Red Mexican Bean Research Articles

Introducing Speckled sugar bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) protein isolates as a new source of emulsifying agent

The present work was carried out to investigate the secondary structure of Speckled sugar bean protein isolates (SSBPI) as a new source for the formation of oil in water emulsions. For this purpose the structure and emulsifying properties of SSBPI were compared with other common bean protein isolates namely, Red mexican bean protein isolates (RMBPI) and Great northern bean protein isolates (GNBPI). Results showed that all proteins were rich in globulin with Phaseolin being the major protein fraction. These bean proteins had high acidic amino acids contents of glutamic and aspartic acids. The major building fractions for the secondary structure of all bean protein isolates were beta form structures (turn and sheet) and SSBPI had the highest and GNBPI possessed the lowest turn substructure. Comparison between different bean proteins exhibited that RMBPI had more fluorescence intensity yield followed by SSBPI and GNBPI. Among bean proteins, SSBPI had less surface hydrophobicity while GNBPI had the highest hydrophobic surface at pH 3 and 7. Surface tension was influenced by protein sources and RMBPI was more effective in the reduction of water surface tension compared to other bean proteins. Although SSBPI had better surface activity at oil-water interface no significant differences were observed between bean proteins. Among bean proteins, SSBPI had the highest electrical charge on the surface which promoted enough repulsion between emulsions oil droplets. Emulsions prepared with SSBPI had lower droplet size with narrow distribution compared to other bean proteins. Results revealed that SSBPI has a great potential to be used as a new source of food emulsifier.

Tolerance of Four Dry Bean Market Classes to Pre-Emergence Applications of Sulfentrazone

Ontario dry bean growers are currently limited to ALS inhibitor herbicides for soilapplied broadleaf weed control; therefore another mode of action is needed. Sulfentrazone is a PPO inhibitor herbicide that has activity on some annual grass and broadleaf weed species. Four field trials were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to determine the tolerance of four commonly grown dry bean market classes (adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean) to PRE applications of sulfentrazone at 140, 210, 280 and 420 g·ai·ha-1. Crop injury, plant height, plant density, shoot biomass, seed moisture content and yield were examined. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha-1) caused up to 74%, 22%, 30%, and 57% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively. Plant density, height and yield were not reduced for kidney or small red Mexican bean. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha-1) reduced white bean plant density, height and yield by 28%, 29% and 29%, respectively; and reduced adzuki bean plant density, height and yield by 51%, 34% and 57%, respectively. Overall, kidney and small red Mexican bean were the most tolerant to sulfentrazone, followed by white bean, and then adzuki. This study determined sulfentrazone applied PRE is safe for Ontario kidney bean and small red Mexican bean crops.

Response of Four Dry Bean Market Classes to Pre-Emergence Applications of Pyroxasulfone, Sulfentrazone and Pyroxasulfone plus Sulfentrazone

Only one herbicide mode of action (ALS inhibitor) is currently available to Ontario dry bean producers for soil-applied broadleaf weed control. Four field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to examine the tolerance of four market classes of dry beans to sulfentrazone (210 and 420 g·ai·ha-1) and pyroxasulfone (100 and 200 g·ai·ha-1) applied alone and in combination. The registration of these two herbicides would provide Ontario dry bean producers with two additional modes of action for broadleaf weed control. Pyroxasulfone caused up to 23%, 6%, 7% and 10% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively; sulfentrazone caused up to 51%, 12%, 15% and 44% injury and the combination caused up to 90%, 23%, 29% and 62% injury, respectively. Kidney and small red Mexican bean density, height, seed moisture content and yield were not affected. Pyroxasulfone (200 g·ai·ha-1) + sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha-1) reduced adzuki and white bean density, shoot dry weight, height and yield. This study concludes that pyroxasulfone (100 g·ai·ha-1) + sulfentrazone (210 g·ai·ha-1) applied PRE can be safely used to control weeds in Ontario kidney and small red Mexican bean production.

Response of pinto and small red Mexican beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to preplant‐incorporated herbicides

Four field trials were conducted over a 2 year period at Exeter (2005, 2006), Harrow (2006), and Ridgetown (2006), Ontario, Canada, to evaluate the tolerance of pinto and small red Mexican (SRM) beans to the preplant‐incorporated (PPI) application of trifluralin, dimethenamid, S‐metolachlor, KIH‐485, imazethapyr, and flumetsulam. All the treatments, including the untreated control, were maintained weed‐free during the growing season. The PPI application of trifluralin, dimethenamid, and S‐metolachlor resulted in minimal transient visual injury, with no adverse effect on the plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content, and yield of the pinto and SRM beans. The PPI application of imazethapyr and flumetsulam, especially at the high rate, initially caused 13% injury and reduced the plant height and shoot dry weight by 15 and 28%, respectively, but these injuries were transient and had no effect on the seed maturity and yield of the pinto and SRM beans. The PPI application of KIH‐485 caused 80% injury to the pinto and SRM beans and reduced the plant height, shoot dry weight, and yield. The dry bean maturity was also delayed. Based on these results, trifluralin, dimethenamid, S‐metolachlor, imazethapyr, and flumetsulam, applied as PPI herbicides, have the potential to be used in a weed management program for pinto and SRM beans. However, KIH‐485, applied as a PPI herbicide at the doses evaluated, does not have an adequate margin of crop safety for use in pinto and SRM bean production in Ontario.

Response of Pinto and Small Red Mexican Bean to Postemergence Herbicides

Four field trials were conducted over a 2-yr period at Exeter (2005, 2006), Harrow (2006) and Ridgetown (2006), Ontario to evaluate the tolerance of pinto and small red Mexican (SRM) bean to the POST application of bentazon, imazethapyr, or their combination. Bentazon applied once or twice (to simulate a spray overlap in the field) at 840 g ai/ha and imazethapyr applied at 37.5 g/ha caused minimal injury (6% or less) in pinto and SRM bean and had no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content, and yield. Imazethapyr applied twice at 37.5 and all single and repeat applications containing 75 or 150 g/ha caused 15 to 44% injury to dry bean. These injuries were persistent and reduced plant height by as much as 21% and shoot dry weight by as much as 34%, but caused no adverse effect on maturity and yield, except for imazethapyr applied twice at 150 g/ha, which delayed maturity and reduced yield 16%. The addition of bentazon to imazethapyr applied as a tankmix reduced injury by as much as 23%. Imazethapyr at 37.5 or 75 g/ha combined with bentazon at 840 g/ha applied once or twice caused 3 to 23% injury but had no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, maturity, or yield. Two applications of imazethapyr at 150 g/ha plus bentazon at 840 g/ha reduced plant height 16% and shoot dry weight 28%.Nomenclature: Bentazon, imazethapyr, pinto bean, small red Mexican bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L

Pre-emergence herbicides for potential use in pinto and small red mexican bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris) production

Four field trials were conducted over a two-year period at Exeter (2005, 2006), Harrow (2006) and Ridgetown (2006), Ontario to evaluate the tolerance of pinto and Small Red Mexican (SRM) beans to the pre-emergence application of dimethenamid-p at 693 and 1386 g ai ha −1, s-metolachlor at 1600 and 3200 g ai ha −1, pyroxasulfone at 209 and 418 g ai ha −1, imazethapyr at 75 and 150 g ai ha −1, linuron at 1125 and 2250 g ai ha −1, flumetsulam at 70 and 140 g ai ha −1 and cloransulam-methyl at 35 and 70 g ai ha −1. All treatments including the non-treated control were maintained weed free during the growing season. Dimethenamid-p and s-metolachlor, especially at high doses, caused up to 19% visual injury to pinto and SRM, but these injuries were transient and had no effect on maturity and yield. Pyroxasulfone and linuron caused as much as 33% visual injury and reduced plant height, shoot dry weight and yield by up to 29, 36 and 25%, respectively. Imazethapyr, flumetsulam and cloransulam-methyl caused less than 5% visual injury and had no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and yields of pinto and SRM beans. Based on these results dimethenamid-p, s-metolachlor, imazethapyr, flumetsulam and cloransulam-methyl applied pre-emergence have potential for inclusion in a weed management program for pinto and SRM beans. However, pyroxasulfone and linuron, applied pre-emergence at the doses evaluated do not have an adequate margin of crop safety for use in pinto and SRM bean production.

Active oxygen metabolism and lignification in the hypersensitive response in bean

Primary leaves of 7 to 9-day-old Red Mexican bean plants were inoculated with virulent or avirulent isolates of Pseudomonas syringaepv. phaseolicolaby syringe-infiltration. In the incompatible interaction, resistance was associated with a hypersensitive response. The inoculated leaf area (zone 1), the surrounding 5–7 mm (zone 2) and the remainder of the leaf (zone 3) were investigated for changes in catalase enzyme activity during the 48 h following inoculation. Changes in the activity of enzymes which either utilize H 2O 2or are involved in generating or removing active oxygen species were investigated. An increase in the activities of an acidic peroxidase, xanthine oxidase and glutathione reductase, and a reduction in catalase activity, were detected in zone 1 in the incompatible interaction. An in situperoxidase activity stain correlated with lignification in inoculated tissues. The results are discussed in terms of the role played by active oxygen species in the events associated with hypersensitive resistance.

Spatial and temporal accumulation of defense gene transcripts in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves in relation to bacteria-induced hypersensitive cell death.

Primary leaves of 7- to 9-day-old Red Mexican bean plants were inoculated with virulent or avirulent isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, or saprophytic P. fluorescens either by vacuum infiltration of the whole leaf lamina, or by syringe-inoculation of selected leaf panels. In the incompatible combination, resistance was associated with a hypersensitive response (HR). Syringe-inoculated leaves were sampled in three zones: zone 1, the inoculated leaf area; zone 2, the surrounding 0.5-0.7 cm of leaf tissue; and zone 3, the remainder of the leaf. Northern blots of RNA from zones 1, 2, and 3 were probed with bean cDNAs for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chitinase (CHT), and lipoxygenase (LOX). Accumulation of PAL, CHS, and CHT transcripts was more rapid and generally of greater magnitude in the incompatible than in the compatible interaction and, in both cases, was observed essentially only in zone 1 tissues. Similarly, antibacterial phytoalexins were only detected in zone 1 from the incompatible interaction. Young primary leaves have a background level of LOX transcripts, which declines as leaves age. This decline was accelerated over the first 12 hr postinoculation (hpi) with avirulent bacteria, whereas a weak transient induction, peaking at 5-6 hpi, was observed in the compatible interaction. A subsequent, strong accumulation of LOX transcripts was seen in both the compatible and incompatible interactions outside the inoculation site starting about 14 hpi. LOX transcripts did not accumulate at the inoculation site itself in the incompatible interaction compared to a relatively strong induction in the compatible interaction. Interestingly, inoculation of leaves with cells of the saprophyte P. fluorescens also induced the accumulation of transcripts for CHS, CHT, and LOX, but generally to a lesser degree than in the incompatible interaction. No HR occurred and no macroscopic cell damage was apparent in leaves inoculated with P. fluorescens. However, at the microscopic level individual, trypan blue-stained, necrotic plant cells were visible. In spite of this and the accumulation of CHS transcripts, no phytoalexin accumulation was found up to 48 hr after inoculation. The spatial and temporal relationship of the hypersensitive reaction to defense gene transcript and phytoalexin accumulation is discussed.

Differences Between Lipopolysaccharide Compositions of Plant Pathogenic and Saprophytic Pseudomonas Species

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were obtained by washing cells of plant pathogenic and saprophytic Pseudomonas species with saline (fraction 1) and then with saline-EDTA (fraction 2). The cells subsequently were extracted with phenol to yield a third aqueous preparation (fraction 3). Each fraction type contained the LPS components, lipid A, heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxy sugar, and neutral and amino sugars. The neutral sugar compositions of fractions 1, 2, and 3, although similar within a species, differed between the Pseudomonas species. The LPS of two pathovars (pv.) of Pseudomonas syringae had glucose and rhamnose as major components: 13 (+/-3)% glucose and 87 (+/-3)% rhamnose for P. syringae pv. pisi and 18 (+/-5)% glucose and 76 (+/-2)% rhamnose for P. syringae pv. syringae. Fucose was present in addition to glucose and rhamnose for P. syringae pv. phaseolicola (68 [+/-8]% rhamnose, 14 [+/-1]% fucose, and 14 [+/-5]% glucose) and P. syringae pv. tabaci (24 [+/-2]% rhamnose, 54 [+/-3]% fucose, and 17 [+/-1]% glucose). The LPS from different races of P. syringae pv. pisi and P. syringae pv. phaseolicola could not be distinguished by neutral sugar composition. Three saprophytic species, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, and P. putida, also produced LPS which had different proportions of rhamnose, fucose, and glucose. The LPS from three isolates of P. putida were distinct in possessing a high proportion of amino sugar and containing glucose as the major neutral sugar component (86 to 100%). The LPS fractions from plant pathogenic and saprophytic Pseudomonas species did not elicit browning or phytoalexin production in treated dark red kidney bean cotyledons or red Mexican bean leaves. Rather, chlorosis of the LPS-treated leaf tissue was observed.

Registration of Red Mexican Beans Rufus, NW‐59, and NW‐631 (Reg. Nos. 30, 31 and 32)

Crop ScienceVolume 22, Issue 3 cropsci1982.0011183X002200030067x p. 685-686 Registration of Crop Cultivar Registration of Red Mexican Beans Rufus, NW-59, and NW-631 (Reg. Nos. 30, 31 and 32) D. W. Burke, D. W. Burke Research Plant Pathologist, ARS, USDA, Western Region, Irrigated Agric. Res. and Ext. Center, Prosser, WA 99350.Search for more papers by this author D. W. Burke, D. W. Burke Research Plant Pathologist, ARS, USDA, Western Region, Irrigated Agric. Res. and Ext. Center, Prosser, WA 99350.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1982 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1982.0011183X002200030067xCitations: 15 1 Registered by the Crop Sci. Soc. of Am., Information Paper, College of Agric. Res. Center, Washington State Univ., Pullman. Cooperative investigations of ARS-USDA, Prosser, WA, and the Washington State Univ., Pullman. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume22, Issue3May–June 1982Pages 685-686 RelatedInformation

Dispersal of Aphids and leafhoppers from Red Clover to Red Mexican Beans, and the Spread of Bean Yellow Mosaic by Aphids1234

With the dispersal of aphids from red clover, Trifolium pratense L., to ‘Red Mexican’ beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L, was studied in eastern washington by monitoring with Moericke water traps and sticky impingement traps, bean yellow mosaic disease (BYMV) was found to occur within 4 weeks of plant emergence. The time of the spread was related to the earliest monitored dispersal of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), known vectors of BYMV. Species of leafhoppers found in fields of red clover adjacent to fields of beans were not instrumental in transmitting viruses to beans.

The Response of Certain Crops to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Irrigation Water. Part II. Sugar Beets

THE use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) for weed conT trol in irrigated regions, especially on ditch banks, provides possibilities of contaminated irrigation water. A series of investigations has been conducted in the field to determine the response of certain crop plants to applications of 2,4-D in irrigation water, particularly at rates totaling herbicidal dosages. The first investigation dealt with Red Mexican beans and the results were published in 1954 (1). This report deals with sugar beets, a root-type of crop plant. Watson (4) applied an amine form of 2,4-D to carrots, parsnips, beets, and several members of the cabbage family in the greenhouse by three different methods. One or two drenches to the soil, simulating irrigation with contaminated irrigation water, at concentrations of 5 to 10 ppm was the most satisfactory method for producing root galls. Plants which produced galls failed to show foliage symptoms typical of 2,4-D injury. Root growth was inhibited, especially at higher concentrations. Furthermore, a considerable number of seedlings and small plants were killed. This greenhouse study closely paralleled the field study reported herein.