red incidence. The results suggest that the additional space provided and the reduced crowding post-redevelopment results in pedestrians walking less hastily and close to their desired speed, while the friendlier conditions created by the street layout increase their confidence to enter the road space and cross, sometimes even on a red signal. In particular, those walking alone (rather than in a group) and walking to work (rather than leisure) appear to walk faster and are also more likely to cross on red.

Highly sensitive detection for xanthine by combining single-band red up-conversion nanoparticles and cycle signal amplification strategy based on internal filtration effect

Up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), especially single-band bright red UCNPs, have better penetration of biological tissues, absorb less lost energy, and have higher sensitivity and accuracy in the determination of actual biological samples in the field of biosensing. Here, a novel colorimetric and fluorescent dual-channel method based upon an internal filtration effect (IFE) quenching mechanism was proposed for the quantitative analysis of xanthine (XA) by using red UCNPs as fluorescence indicator and 3,3′,5,5′ -tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as chromogenic substrate. The sensitivity of the detection system was also enhanced by a cycle signal amplification strategy based on the Fenton reaction. Under the best conditions, the detection limits of XA by fluorescent and colorimetric methods were 0.58 μM and 1.19 μM, respectively. The developed method was applied to the detection of XA in actual serum samples, and the recoveries of the spiked samples by fluorescent and colorimetric methods were in the range of 96.3–104.3 % and 94.3–105.4 %, respectively. In addition, the commercial ELISA method was used to verify the application of the proposed method and the test results of XA were close to those obtained by fluorescent and colorimetric methods, indicating that the accuracy of the developed nanosensing system was acceptable.

Reaction time and brain oscillations in Go/No-go tasks with different meanings of stimulus color

Color has meaning in particular contexts, and the meaning of color can impact behavioral performance. For example, the meaning of color about traffic rules (blue/green and red mean “go” and “stop” respectively) influences reaction times (RTs) to signals. Specifically, in a Go/No-go task, RTs have been reported to be longer when responding to a red signal and withholding the response to a blue signal (Red Go/Blue No-go task) than when responding to a blue signal and withholding the response to a red signal (Blue Go/Red No-go task). However, the neurophysiological background of this phenomenon has not been fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the brain oscillatory activity associated with the effect of meaning of color on RTs in the Go/No-go task.Twenty participants performed a Blue simple reaction task, a Red simple reaction task, a Blue Go/Red No-go task, and a Red Go/Blue No-go task. We recorded responses to signals and electroencephalogram (EEG) during the tasks and evaluated RTs and changes in spectral power over time, referred to as event-related synchronization (ERS) and event-related desynchronization (ERD).The behavioral results were similar to previous studies. The EEG results showed that frontal beta ERD and theta ERS were greater when signals were presented in blue than red color in both simple reaction and Go/No-go tasks. In addition, the onset of theta ERS was delayed in the Red Go than Blue Go trial in the Go/No-go task.The enhanced beta ERD may indicate that blue signals facilitate motor response, and the delayed onset of theta ERS may indicate the delayed onset of cognitive process when responding to red signals as compared to blue signals in the Go/No-go task. Thus, this delay in cognitive process can be involved in the slow response in the Red Go/Blue No-go task.

Red light induces salicylic acid accumulation by activating CaHY5 to enhance pepper resistance against Phytophthora capsici.

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is frequently challenged by various pathogens, among which Phytophthora capsici is the most devastating to pepper production. Red light signal acts as a positive induction of plant resistance against multiple pathogens. However, little is known about how the red light signal affects pepper resistance to P. capsici infection (PCI). Here, we report that red light regulates salicylic acid (SA) accumulation by activating elongated hypocotyl5 (CaHY5), a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, thereby decreasing pepper susceptibility to PCI. Exogenous SA treatment reduced pepper susceptibility to PCI, while silencing of CaPHYB (a red light photoreceptor) increased its susceptibility. PCI significantly induced CaHY5 expression, and silencing of CaHY5 reduced SA accumulation, accompanied by decreases in the expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 3 (CaPAL3), CaPAL7, pathogenesis-related 1 (CaPR1), and CaPR1L, which finally resulted in higher susceptibility of pepper to PCI. Moreover, CaHY5 was found to activate the expression of CaPAL3 and CaPAL7, which are essential for SA biosynthesis, by directly binding to their promoters. Further analysis revealed that exogenous SA treatment could restore the resistance of CaHY5-silenced pepper plants to PCI. Collectively, this study reveals a critical mechanism through which red light induces SA accumulation by regulating CaHY5-mediated CaPAL3 and CaPAL7 expression, leading to enhanced resistance to PCI. Moreover, red light-induced CaHY5 regulates pepper resistance to PCI, which may have implications for PCI control in protected vegetable production.

Axle Counter Grounding System on The PPI Madiun Railway Using the Wenner Method

Axle counter is a railway detection equipment producing wave frequencies to count the number of axles passing over the track. The existence of a mismatch between the initial and final count numbers usually leads to a red signal and this can prevent the formation of a travel route. The components of axle counter are often damaged by lightning strikes both directly and through the distribution of excessive currents due to a poor grounding system. However, these excessive currents can be safely grounded without damaging the components through the application of a good grounding system. Therefore, this research aimed to plan an effective grounding system to anticipate the incidents using the Wenner method. Some requirements such as soil type, depth, and electrode rod diameter were used in the process to determine the appropriate resistance value. The design was made based on the simulations that closely resembled real field conditions using Aspix software and grounding resistance values were also measured directly on the field to determine the discrepancies between the planning and actual conditions.

THE IMPORTANCE OF EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE MEASURES AND THE RED SIGNAL COOPERATION PROGRAM IN ADDRESSING DOMESTIC AND FAMILY VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Domestic violence against women within the family is a very old act in society, it is a global phenomenon and has tragic implications not only for women's lives, but for society as a whole. The Covid-19 pandemic, announced in March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), led to a considerable increase in cases of domestic violence against women. As cases rose, bulletin filings declined. Furthermore, the impact on violence is highlighted due to the need for women to remain in their homes longer due to the pandemic, further aggravating cases of violence and directly affecting the reduction in reports. Due to the high rates of domestic violence, the Red Signal against Domestic Violence cooperation program was created; The central idea is that women can ask for help in pharmacies, public agencies and bank branches with a red sign drawn on the palm of their hand. Therefore, the research is based on the following problem: How have urgent protective measures and the Sinal Vermelho Cooperation Program contributed to the reduction of violence against women during social isolation? To resolve the problem, the article's central objective is to present how urgent protective measures and the Sinal Vermelho Cooperation Program have contributed to the reduction of violence against women during social isolation. The research also aims to address mechanisms capable of contributing to the reduction of domestic violence against women; Among these mechanisms, a bibliographic and historical study will be carried out on law 11,340/2006, better known as the Maria da Penha Law, with an emphasis on urgent protective measures, presenting its main advantages and criticisms, as well as Federal Law no. 14,188, of July 28, 2021, which defines the Red Light Cooperation Program against Domestic Violence provided for in Law 11,340/2006. It is noted that protective measures are important, and with the creation of the Red Signal Campaign, it is expected to achieve greater effectiveness and reach in protecting women and punishing the aggressor.

Developing a trans-multisynaptic tracer to map the neural circuit of recovered sciatic nerve after treatment with nerve growth factor

Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to support the survival and differentiation of neurons. In this study, we first developed a retrograde trans-multisynaptic tracer PRV580 expressing the mCherry fluorescent protein based on pseudorabies virus Bartha strain to map the neural circuit of sciatic nerve. Secondly, the newly developed PRV580 was used to map the neural circuit of the recovering sciatic nerve upon treatment with NGF. Our results showed that red signals from PRV580 were observed in various brain regions. Among these regions, many areas of the pyramidal system and the extra-pyramidal system had been mapped, accounting for as much as 56.8 % of the total inputs. Furthermore, we found that NGF could significantly increase the ratio of total input (29.05 %) compared to PBS (3.65 %), indicating that NGF indeed can aid in the repair of injured sciatic nerve. These findings indicated that NGF has therapeutic ability for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries and virus-based tracers can be used to monitor the recovery.

A Novel High-Priority Traffic Light System Based on a Smart Technique

In the world today, traffic congestion in most cities is a severe problem. Recently, the system used is based on a fixed-time system in traffic, which cannot provide incompetence if one or more lane has higher traffic than others. The higher traffic on one side lane needs a longer operation time for a green signal as compared to the fixed time-based systems. This paper proposed a High Priority Traffic Light system HPTL as a technique to compute the period time of green and red lights based on the density of traffic present at that time. To fix this problem an automatic traffic light control system should proposed. The proposed system will be achieved by using PIR proximity Infrared Sensors. When the density is computed, the luminous period of the green and red signal will be selected to help the microcontroller. On each roadside, the sensors can detect the traffic density and calculate the vehicles in a specific lane then forward the density value to the microcontroller. The microcontroller will select the free lane and the high-traffic lane and then assign the priority system. The proposed system is successful in investing time, reducing vehicle density, and increasing reliability.

A 2D mixed-lanthanide metal‒organic framework as dual-emitting luminescent sensor for ratiometric detection of tetracycline and nitrophenols

Solvothermal treatment of Gd(III)/Eu(III) salts with 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalic acid (H2tClbdc) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) afforded three two-dimensional lanthanide metal‒organic frameworks (MOFs), [Ln(tClbdc)(phen)(H2O)(NO3)]n (1-Ln, Ln = Gd, Eu, Eu0.03Gd0.97). The dual-emitting characteristic along with the excellent solution and photophysical stability of the mixed-lanthanide MOF 1-Eu0.03Gd0.97 make it a highly sensitive luminescent sensor to ratiometrically detect tetracycline (TC), picric acid (PA) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), with the limits of detection of 0.38 μM, 0.75 μM and 1.49 μM for TC, PA and 4-NP, respectively. The significant luminescence quenching of the lanthanide-based sensor by these organic pollutants might be ascribed to inner filtration effect (IFE), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and hydrogen-bonding and/or electrostatic interactions between the sensor and phenolic analytes. More significantly, 1-Eu0.03Gd0.97 filled mixed-matrix membranes could be employed as an easy-to-use sensory tool for visual recognition of TC by the turn-off red emission signal.

Variability of traffic-related air pollutants at two- and four-phase intersections

Traffic intersections are the hotspots of air pollution. However, pollutant variation patterns at signalized intersections remain less explored. In this study, field measurements were conducted to investigate the pollutant variability at two- and four-phase intersections in Beijing, China. Spikes were frequently observed in pollutant concentrations at a fine-temporal (1-HZ) scale that could be well-characterized using Gaussian peak functions. The mean pollutant concentrations at two-phase intersections peaked under the green signal light and decreased exponentially under the red signal light. Pollutant concentrations were significantly influenced by the signal control pattern, which higher pollutant concentrations were observed during the pedestrian-waiting phase at the two-phase intersection and during the cross-walking phase at the four-phase intersection. Additionally, intersections with shorter signal light times result in insufficient pollutant dispersion and more frequent stop-and-go by vehicles. Nevertheless, the traffic volume is the dominant factor for a higher pollution level. These results broaden our knowledge of pollutant variability at signalized intersections and have implications for the mitigation of traffic-related air pollution.

A coumarin-based fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of hazardous mercury ions in living organisms

In recent years, heavy metal mercury (II) pollutants have caused serious harm to human health and ecosystems. It has become critical to develop simple and highly selective sensing solutions for monitoring mercury (II). In this work, we designed and developed a novel fluorescent probe Coa-SH using the Hg2+-induced chemical reaction as a sensing mechanism. The probe Coa-SH showed high selectivity for the detection of Hg2+ by desulfurization reactions in solution. The test strips prepared with this probe could be applied to detect mercury ions in aqueous solutions. In addition, the probe Coa-SH provided a tool to detect Hg2+ in living systems. In living cells and zebrafish, the probe turned on bright red fluorescent signals in the presence of mercury ions. Importantly, the probe Coa-SH enabled Hg2+ detection in plant onion roots. This work provides an effective method for monitoring mercury ions in the environment and in living organisms.

Gold Nanotapes and Nanopinecones in a Quantitative Lateral Flow Assay for the Cancer Biomarker Carcinoembryonic Antigen.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death globally. Multiple studies have linked levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in patient serum to poor disease prognosis. Hence, the ability to detect low levels of carcinoembryonic antigen has applications in earlier disease diagnosis, assessment, and recurrence monitoring. Existing carcinoembryonic antigen detection methods often require multiple reagents, trained operators, or complex procedures. A method alleviating these issues is the lateral flow assay, a paper-based platform that allows the detection and quantification of target analytes in complex mixtures. The tests are rapid, are point-of-care, possess a long shelf life, and can be stored at ambient conditions, making them ideal for use in a range of settings. Although lateral flow assays typically use spherical gold nanoparticles to generate the classic red signal, recent literature has shown that alternate morphologies to spheres can improve the limit of detection. In this work, we report the application of alternative gold nanoparticle morphologies, gold nanotapes (∼35 nm in length) and gold nanopinecones (∼90 nm in diameter), in a lateral flow assay for carcinoembryonic antigen. In a comparative assay, gold nanopinecones exhibited a ∼2× improvement in the limit of detection compared to commercially available spherical gold nanoparticles for the same antibody loading and total gold content, whereas the number of gold nanopinecones in each test was ∼3.2× less. In the fully optimized test, a limit of detection of 14.4 pg/mL was obtained using the gold nanopinecones, representing a 24-fold improvement over the previously reported gold-nanoparticle-based carcinoembryonic antigen lateral flow assay.

A multicolor reversible fluorescent probe for detecting SO2 and H2O2: Revealing redox imbalance in ischemia-reperfusion model

The redox homeostasis between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) is necessary to maintain the normal physiological function of biological system. However, Due to the lack of fluorescent probes for the reversible dual detection of SO2 and H2O2, it is not clear which of the above signaling molecules predominates to cause redox state imbalance in biological systems. Herein, we designed a new muti-color reversible fluorescence probe Mito-BHY based on ICT mechanism. The probe has three different fluorescence signals (blue, green, and red) before and after reacting to SO2 and H2O2, and it can also reversibly detect SO2 and H2O2 through changes in the green and red fluorescence signals. The probe Mito-BHY has the characteristics of favorite response to SO2 and H2O2 with fast response speed, highly selectivity and biocompatibility, and can be used to monitor SO2 and H2O2 in the living cells and mice. Using Mito-BHY, we discovered that the content of H2O2 increased during cell redox imbalance and ischemia reperfusion in the mice, while the content of SO2 remained basically unchanged. This work will contribute to the understanding of the variation of SO2 and H2O2 levels, and is expected to provide an effective tool for pathological studies of redox imbalance.

Simultaneous detection of Alzheimer's biomarkers using a visual electrochemiluminescence bipolar array

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurological disorder, presents challenges in early detection due to the limitations and costs of neuropsychological tests and neuroimaging. This study introduces a visual electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing device employing red and green signal lights on dual-channel closed bipolar electrodes (BPEs) for simultaneous Aβ oligomers and Tau proteins detection. To mitigate cross-chemical reactions, we physically separated target detection and ECL production within different chambers connected by BPEs. Utilizing efficient gold clusters (Au NCs) and Ru(bpy)32+ as green and red emitters, respectively, along with methylene blue (MB) as the recognition probe on the cathode sensing platform, we achieved a detection limit of 2.6 pM for Aβ oligomers and 0.3 pM for Tau proteins by measuring visual ECL intensity at two anodic poles of BPEs. This approach minimizes cross-chemical reactions, ensures robust ECL signal sensors, and allows integration of multiple sensors on a single chip. The proposed portable bipolar electrode chips employing ECL technology show promise for early and precise Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and personal healthcare.

An effective strategy of designing “turn on” mode-based lateral flow chromatography for rapid detection of aflatoxin B1

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an extremely toxic food contaminant that has serious effects on human health. In published aptamer-based lateral flow chromatography test strips, the detection results are mostly inversely proportional to the concentration of AFB1, which is a serious violation of intuition. An aptamer sensor based on the “turn on” mode for AFB1 detection has been reported in this paper. In this paper, we use gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to present colorimetric signals and link capture sequences (SH-poly A-cDNA) to design AuNPs@SH-poly A-cDNA nanoprobes. The test strip relies on AFB1 and AuNPs@SH-poly A-cDNA competing aptamers for rapid detection of AFB1. In the absence of AFB1, the aptamer binds to AuNPs@SH-poly A-cDNA, preventing the cDNA from binding to the complementary fragment of the test line (DNAT), resulting in the disappearance of the red signal. However, in the presence of AFB1, the aptamer binds to AFB1, allowing some AuNPs@SH-poly A-cDNA not bound to the aptamer to be captured by DNAT, leading to the generation of a red signal. Regardless of the presence or absence of AFB1, the poly-A fragment of AuNPs@SH-poly A-cDNA consistently binds to the complementary sequence of the control line (DNAC) and presents a red signal. The detection results are proportional to the concentration of AFB1, which is in line with human intuitions. The development of this test strip provides a novel design idea for the detection of small molecules such as mycotoxins.