Red Signal Research Articles

Intravascular Fasciitis of the Femoral Vein Mimicking Thrombosis and Sarcoma

A 42 year old woman presented with swelling and pain of the left lower limb. Laboratory tests were unremarkable. Ultrasonography indicated left common femoral venous “thrombosis”. Venography revealed segmental vein occlusion. Computed tomography revealed an enlarged femoral vein with a hypodense mass. Magnetic resonance showed a 2.7 × 1.4 × 1.5 cm well enhanced mass (A, arrow). Intra-operative histopathological examination reported spindle cell sarcoma. Complete resection and reconstruction with great saphenous vein was performed. However, intravascular fasciitis was considered based on immunohistochemistry (smooth muscle actin positive but desmin negative), and was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation for ubiquitin specific protease 6 rearrangement (B, separation of green and red signals in blue nuclei).Image 1

Realisation of photonic memory using S-T-a-H-p structures through A-R-T Analysis

Different type of silicon based photonic memory elements are proposed in the present research with the help of two dimensional square, triangular and hexagonal photonic (S-T-a-H-p) structures. The principle of investigation for the same relies on the numerical treatment of absorbance, reflectance and transmittance (A-R-T). The reflectance is discussed through photonic band gap analysis, which is carried out with help of plane wave expansion method. The numerical examination inferred that a red signal is represented as incident signal for all types of structures, where violet, yellow and green signal act as stimulant signal for the realisation of memory application. Since all three types of photonic structure exhibits sublime outcomes pertaining to the memory application, the said structures could be robust element for optical VLSI system.

A versatile logic detector and fluorescent film based on Eu-based MOF for swift detection of formaldehyde in solutions and gas phase

Due to the huge threat of formaldehyde (FA) on human beings, the development of chemical sensors for swift detection of FA in solutions and gas phase is highly anticipated. In this paper, a versatile logic detector and a portable fluorescent film based on small-scaled Eu-based MOF were applied successfully to detect FA in solutions and gas phase, respectively. For FA in aqueous solution, the design of logic detector will efficiently identify FA in different concentration ranges: when the FA concentration are 0–500 ppb, 500–1000 ppb and >1000 ppb, the output signals of logic detector are the concentration level of FA ("L", "H" and "VH"), and accompanied by red, purple and blue signal lamps to remind, respectively. For FA in the air, the color of rigid film sensor will gradually change from red to blue with the increase of FA under UV lamp, and the detection limit of gaseous FA is 11.8 ppb. Through the preparation of logic devices and fluorescent films, Eu-based MOF realized swift detection of FA in solutions and gas phase, which will be very helpful to improve the human response level to FA from different emission sources.

Erratum. Abrogation of MMP-9 Gene Protects Against the Development of Retinopathy in Diabetic Mice by Preventing Mitochondrial Damage. Diabetes 2011;60:3023-3033.

The authors regret an error was made in the generation of Fig. 7 A . The image showing MMP-9 staining (red signal) for the 5 mmol/L glucose condition was not correct. …

Determination of trace aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) residue in milk by an immunochromatographic assay based on (PEI/PSS)4 red silica nanoparticles.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) residues in milk pose a major threat to human health, so there is an urgent need for a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination of trace AFM1 in milk. In this study, a competitive immunochromatographic assay (ICA), using visual (PEI/PSS)4 red silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) as signal amplification probes, was used for the highly sensitive detection of AFM1. The (PEI/PSS)4 red SiNPs were used to label AFM1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to prepare ICA for the detection of AFM1. After exploring the optimal conditions of mAb and immunoprobe dosage conditions, the lowest visual detection limit (VDL) of AFM1 in phosphate-buffered saline with Tween 20 (PBST, 10mM, pH7.4, containing 1% BSA, 3% sucrose, 1% trehalose, and 0.5% Tween 20) can reach 0.1pg/mL. The intuitive visually visible value of AFM1 in both PBST and milk was 10pg/mL. The results showed that the immunochromatographic system based on high chroma color (PEI/PSS)4 red SiNPs has high sensitivity and broad application prospects for the detection of trace AFM1 residues in milk. The high chroma (PEI/PSS)4 red SiNPs are expected to be a convenient biomarker for improving the sensitivity of immune chromatography bands. Graphical abstract The schematic diagram shows the detection principle. In this work, in the competitive experiment, (PEI/PSS)4 red SiNPs were selected as visual labeling materials, and the specific antibody combined with the labeled material was selected as an immune probe. The AFM1-BSA antigen coupled with the macromolecular BSA was fixed on the T line of the nitrocellulose (NC) membrane. The AFM1 in sample solution competes with AFM1-BSA for the specific binding site of immune probe. The detection sensitivity of this method for AFM1 is obtained by judging the change of the red signal intensity produced by the positive sample, compared with the color at the T line of the negative sample.

Development of a Wearable Reflection-Type Pulse Oximeter System to Acquire Clean PPG Signals and Measure Pulse Rate and SpO2 with and without Finger Motion

Clinical devices play a vital role in diagnosing and monitoring people’s health. A pulse oximeter (PO) is one of the most common clinical devices for critical medical care. In this paper, we explain how we developed a wearable PO. We propose a new electronic circuit based on an analog filter that can separate red and green photoplethysmography (PPG) signals, acquire clean PPG signals, and estimate the pulse rate (PR) and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2). We propose a PR and SpO2 measurement algorithm with and without the motion artifact. We consider three types of motion artifacts with our acquired clean PPG signal from our proposed electronic circuit. To evaluate our proposed algorithm, we measured the accuracy of our estimated SpO2 and PR. To evaluate the quality of our estimated PR (bpm) and SpO2 (%) with and without the finger motion artifact, we used the quality evaluation metrics: mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean absolute error (MAE), and reference closeness factor (RCF). Without the finger motion condition, we found that our proposed wearable PO device achieved an average 2.81% MAPE, 2.08 bpm MAE, 0.97 RCF, and 98.96% SpO2 accuracy. With a finger motion, the proposed wearable PO device achieved an average 4.5% MAPE, 3.66 bpm MAE, 0.96 RCF, and 96.88% SpO2 accuracy. We also show a comparison of our proposed PO device with a commercial Fingertip PO (FPO) device. We have found that our proposed PO device performs better than the commercial FPO device under finger motion conditions. To demonstrate the implementation of our wearable PO, we developed a smartphone app to allow the PO device to share PPG signals, PR, and SpO2 through Bluetooth communication. We also show the possible applications of our proposed PO as a wearable, hand-held PO device, and a PPG signal acquisition system.

Factors associated with the red-light running behavior characteristics of motorcyclists

Red-Light Running (RLR) is one of the significant safety problems and the riskiest riding behavior at the mixed traffic intersections. This study aims to explore the rider's violation characteristics and factors influencing the occurrences. Observed data were recorded by the video cameras to monitor a rider's crossing behavior. The red-light runners are classified into the Risk-taking, the Opportunistic, and the Traffic-following riders. The results reveal that most violators are the opportunistic riders. These riders first stop and cross the intersection during the late stage of the red signal. Factors associated with each violation characteristic are unique. The opportunistic riders are likely to be on the right-turn maneuver, driving the manual gear motorcycles, not wearing safety helmets, driving at night, and have narrower crossing distances. Mapping the influencing factors on the chain of events provides useful information for countermeasures development. Based on the findings, the integrated measures to modify the environments and raise awareness are proposed to improve motorcycles' safety in the mixed traffic.

Cytochrome c light-up graphene oxide nanosensor for the targeted self-monitoring of mitochondria-mediated tumor cell death

Targeting mitochondria-mediated apoptosis has emerged as a promising strategy for tumor therapy. However, technologies used to treat tumors that enable the direct visualization of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in living cells have not been developed to date. Cytochrome c (Cyt c) translocation from mitochondria is a central mediating event in cell apoptosis. In this study, we developed a multifunctional nanosensor that can monitor the real-time translocation of Cyt c from mitochondria in living cells to evaluate the antitumor effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA). A fluorophore-tagged DNA aptamer is loaded on a graphene oxide (GO)-based nanovehicle, and the cytosolic release of Cyt c causes the dissociation of the aptamer from the GO nanovehicle and triggers the emission of a red fluorescence signal. Furthermore, DHA linked with a coumarin derivative is loaded on GO as a mitochondria-targeting ligand to improve its antitumor activity. This DHA prodrug also emits a green fluorescence signal when delivered to mitochondria. This nanosensor provides a convenient mechanism to monitor mitochondrial targeting by drugs and mitochondria-induced therapeutic efficacy, which may be possible to diagnose the drug efficacy to optimize the treatment for patients with cancer.

Eco-Driving of Autonomous Vehicles for Nonstop Crossing of Signalized Intersections

This article is devoted to the development of an optimal speed profile for autonomous vehicles in order to cross a signalized intersection without stopping. The design objective is to achieve both a short travel time and low energy consumption by taking full advantage of the traffic light information based on vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. The eco-driving problem is formulated as an optimal control problem. For the case where the vehicles are in free-flow mode, we derive a real-time on-line analytical solution, distinguishing our method from most existing approaches based on numerical calculations. Under mild assumptions, the optimal eco-driving algorithm is readily extended to cases where the free-flow mode does not apply due to the presence of interfering traffic. Extensive simulations are provided to compare the performance of autonomous vehicles under the proposed speed profile and human-driven vehicles. The results show quantitatively the advantages of the proposed algorithm in terms of energy consumption and travel time. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —This article is motivated by the requirements for increased safety, increased efficiency in energy consumption, and lower congestion in signalized intersections. We take advantage of the traffic signal phase and timing information based on vehicle to infrastructure communication, and use the information to plan the vehicle’s trajectory to avoid the red traffic signal. An optimal speed profile is developed to achieve a trade-off between minimizing trip time and avoiding unnecessary braking and acceleration which corresponds to minimizing energy consumption. We then show how such a speed profile can be efficiently computed and control the motion of an autonomous vehicle (or serve as an intelligent speed advisory system for human-driven vehicles) leading to a safe, time-efficient, and energy-efficient trip. A video of a real autonomous vehicle test implementing our control algorithm can be found at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-ao4szeLYo</uri> .

Study of pattern of injuries sustained by two-wheeler drivers in a tertiary care hospital of Bhopal city

Road Traffic Accident (RTA) is one of the major causes of death and disability in India, especially among two-wheeler drivers due to over speeding, carelessness, stunts on road, ignorance of safety measures and alcohol. It accounts for considerable loss of the nation in terms of life and property. To study the pattern of injuries among two-wheeler drivers in relation to different parameters in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bhopal City. The present study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital of Bhopal city. All the 2-wheeler drivers who were victims of Road traffic accidents &amp; who reported to the emergency department of the study place during study period (from 1 January to 31 December 2017) were included in the study. Various parameters like age, gender of the victims, time of accident, seasonal variations, factor responsible for accident, types of injury sustained by the victims in relation to the use of helmet while driving and consumption of alcohol, duration of stay in the hospital and outcome of different injuries were considered. There was a clear-cut male preponderance (85.21%) with maximum involvement of younger age groups (21- 30 Years). Most of the accidents have been taken place in evening hours (6 pm to 12 midnight). The type of injury sustained in majority of cases was multiple injuries followed by head injury, among them most of the victims (79.68%) were not wearing the helmet. The most common factor responsible for the accidents (34.25%) was Rash Driving. Due to increasing population, increasing number of vehicles and over-burdened traffic, the incidence of RTA is rising especially in two-wheeler drivers and passengers. There is loss of productive and young lives of Country. It is very common to consume alcohol, not using protective measures, reckless driving, crossing the red signal especially in younger generation due to increasing work load of education and employment.

Development of a Fluorescence-Based Caries Scoring System for an Intraoral Scanner: An in vitro Study

Objectives: To develop an automated fluorescence-based caries scoring system for an intraoral scanner and totest the performance of the system compared to state-of-the-art methods. Methods: Seventy-three permanent posterior teeth were scanned with a three-dimensional (3D) intraoral scanner prototype which emitted light at 415 nm. An overlay representing the fluorescence signal from the tissue was mapped onto 3D models of the teeth. Multiple examination sites (n = 139) on the occlusal surfaces were chosen, and their red and green fluorescence signal components were extracted. These components were used to calculate 4 mathematical functions upon which a caries scoring system for the scanner prototype could be based. Visual-tactile (International Caries Detection and Assessment System, ICDAS), radiographic (ICDAS), and histological assessments were conducted on the same examination sites. Results: Most index tests showed significant correlation with histology. The strongest correlation was observed for the visual-tactile examination (r_s = 0.80) followed by the scanner supported by the caries classification function that quantifies the overall fluorescence compared to sound surfaces (r_s = 0.78). Additionally, this function resulted in the highest intra-examiner reliability (κ = 0.964), and the highest sum of sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) (sum SE-SP: 1.60–1.84) at the 2 histological levels where the comparison with visual-tactile assessment was possible (κ = 0.886, sum SE-SP = 1.57–1.81) and at the 3 out of 4 histological levels where the comparison with radiographic assessment was possible (κ = 0.911, sum SE-SP = 1.37–1.78); the only exception was for the lesions in the outer third of dentin, where the radiographic assessment showed the highest sum SE-SP (1.78). Conclusion: A fluorescence-based caries scoring system was developed for the intraoral scanner showing promising performance compared to state-of-the-art caries detection methods. The intraoral scanner accompanied by an automated caries scoring system may improve objective caries detection and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of oral examinations. Furthermore, this device has the potential to support reliable monitoring of early caries lesions.

Assessment and forecasting of eco-environmental early-warning system for shale gas production in a pressure-state-response framework

ABSTRACT Shale gas plays a significant strategic role in improving energy security and optimizing the energy mix for China. However, the potential environmental impacts are becoming an extremely serious problem with the rapid development of shale gas in China. This paper presents how to select and optimize a set of tailored eco-environmental early-warning indicators coupled with subjective and objective methods in a pressure-state-response (PSR) framework. An early-warning methodology is proposed based on the composite index method and gray prediction model to assess and predict eco-environmental problems of shale gas production. Meanwhile, the early-warning signals are designed based on the status quo of Changning shale gas play, one of the most favorable plays in China, which could send the different signals timely once the early-warning tipping points are broken. We find that Changning shale gas play had a severe warning with yellow signals from 2018 to 2019 and red signals from 2020 to 2023, and the projects have to be stopped if there are no more powerful and effective actions since 2020. The positive effects at the response level cannot offset the increasing negative influences at the pressure level, and methane emissions might be the potent greenhouse gas when extracting shale gas. The results show that the workers or managers on site could take more proactive actions and make better decisions to curb environment deterioration since the early-warning system is more practical and easier to understand and use for non-experts in practice.

Metaproteomic analysis of harmful algal bloom in the Daechung reservoir, Korea

The present study aimed to analyze the metaproteome of the microbial community comprising harmful algal bloom (HAB) in the Daechung reservoir, Korea. HAB samples located at GPS coordinates of 36°29’N latitude and 127°28’E longitude were harvested in October 2013. Microscopic observation of the HAB samples revealed red signals that were presumably caused by the autofluorescence of chlorophyll and phycocyanin in viable cyanobacteria. Metaproteomic analysis was performed by a gelbased shotgun proteomic method. Protein identification was conducted through a two-step analysis including a forward search strategy (FSS) (random search with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Cyanobase, and Phytozome), and a subsequent reverse search strategy (RSS) (additional Cyanobase search with a decoy database). The total number of proteins identified by the two-step analysis (FSS and RSS) was 1.8-fold higher than that by one-step analysis (FSS only). A total of 194 proteins were assigned to 12 cyanobacterial species (99 mol%) and one green algae species (1 mol%). Among the species identified, the toxic microcystin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843 (62.3%) species was the most dominant. The largest functional category was proteins belonging to the energy category (39%), followed by metabolism (15%), and translation (12%). This study will be a good reference for monitoring ecological variations at the meta-protein level of aquatic microalgae for understanding HAB.

A novel ratiometric fluorescent probe for selective detection and imaging of H2S.

In this work, a novel phenoxazine-based fluorescent probe BPO-N3 was developed to detect H2S. The results showed that the probe had high selectivity and sensitivity toward H2S, and its detection mechanism was based the ratio between green and red fluorescence signals; its detection limit was as low as 30nM. The fluorescent imaging experiments further showed that the probe BPO-N3 could successfully detect endogenous and exogenous H2S in living cells. This probe can be used as a powerful tool for in-depth study of H2S function in various physiological processes.

Electronic spectroscopy and photophysics of calix[4]azulene

Calix[4]azulene is a non-alternant aromatic calixarene composed of four azulene chromophores linked by methylene groups. Its photochemical stability, photophysical properties and an analysis of its electronic spectra are reported using monomeric azulene as a known reference standard. The molecule is stable when excited in its visible and near uv absorptions and, unlike azulene, produces no measurable “anti-Kasha” fluorescence when excited to its second excited singlet state, S2. This lack of fluorescence places the lifetime of the initially excited, photochemically stable S2 species at less than 1 picosecond. A significant, bathochromic shift of the S2 absorption band system in the calixarene, and the appearance of an additional weak, broad absorption immediately to the red signals significant intramolecular chromophore interaction. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy using excitation in this red-shifted tail of the S2 band system reveals a very weak transient signal most of which decays within one ps, but with suggestions of a slightly longer-lived underlying component. No longer-lived T1 triplet transient is observed. A complete analysis of the data using monomeric azulene as a reference suggests, following elimination of several alternate mechanisms, that the initially excited S2 species may be relaxing via a novel singlet-singlet fission process.

Testosterone regulates CYP2J19-linked carotenoid signal expression in male red-backed fairywrens (Malurus melanocephalus).

Carotenoid pigments produce most red, orange and yellow colours in vertebrates. This coloration can serve as an honest signal of quality that mediates social and mating interactions, but our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control carotenoid signal production, including how different physiological pathways interact to shape and maintain these signals, remains incomplete. We investigated the role of testosterone in mediating gene expression associated with a red plumage sexual signal in red-backed fairywrens (Malurus melanocephalus). In this species, males within a single population can flexibly produce either red/black nuptial plumage or female-like brown plumage. Combining correlational analyses with a field-based testosterone implant experiment and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we show that testosterone mediates expression of carotenoid-based plumage in part by regulating expression of CYP2J19, a ketolase gene associated with ketocarotenoid metabolism and pigmentation in birds. This is, to our knowledge, the first time that hormonal regulation of a specific genetic locus has been linked to carotenoid production in a natural context, revealing how endocrine mechanisms produce sexual signals that shape reproductive success.

Effects of countdown timers on traffic safety at signalized intersections

Improving safety is one of the most important tasks of traffic engineering. In the road network, intersections are the places where conflicts most often occur. Therefore, these objects are of particular interest to engineers, designers and researchers. The possibilities of using modern technologies give a chance not only to achieve greater traffic efficiency, but also to ensure safe passing for all road users. One of such solutions are countdown timers, i.e. support devices for traffic lights which show the time (in seconds) remaining before the currently displayed signal on traffic light change. In some Polish cities those devices are installed on a growing number of intersections. However, the introduction of such new solutions without prior examination of their impact on safety is not recommended. The use of countdown timers at signalized intersections changes the way traffic control signals are perceived by drivers. To compare the impact of the device on the behavior of drivers, three different intersections have been selected depending on the function of the intersection in the transportation network. The measurements were made in two periods of research: for a week with enabled and disabled countdown timer devices. This article is a continuation of the previous research work carried out by the authors on determining the impact of the countdown timers on traffic conditions. The aim of this article is to show results of the analysis of the time distribution of vehicles entering the crossroads during the red signal for different type of the intersections. The results of the case study show that the countdown timer devices improve safety. Depending on types of intersections during the research with the enabled countdown timers from 22,65% to 32,03% less of the vehicles drove into the crossroads in a prohibited period.

A design strategy of dual-ratiomentric optical probe based on europium-doped carbon dots for colorimetric and fluorescent visual detection of anthrax biomarker

In this work, a novel dual-ratiometric optical probe based on europium-doped carbon dots (Eu-CDs) was developed for colorimetric and fluorescent visual sensing dipicolinic acid (DPA), a anthrax biomarker. Eu-CDs with recessive signals were prepared via thermal pyrolysis method. And the magenta appears when Eu-CDs coordinates with Eriochrome Black T (EBT). Based on the ligand displacement strategy, DPA reduces magenta and makes blue appear, which develop ratiometric colorimetric visual detection methods of DPA. Under 270 nm excitation, DPA make the red fluorescence signal of Eu in EBT-CDs@Eu appear, based on the absorbance-energy transfer-emission effect, the ratiometric fluorescent visual detection assay of DPA has been developed. Based above, dual-ratiometric optical probe was designed successfully. The limit of detection (LOD) is 10.6 nM for ratio colorimetric assay. More prominently, naked-eye determination of DPA without instrument is as low as 1.0 μM. Furthermore, its practicability was verified by quantifying the DPA in Bacillus subtilis spores and human urine (with RSD≤2.35%). The sensor shows great superiority in on-site analysis of DPA, especially in limited instruments conditions.

Prenatal diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 2 and literature review

BackgroundWe presented two cases of mosaic trisomy 2 with high risk of maternal serum screening and non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). The invasive amniocentesis was performed and genetic tests including karyotype, single nucleotide polymorphism array(SNP-array), interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were employed to detect the chromosomal abnormality.ResultsCytogentic analysis of the case 1 and 2 showed a mosaic karyotype consisting of two cell lines (mos 47,XY,+2[8]/46,XY[19] and mos 47,XX,+2[7]/46,XX[28], respectively). SNP-array using DNA extracted from uncultured amniotic fluid cells revealed a result of arr[GRCh38](2)x2~3, which indicated that chromosome 2 may be trisomy of mosaicism in both two cases. The results of interphases FISH confirmation test showed that three red signals of the CEP 2 specific probe in 14%(14/100) and 12%(12/100) of the two cases’ cells, respectively, which indicated a mosaicism for trisomy 2 in the uncultured amniocytes. Fetal ultrasound of case 1 suggested that the long bone is smaller than the gestational age, while the case 2 showed that the biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC) and femur length (FL) were smaller than gestational age along with abnormal cardiac structure.ConclusionsWe presented two cases with mosaic trisomy 2 and performed confirmatory genetic testing using cultured and uncultured amniocytes. When maternal serum screening and NIPT suggesting high risk, genetic counselor should be alert for increasing possibility of chromosomal anomalies if combined with abnormal ultrasound findings.

Effect of phytochrome-mediated red light signaling on phosphorus uptake and accumulation in rice

ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient essential for plant growth and productivity. Plants uptake P as inorganic phosphate (Pi); however, in the natural ecosystem, Pi availability is frequently a severe limiting factor for plant growth. Thus, plants have evolved several mechanisms, such as the expression of Pi starvation-responsive genes, to adapt to Pi deficient conditions. Although we recently reported that phytochrome (Phy)-mediated red light signaling promotes Pi uptake by increasing expression levels of such genes in the model plant Arabidopsis, it remains elusive whether a similar mechanism exists in agricultural crops. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of red light signaling on Pi uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using osphyA and osphyB single mutants, and the osphyA osphyB double mutant. Unlike osphyA seedlings, osphyB seedlings showed a reduction in Pi uptake and Pi content. Furthermore, illumination of wild-type seedlings with red light significantly promoted Pi uptake, whereas illumination with blue or far-red light did not. The osphyB mutant showed reduced expression levels of several Pi starvation-responsive genes including Pi transporter genes. Additionally, these phenotypes of osphyB knockout mutants were much more evident under Pi deficient conditions than under Pi sufficient conditions. Moreover, red light promoted Pi uptake in seedlings of other plant species including broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) and lettuce (Latuca sativa L.). These results suggest that OsPhyB-mediated red light signaling promotes Pi uptake in rice by up-regulating the expression of Pi starvation response-associated genes, and this phenomenon may be conserved in a wide range of plant species.