Red Onion Extract Research Articles

Comparison of the Use of Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) of Red Onion and Shallot Extracts on the Growth of Green Spinach Plants (Amaranthus sp.)

Green spinach is one type of vegetable commodity that the people of Indonesia most widely consume because it has a relatively high nutritional content such as iron, vitamin C, protein, and carbohydrates. However, currently, there is a decrease in green spinach vegetable productivity in Indonesia due to several things, including cultivation techniques that could be more optimal, low seed quality, and limited application of agricultural technology. For this reason, agrarian intensification is needed by using natural plant growth regulators (PGR) to increase the growth of green spinach. Red onions and shallots are part of the allium genus, which has growth phytohormones, namely auxin and gibberellins, which have the potential to be natural PGR. This study aims to compare the use of red onion and shallot extracts in increasing the growth of green spinach plants. The research design used was a randomised group design (RGD) with variations in extract concentrations (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%). Parameters of observation of green spinach plant growth are plant height, number of leaves, leaf circumference, and wet biomass of harvested plants. The application of red onion and shallot extracts was carried out on green spinach plants aged seven days after planting (DAP) with a time interval of 1 week until 28 DAP. Observation of green spinach plant growth parameters began at the age of 14-35 DAP. Statistical analysis of the data using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) further t-test a 5% significance level. The results showed that red onion and shallot extracts affected all observed growth parameters of green spinach plants. Shallot extract with a concentration of 45% gave the best results on all green spinach plant growth parameters.

Integrated enzymatic hydrolysis of crude red onion extract and yeast treatment for production and purification of short-chain inulin and inulin neoseries oligosaccharides

As has been confirmed in our previous study, red onion is a promising source of inulin-fructan, inulin neoseries fructan, and their fructooligosaccharides (FOSs). Short-chain FOSs (SCFOSs) are potential prebiotics as they provide many health promoting benefits. However, short-chain inulin neoseries oligosaccharides isolated from plants have scarcely been studied. After prebiotic production, a purification step is essential to produce a functional prebiotic. The aim of this study was to develop new processes of integrated enzymatic hydrolysis of crude red onion extract and yeast treatment for production and purification of SCFOSs. Endo-inulinase is a key enzyme for hydrolysis of crude red onion extract to produce SCFOSs, while Candida orthopsilosis FLA44.2 was employed for purification of the produced SCFOSs. Three different strategies, including two-step (TSP), simultaneous (SP), and semi-simultaneous (SSP) production processes, were designed and investigated as potentially simple, cost-effective, and timesaving production processes. The SP and SSP processes met the objective criteria by exhibiting desirable yields of SCFOSs and the optimal purity of SCFOSs when compared with the TSP process. Notably, the SP process was highlighted as it was simpler than the SSP process. Under optimal conditions (0.4 U of endo-inulinase/g total fructans, 5 % v/v of yeast inoculum and reaction time of 72 h), the SP process conducted in 1-dm3 flasks produced SCFOSs of 87 g/dm3 with neo-GF2 as the main constituent (42 g/dm3) and a purity of 100 %. The ratio of total SCFOSs to total fructans was 0.93 indicating that fructans of the red onion extract have been transformed to SCFOSs.

Development of White Cabbage, Coffee, and Red Onion Extracts as Natural Phosphodiesterase-4B (PDE4B) Inhibitors for Cognitive Dysfunction: In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

Human cognition fundamentally depends on memory. Alzheimer's disease exhibits a strong correlation with a decline in this factor. Phosphodiesterase-4 B (PDE4B) plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative disorders, and its inhibition is one of the promising approaches for memory enhancement. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites in white cabbage, coffee, and red onion extracts and identify their molecular interaction with PDE4B by in silico and in vitro experiments. Crushed white cabbage and red onion were macerated separately with ethanol to yield respective extracts, and ground coffee was boiled with water to produce aqueous extract. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry was used to examine the phytochemicals present in white cabbage, coffee, and red onion extracts. Molecular docking studies were performed to know the interaction of test compounds with PDE4B. TLC-densitometry analysis showed that chlorogenic acid and quercetin were detected as major compounds in coffee and red onion extracts, respectively. In silico studies revealed that alpha-tocopherol (binding free energy (∆Gbind) = -38.00 kcal/mol) has the strongest interaction with PDE4B whereas chlorogenic acid (∆Gbind = -21.50 kcal/mol) and quercetin (∆Gbind = -17.25 kcal/mol) exhibited moderate interaction. In vitro assay showed that the combination extracts (cabbage, coffee, and red onion) had a stronger activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.12 ± 0.03 µM) than combination standards (sinigrin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin) (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.03 µM) and rolipram (IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.008 µM). Thus, the combination extracts are a promising cognitive enhancer by blocking PDE4B activity.

Electrospun nanofibers based on zein and red onion bulb extract (Allium cepa, L.): Volatile compounds, hydrophilicity, and antioxidant activity.

Onion is rich in bioactive and volatile compounds with antioxidant activity. However, the pungent odor of volatile compounds (VOCs) released restricts its use. The encapsulation of red onion extract by electrospinning is an alternative to mask this odor and protect its bioactive compounds. The main objective of this study was to encapsulate red onion bulb extract (ROE) in different concentrations into zein nanofibers by electrospinning and evaluate their thermal, antioxidant, and hydrophilicity properties. The major VOC in ROE was 3(2H)-furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl. Incorporating ROE into the polymeric solutions increased electrical conductivity and decreased apparent viscosity, rendering nanofibers with a lower average diameter. The loading capacity of ROE on fibers was high, reaching 91.5% (10% ROE). The morphology of the nanofibers was random and continuous; however, it showed beads at the highest ROE concentration (40%). The addition of ROE to the nanofibers increased their hydrophilicity. The nanofibers' antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals ranged from 32.5% to 57.3%. The electrospun nanofibers have the potential to protect and mask VOCs. In addition, they offer a sustainable alternative to the synthetic antioxidants commonly employed in the food and packaging industry due to their antioxidant activities.

The effect of PGR red onion extract on the growth and yield of green mustard plants (Brassica juncea L.)

Mustard plants are green plants that can be cultivated easily in various climatic conditions and can be consumed as a companion to cooking. In addition, mustard plants have enough content to meet the human body's needs. Giving a combination of PGR concentration of red onion extract and the right combination of media composition can affect mustard plants' growth and propagation system. This study aims to determine the effect of PGR red onion extract and the best composition of planting media, as well as to know whether there is an interaction between PGR and the composition of planting media regarding the growth and production of mustard plants. Sample selection is carried out using random sampling techniques in each population. The study was conducted in July-August 2023 in the Pasuruan City area using the 2-factor RAK (Group Random Design) research method. The first factor is the concentration of PGR, which consists of control (T0), concentration of 10% (T1), concentration of 20% (T2), and concentration of 30% (T3). The second factor is the composition of the planting medium with a ratio of soil, husk charcoal, and manure, namely (1: 2: 1) and (1: 1: 2). The results showed that the PGR factor of red onion extract with a concentration of 30% had a very real influence and gave the best results on the parameters of plant height, leaf width, and wet biomass of mustard plants. Planting media factors significantly affect and provide the best results in 1: 1: 2 treatment regarding plant height parameters at age 35-42 HST and wet biomass of mustard plants. The interaction between PGR and planting media has a real effect on the wet biomass of plants but does not have a real effect on plant height and leaf width of mustard plants.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L.) sebagai Zat Pengatur Tumbuh pada Benih Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a beverage crop with high economic value. Provision of natural PGR, namely red unions, which will be extracted. This study aimed to determine the effect of red onionxtract (Allium cepa L.) as a growth regulator on cocoa seeds. The research was conducted at a screen house at the Polytechnic of Agricultural Development Manokwari (Politeknik Pembangunan Pertanian Manokwari). The study method used was a completely randomized design (CRD), using five treatments and 20 replications, so the number of samples was 100 seeds. The treatments tested on cocoa plant seeds P0 (control), P1 (25% concentration of red onion extract), P2 (50% concentration of red onion extract), P3 (75% concentration of red onion extract), and P4 (100% concentration of red onion extract). The measurement variables included germination percentage, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and seedling growth percentage. Differences in the concentration of growth regulators of red onion extract had a significantly different effect on seedling percentage and seed growth percentage and had a significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves of cocoa seedlings. Soaked cocoa seeds in red union extract with a concentration of 25% give optimum results.

Effectiveness of Concentration and Soaking Time of Red Onion Extract on Growth and Flowering Time Roses Cuttings (Rosa centifolia L.)

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji efektivitas konsentrasi dan lama perendaman ekstrak bawang merah terhadap pertumbuhan dan waktu pembungaan stek mawar. Bahan uji menggunakan 45 batang mawar kubis (Rosa centifolia L.) yang diperoleh dari kebun masyarakat di daerah Bringin, Salatiga. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan 3 kali ulangan. Kelompok yang digunakan berdasarkan bahan baku stek, antara lain stek batang atas, tengah dan bawah. Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi ekstrak bawang merah dengan 5 taraf yaitu kontrol atau konsentrasi ekstrak bawang merah 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100% serta faktor kedua adalah lama perendaman 4 jam, 6 jam dan 8 jam sehingga terdapat 45 unit percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan konsentrasi ekstrak bawang merah 50% mampu meningkatkan jumlah tunas, jumlah daun dan bobot segar total, perlakuan konsentrasi 75% memacu waktu berbunga serta konsentrasi 100% meningkatkan panjang akar. Lama perendaman ekstrak bawang merah 6 jam mampu meningkatkan panjang akar, sedangkan lama perendaman 8 jam meningkatkan jumlah daun. Konsentrasi ekstrak bawang merah 75% pada lama perendaman 4 jam serta konsentrasi 50% pada lama perendaman 8 jam mampu meningkatkan bobot kering total tanaman.

EFEKTIFITAS EKSTRAK BAWANG MERAH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BENIH STROBERI (fragaria chiloensis L.)

One effort made by farmers to increase the production of strawberry plants is by using external seeds, for example, California and Mencir. The use of these seeds is a difficult thing because these seeds are quite expensive and difficult to obtain, although these seeds can produce high productivity but can also have a negative impact on the resistance of these seeds, so for strawberry cultivation you can use growth regulators (ZPT).The use of growth regulators is one of the efforts that can be made to increase plant growth. There are two types of growth regulators, namely natural growth regulators and synthetic (artificial) growth regulators. Natural growth regulators have more economic value, because these growth regulators are easier on the environment than artificial growth regulators (Tana and Bumbungan, 2017). The method used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) and the treatment was shallot extract(Allium cepa L.)which consisted of 6 levels with 3 repetitions and each repetition consisted of 5 samples, with doses of K0 = 0ml/100ml, K1 = 20ml/100ml, 40ml/100ml, 80ml/100ml, and 100ml/100ml of water. The number of plants in the study was P x T x U = 6 x 5 x 3 = 90 plants. The onion extract treatment had different results. It is known that the treatment with the concentration of onion extract ml/100ml of water) which gave the highest yield on the growth percentage variable, namely 93.3%. then all treatments of red onion extract concentrations gave the same average on the variables when shoots appeared, namely 7 daysGrowth of shoots on strawberry plants andat concentrations of 20ml/100ml, 40ml/100ml, 60ml/100ml, 80ml/100ml, and 100ml/100ml growth in plant height increased, then on the variable number of leaves with K1 concentration (20ml/100ml water) the average number of leaves was 3 to 4 strands at a concentration of shallot extract 20%/100ml. So it can be concluded that there is a significant effect on the application of shallot extract in the growing percentage of strawberry plants and the most effective dose in the growing percentage of strawberry plants is K2.

Growth of leaf cutting of orange lemon (Citrus limon L. Osbeck) with red onion extract treatment

Cultivation of lemons needs to be increased due to the increasing demand for lemons. This requires a large amount of seedling. One alternative material for cuttings for lemongrass nurseries with lots of supplies is leaf cuttings. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of onion extract concentration on the growth of leaf cuttings and to determine the best concentration of shallot extract on the growth of leaf cuttings. The experimental research was in the form of extract treatment, which consisted of 5 levels, namely control (without immersion), immersion in water, 10% onion extract, 20% onion extract and 30% shallot extract. Leaf cuttings were soaked in onion extract at various concentrations for 2 hours. The observed variables included the percentage of living cuttings, the percentage of roots formed, the number of roots, the length of the roots, the percentage of damaged leaves, the percentage of shoots formed and the length of shoots. All treatments showed 100% survival rate and root formation percentage. Treatment of 20% onion extract can increase the number of roots, root length, percentage of shoots formed and shoot length from lemon lime leaf cuttings at 60 days after observation. The results of this study provide information that cuttings from leaves can be used as an alternative in the vegetative propagation of lemon and onion extracts as an alternative to growth regulators.

Effect of Soaking Time’s Variation of Red Onion (Allium Cepa L) Extracts on Formalin Content in Mackerel Tuna (Euthynnus Affinis)

Mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) is one of the most popular foods in the community since it is affordable and has complete nutritional content. It is a frozen fish food product so the storage period of which is relatively short. In addition, it is possible to add formalin on which. Formalin is a substance that is prohibited from being used due to its dangerous effects. The content of saponin compounds found in red onions (Allium cepa L) can be used to reduce formalin levels. This study aimed to determine the effect of variations in the soaking time of red onion extract on the formalin level in mackerel tuna and the optimal soaking time for reducing formalin levels. This study used an experimental method with a posttest control group design. The treatment was given by soaking red onion extract at a concentration of 10% in mackerel tuna containing formalin with variations in soaking time of 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours which were tested quantitatively using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Then, the data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA statistical parametric test and a post hoc test using Duncan's test (DMRT). The decrease of the formalin levels by soaking the onion extract for 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours was 10.61%, 41%, and 73%, respectively. The result showed that there was an effect of the soaking time of red onion extract on formalin levels (p-value 0.05), and the optimal time of soaking onion extract to reduce the formalin content of the samples was 3 hours.

Nutritional, Phytochemicals, GC-MS and Antibacterial Activities of Aqueous Red Onion (Allium cepa) Extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Background of Study: Onion (Allium cepa) plant has been used for multiple purposes both for modern and traditional medicine. The study evaluates the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and antibacterial activities of aqueous red onion (Allium cepa) and azithromycin solution against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
 Methodology: The AAS, GC-MS and phytochemical screening of the aqueous red onion (Allium cepa) extract were determined using standard procedures. Antibacterial activities were determined by agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined using standard procedure.
 Results: Mineral analysis shows that the minerals that were found in the red onion are: Na, Mg, Fe, Ca, K, Al and Cu. Aqueous extract of Allium cepa shows the presence of secondary metabolites like: saponin, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, reducing sugar, steroids etc. 56 compounds were identified using GC-MS analysis with 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- being the most abundant with peak area of 50.50% and retention time of 16.563. The results revealed that aqueous A. cepa extract with concentration of 250 mg/ml showed strong response against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with zone of inhibition of 22.67±1.585 and 28.18±1.689 respectively. At 100 mg/ml, the onion extract exhibited weak and moderate response against both organisms. The azithromycin solution has zone of inhibition values that ranges from 9.25 ± 0.73 to 20.03 ± 1.16 mm for both organisms tested at 5.00 and 20.00 mg/mL respectively. The MIC values of the azithromycin solution and aqueous red onion extract for S. aureus and E. coli were 31.25, 31.25, 500 and 250 mg/mL while their MBC values were 62.50, 62.50, 1000.00 and 500.00 mg/ml respectively. MBC/MIC values indicate that azithromycin solution and aqueous red onion extract had bactericidal effects on both organisms tested. The red onion has potential as natural therapeutic agents and may prevent pathogenic diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

The Effect Of Kind Of Manure With Stale Rice and Onion Extra Biovactors on Growth And Production Of Waxy Purple Corn (Zea mays var. ceratina Kulesh)

This study aimed to find out the interaction and effect of various kinds of manure with stale rice bioactivator and red onion extract. This study was conducted in Tanjung Perdana Village, Pondok Kubang District, Central Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province. The design used was Completely Randomized Design (RAK) treatment 1, which was manure with stale rice bioactivator A0 (Control), A1 (Chicken Manure), A2 (Goat Manure), A3 (Cow Manure). The second treatment was red onion extract B0 (Control), B1 (0.75 ml/l), B2 (1.5 ml/l), B3 (2.25 ml/l). Each treatment was repeated 3 times in order to obtain 48 experimental units with 3 plants in each experimental unit so that 144 plants were obtained. The result indicated that various types of manure treatment with stale rice bioactivator had no significant effect of all abserved parameters. The treatment red onion extract had a very significant effect on cob length and significantly effected stem diameter 56 DAP, plant wet weight, and plant dry weight. Meanwhile, in this study, there was no interaction between various types of manure treatment with stale rice bioactivator and red onion extract on all observed parameters.

Antioxidant activity and protective effect of the outer scales hydroalcoholic extract of Allium cepa L. var. Tropea on toxicity damage induced by Cadmium in Caco-2 cells.

The characterization of bioactive metabolites and the protective effects against Cadmium (Cd) of the hydroalcoholic extract from Allium cepa var. Tropea (Tropea red onion) in human Caco-2 colon adenocarcinoma cells and in vitro antioxidant effects were investigated. Tropea red onion extract showed high levels of bioactive compounds and a strong activity as radical scavenger and inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. The most abundant specialized metabolites were quercetin derivatives. In addition, the extract inhibited NO release in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure of Cd treated human Caco-2cells to the Tropea red onion extract resulted in a higher cytoprotection with a significant falloff of cells damage produced by Cd. The effect of Tropea red onion evaluated with the MTT assay and LDH test, was time-dependent and more evident after 24h of treatment. Caco-2cells treated with the Tropea red onion extract and CdCl2 at 24h showed a significant cytoprotection at concentrations equal to 50μg/mL + 25μM and 100μg/mL + 25μM while at 72h at a concentration of 25μg/mL + 25μM. We observed with MTT and LDH assays that treatment of cells with Tropea red onion extract at 24h was able to significantly prevent Cd-induced cytotoxicity alone.

Correlation Study of Biological Activity with Quercetin and Phenolics Content in Onion Extracts

In this study it was shown that the fungistatic and antioxidant activities of onion extracts are related to the type of liquid used as the extractant and the technique of its preparation. A change in the antioxidant properties of white and red onion extracts was demonstrated with the change of the temperature of the pressurized hot water extraction process, which can be easily related to the changes accompanying the process of thermal processing of vegetables and fruits during cooking. Owing to the experimental and mathematical approaches concerning both the main and characteristic components of onions, i.e., quercetin and phenols, respectively, with the biological activity of the extracts, it was possible to demonstrate the significant share of these compounds in the antifungal and antioxidant properties of the extracts. Considering that the research was carried out, inter alia, on onion husks, demonstrating a very high potential of biological properties of this waste material from agricultural production, the research results presented in the paper should encourage the popularization of the use of this so far underestimated raw material for the production of various functional materials.

Peningkatan Pertumbuhan Bibit Kopi Arabica (Coffea arabica) terhadap Lama Perendaman Ekstrak Bawang Merah dan Perbandingan Beberapa Media Tanam

Coffee is one of the most important commodities in the world and ranks second after crude palm oil (CPO). One of the efforts that can be done to increase coffee production is to improve the quality of seeds. There are many obstacles in this effort because coffee needs to use several ways to speed up germination. One of the characteristics of coffee that makes it difficult to germinate is that the seeds are slimy and hard, this can be overcome by using onion extract. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 2 factors and 2 blocks to obtain 32 research plots. Factor I. . The soaking time of the shallot extract (B) consists of 4 levels, namely: B0 : 0 without soaking, B1 : 3 hours, B2: 6 hours, B3 :9 hours. Factor II. Comparison of planting media with the symbol (K) which consists of 4 levels, namely: K0: topsoil, K1: compost, K2: compost + cow dung fertilizer (1:1), K3: compost + cow dung + husk charcoal. (1:1: 1). The research procedure consisted of Making Shallot Extract, Making Coffee Skin Compost, Making Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer, Analysis of Coffee Skin Compost, Analysis of Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer, Selection of Coffee Seeds, Stages of Seedling, Duration of Soaking Red Onion Extract, Stage of Sowing Coffee Beans, Determination of Sample Plants, Maintenance. Keywords : Coffee, Extract, Onion, Compost

Pertumbuhan Stek Tanaman Kebiul (Caesalpinia sp.) dengan Pemberian Ekstrak Bawang Merah (Allium cepa) dan Taoge Kacang Hijau (Vigna radiata)

This study aimed to measure the effect of red onion extract (Allium cepa) and green bean sprouts (Vigna radiata) on the growth of kebiul plants through cuttings with a comparison of synthetic growth regulators (Rootone-F) and control (without treatment). The research method used RAL (4 treatments, 12 replications) with an observation time of 6 weeks (12 observations) and measurements were made in the afternoon. Observation parameters were the number of seedlings growing, the number of shoots, time of shoot growth, shoot growth rate and the number of leaves. The results showed that the treatment with onion extract and mung bean sprouts better responded to the number of seedlings grown, number of shoots, shoot growth time, shoot growth rate and number of leaves compared to Rootone-F treatment and control. In conclusion, the administration of onion extract and mung bean sprouts could accelerate the growth of kebiul cuttings.
 Keywords: Shallots, Kebiul, Cuttings, Green Bean Sprouts

Application of Natural Growth Regulator on Viability of Soursop Seeds (Annona Muricata Linn.).

Soursop (Annona Muricata Linn.) is a plant that has hard seeds that inhibits germination. One way that can be done to accelerate the process of germination of soursop is by scarifying and using natural growth regulators. This research aim was to identify the effect of scarification and immersion of natural growth regulators on the viability of soursop seeds. This research was conducted at the USU Faculty of Agriculture from July to September 2018 by using a Completely Randomized Design of two treatment factors namely, (1) Scarification (without scarification / control and scarification) and (2) Immersion of Natural Growth Regulators (No Immersion / Control, Immersion with young coconut water; red onion extract and young coconut water). The scarification treatment and immersion of young coconut water and/or red onion extract gave the highest yield, significantly on plant height, leaf number and vigor index.

Analysis of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of cultivated garlic (allium sativum l.) and red onion (allium cepa l.) in algeria

In all times, humankind has used several species of the genus Allium as food, spice, or herbal remedy. Some of these species have been cultivated, such as garlic (Allium sativum) or onion (Allium cepa). Today, their value for human health care is one of the most important aims of research. Up to now, many applications of Allium species are known for the use of phyto-pharmaceutical preparations. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the phytochemical profile of cultivated garlic (Allium sativum), and red onion (Allium cepa) in Algeria, both quantitatively (total phenolic, total flavonoids, condensed and hydrolysable tannins contents) and qualitatively (phytochemical screening), to characterize the phenolic compounds using HPLC method and to evaluate the antioxidant properties using DPPH assay. Red onion gave the higher amounts of total phenolic compounds (86±1.00mg GAE/100g DM), flavonoids (43.33±0.57mg QE/100 g DM), condensed tannins (4.4±0.52 mg CE/100g DM) and hydrolyzable tannins (0.22±0.04mg TAE/100g DM) compared to garlic (45±1.00mg GAE/100g DM, 34.66±0.57mg QE/100g DM, 6.8±0.34mg CE/100g DM and 0.05±0.01mg TAE/100g DM) respectively. Five compounds were found in red onion extract and one compound in garlic extract after chromatographic analysis of the samples. Furthermore, red onion possessed the higher antioxidant activity (IC50= 420.9±5.00 µg/ml) as compared to garlic (919.87±4.43 µg/ml). These findings provide ample evidence of the existence of bioactive compounds in garlic and red onion, both of which are rich in phenolics primarily flavonoids and tannins, have strong antioxidant activity, and can be further consumed directly or as food products.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Potential of Some Plants Water Extract Against Bovine Coronavirus

Coronavirus, particularly the genus Betacoronavirus, has been identified as a deadly source of numerous acute respiratory epidemics worldwide, affecting both humans and animals. The genus includes Covid-19, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses.In contrast, others are expected to have the risk of transformation such as bovine and porcine coronavirus. We screened a set of natural plant water extract which are red onion (Allium cepa), shallot (Allium ampeloprasum), watercress (Eruca sativa), and wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) that weighed and dissolved into a specific concentration then filtrated by specific biological filters. These extracts are known for their strong inhibition of the cytopathogenic effect of many pathogens. The cytotoxicity assay of the extracted plants was evaluated by the MTT assay using serial concentrations from the red onion and shallot extracts (10-100 ug) and wormwood and watercress extracts (20-200ug). The antiviral effect was evaluated using the concentrations mentioned above of the plants water extracts by application on the Madin Derby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell line infected with the virus. It showed pronounced inhibition of the bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in comparison to the control untreated cell line by both microscopic examination, and optical density index measurement. This work encourages the application of these extracts in trials of the treatment of the clinical cases of infected animals with coronavirus infection. It has the potential as a novel approach against coronavirus infections in animals.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Bawang Merah dan Kecambah dengan Pemberian Pupuk Cair Hayati terhadap Pertumbuhan Seedling Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.)

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) seeds from seed, or commonly called seedling, have relatively few lateral roots and are poor in root hairs so that their growth is slow (having a long juvenile period of up to 10-15 years). For this reason, it is necessary to make efforts so that mangosteen seedlings can have a good root system through the addition of natural growth regulators. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of red onion extract, a mixture of onion extract and mung bean sprouts combined with biological liquid fertilizer on the growth of mangosteen seedling. This research was carried out in the Horticulture FP greenhouse in March 2020–July 2020. This study was arranged in a factorial (3 x 2) in a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with three replications. The first factor was natural ZPT treatment: without extract, red onion extract 400 g/L, and mixed extract of onion 200 g/L and green bean sprouts 200 g/L. The second factor is the provision of biological fertilizers, namely without biological fertilizers and 15 ml/L). The results showed that the administration of mixed extracts of shallots and mung bean sprouts tended to have better growth which could be seen from the highest average value for the variable plant height 6.04 cm, stem diameter 2.93 mm, and the number of secondary roots. The mixed extract treatment of shallots and mung bean sprouts also increased the widest leaf area by a difference of 3.5 cm² compared to the control. Keywords : extract of shallot/ green bean sprout, growth regulator, mangosteen