Red Love Research Articles

Lithuanian Conceptual Colour–Emotion Associations in the Global Context of 37 Nations

Red with anger or green with envy – such metaphors link colours and emotions. While such colour metaphors vary across languages, conceptual associations between colours and emotions have many cross-cultural similarities. Here, we took published data from 8615 participants (2172 men) coming from 37 nations (i.e., Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States) and analysed Lithuanian (n = 217) associations between colour terms and emotion concepts. Lithuanians had many associations, the most frequent being red–love, yellow–amusement, yellow–joy, and black–sadness (all endorsed by > 60% of participants). While Lithuanians associated more emotions with colours than the other participants, the Lithuanian pattern of these associations was highly similar to the global pattern (r = .92). When compared to each other nation individually, colour–emotion association pattern similarities ranged between .65 and .89. Lithuanian patterns were the most similar to the Russian and the least similar to the Egyptian ones. Crucially, such similarities could be predicted by linguistic but not geographic distances. Nations speaking languages linguistically closer to Lithuanian also displayed more similar colour–emotion association patterns. These results support universality of colour–emotion associations and point to small but meaningful cultural differences (e.g., red represented love more strongly than anger for Lithuanians but not globally). Future studies should look whether colours can modulate emotions, or whether such associations are purely abstract.

Correction to: Red Love and Betrayal in the Making of North Korea: Comrade Hŏ Jŏng-suk

Correction to: Red Love and Betrayal in the Making of North Korea: Comrade Hŏ Jŏng-suk

Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Genes Associated with Chlorogenic Acid Biosynthesis during Apple Fruit Development

As a predominant phenolic compound in apple fruits, chlorogenic acid (CGA) benefits human health due to its various antioxidant properties. However, little has been known regarding the molecular mechanism underlying the CGA accumulation in apple fruits. In this study, we measured the CGA content and relative enzymes’ activities during fruit development in two different flesh-colored cultivars ‘Huashuo’ and ‘Red Love’. The CGA content in both cultivars decreased sharply from 30 days after full bloom (DAFB) to 60 DAFB. Notably, the CGA content in fruit flesh was relatively higher than that in the peel. Further, the activities of C3H and HCT enzymes downstream of the CGA biosynthesis showed the similar changing trend as CGA content. Based on the transcriptome data of ‘Huashuo’ fruit at 30 DAFB and 60 DAFB, 23 differentially expressed CGA synthesis-related genes were screened. Gene expression analyses further showed that MdHCT1/2/4/5/6 and MdC3H1/2/3 were positively correlated to the variation of CGA content in two cultivars. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for further mechanism study on CGA biosynthesis and provide guidance for nutrient improvement in apple breeding programs.

Using channel pruning-based YOLO v4 deep learning algorithm for the real-time and accurate detection of apple flowers in natural environments

Achieving the rapid and accurate detection of apple flowers in natural environments is essential for yield estimation and the development of an automatic flower thinner. A real-time apple flower detection method using the channel pruned YOLO v4 deep learning algorithm was proposed. First, the YOLO v4 model under the CSPDarknet53 framework was built, and then, to simplify the apple flower detection model and ensure the efficiency of the model, the channel pruning algorithm was used to prune the model. Finally, a total of 2230 manually labeled apple flower images (including three varieties of Fuji, Red Love, and Gala) were used to fine-tune the model to achieve the fast and accurate detection of apple flowers. The test results showed that the number of parameters of the apple flower detection model after pruning was reduced by 96.74%, the model size was reduced by 231.51 MB, the inference time was decreased by 39.47%, and the mAP was 97.31%, which was only 0.24% lower than the model before pruning. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, five different deep learning algorithms including the Faster R-CNN, Tiny-YOLO v2, YOLO v3, SSD 300 and EfficientDet-D0 were compared. The comparative results showed that the mAP of the apple flower detection using the proposed method was 97.31%; the detection speed was 72.33f/s; the model size was 12.46 MB; the mAP was 12.21%, 15.56%, 14.19%, 5.67% and 7.79% higher than the other five algorithms, respectively; and the detection speed could meet the real-time requirements. Furthermore, the detection performance of apple flowers under different species of apple trees and illumination conditions was discussed. The results indicated that the proposed method had strong robustness to the changes of fruit tree varieties and illumination directions. The results showed that it was feasible to apply the proposed method for the real-time and accurate detection of apple flowers. The research could provide technical references for orchard yield estimation and the development of apple flower thinning robots.

Jung Chang’s Wild Swans: Love as a Political Concept

This article explores the different forms of love which appear in a work which is part family memoir, part autobiography, and part literary fiction: Jung Chang’s Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China (1991). This exploration is underpinned by theories of love articulated first by Karl Marx and Alexandra Kollontai and later by Erich Fromm and Michael Hardt. In different ways these thinkers all point to the idea that love is not merely a private matter between two individuals but rather a social and political phenomenon. Fromm’s insistence that love changes according to historical and cultural circumstances is shown to be relevant throughout as Chang portrays love adapting to the vast political changes taking place in China from approximately 1924 (when her grandmother became a concubine) until 1976 (the death of Mao). Corresponding to a large extent to the life histories of the “three daughters of China” ─ Chang’s grandmother, Chang’s mother, and Chang herself ─ the article traces a distinctive movement through property love and family love to “winged Eros”-based love, “red love” and finally love as a decision.

Ruth Barraclough, “Red Love in Korea: Rethinking Communism, Feminism and Sexuality” in Red Love Across the Pacific: Political and Sexual Revolutions of the Twentieth Century

Ruth Barraclough, “Red Love in Korea: Rethinking Communism, Feminism and Sexuality” in Red Love Across the Pacific: Political and Sexual Revolutions of the Twentieth Century

Red Love across the Pacific: Political and Sexual Revolutions of the Twentieth Century

Red Love across the Pacific: Political and Sexual Revolutions of the Twentieth Century

Red Love and Betrayal in the Making of North Korea: Comrade H J ng-suk

Red Love and Betrayal in the Making of North Korea: Comrade H J ng-suk

Pasolini Discovers Love Outside

During a brief period in the late 1940s, when he is in his mid-twenties, Pier Paolo Pa solini finds satisfaction for his quest for love in the world of peasants and their political struggles. Although at first this love seems possible only outside, fleeing the dominant structures of Italian society, his encounter with class struggle, particularly the peasant re bellions of 1948, allows him to recognize a political form of love that can develop within a history-making process. Through the discovery of Marx he is able to reinterpret his aesthetic and erotic desires in such a way that they become an essential part of his politi cal project. The novels and poetry Pasolini produces during these years, however, are not among his finest. In fact, the major projects are all in his estimation failures, either abandoned completely or published only a decade later with substantial revisions. Failure, though, is often more interesting than success. And Pasolini's disappointment and dissatisfaction with his writing during this period is directly linked to his political accomplishments and ideological transformation. One remarkable achievement is his articulation of a multifac eted concept of the outside, which he identifies as a space of freedom and liberation at once erotic, aesthetic, and political. Specifically, he manages to construct in social and subjective terms a space of erotic desire outside of the norms of homophobic society that is animated by noncapitalist or anticapitalist social practices. Communism is the name of that free space outside and, for a brief period, it appears to Pasolini to be inseparable from love, a red love. Together with the peasants he discovers a nexus between love and struggle, poetry and history, and this experience, although short lived, powerfully influ ences the remainder of his career, setting a standard against which all subsequent experi ences of love, political and erotic, fall short.