Red Light Wavelength Research Articles

Inhibition of Aspergillus oryzae Mycelium Growth and Conidium Production by Irradiation with Light at Different Wavelengths and Intensities.

ABSTRACTAspergillus oryzae is a safe filamentous fungus widely used in the food, medicine, and feed industries, but there is currently not enough research on the light response of A. oryzae. In this study, 12 different light conditions were set and A. oryzae GDMCC 3.31 was continuously irradiated for 72 h to investigate the effect of light on mycelial growth and conidium production. Specifically, each light condition was the combination of one light wavelength (475, 520, or 630 nm) and one light intensity (20, 40, 60, or 80 μmol photon m−2 s−1). The results show that mycelium growth was inhibited significantly by green light (wavelength of 520 nm and intensities of 20 and 60 μmol photon m−2 s−1) and blue light (wavelength of 475 nm and intensity of 80 μmol photon m−2 s−1). The production of conidia was suppressed only by blue light (wavelength of 475 nm and intensities of 40, 60, and 80 μmol photon m−2 s−1), and those levels of inhibition increased when the intensity of blue light increased. When the strain was irradiated by blue light (80 μmol photon m−2 s−1), the number of conidia was 57.4% less than that of the darkness group. However, within our set range of light intensities, A. oryzae GDMCC 3.31 was insensitive to red light (wavelength of 630 nm) in terms of mycelium growth and conidium production. Moreover, interaction effects between light wavelength and intensity were found to exist in terms of colony diameter and the number of conidia. This research investigated the light response of A. oryzae, which may provide a new method to regulate mixed strains in fermented foods by light.IMPORTANCE Studies on the monochromatic light response of Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa have gone deep into the molecular mechanism. However, research methods for the light response of A. oryzae remain in the use of white light sources. In this study, we first demonstrated that A. oryzae GDMCC 3.31 was sensitive to light wavelength and intensity. We have observed that blue light inhibited its growth and sporulation and the inhibitory effect increased with intensity. This research not only adds new content to the study of the photoreaction of Aspergillus but also brings new possibilities for the use of light to regulate mixed strains and ultimately improve the flavor quality of fermented foods.

Impact of sodium glucose linked cotransporter-2 inhibition on renal microvascular oxygen tension in a rodent model of diabetes mellitus.

BackgroundThe mechanisms whereby inhibitors of sodium‐glucose linked cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) exert their nephroprotective effects in patients with diabetes are incompletely understood but have been hypothesized to include improved tissue oxygen tension within the renal cortex. The impact of SGLT2 inhibition is likely complex and region specific within the kidney. We hypothesize that SGLT2 inhibitors have differential effects on renal tissue oxygen delivery and consumption in specific regions of the diabetic kidney, including the superficial cortex, containing SGLT2‐rich components of proximal tubules, versus the deeper cortex and outer medulla, containing predominantly SGLT1 receptors.MethodsWe measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR), microvascular kidney oxygen tension (PkO2), erythropoietin (EPO) mRNA, and reticulocyte count in diabetic rats (streptozotocin) treated with the SGLT2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin. Utilizing phosphorescence quenching by oxygen and an intravascular oxygen sensitive probe (Oxyphor PdG4); we explored the effects of SGLT2 inhibition on PkO2 in a region‐specific manner, in vivo, in diabetic and non‐diabetic rats. Superficial renal cortical or deeper cortical and outer medullary PkO2 were measured utilizing excitations with blue and red light wavelengths, respectively.ResultsIn diabetic rats treated with dapagliflozin, measurement within the superficial cortex (blue light) demonstrated no change in PkO2. By contrast, measurements in the deeper cortex and outer medulla (red light) demonstrated a significant reduction in PkO2 in dapagliflozin treated diabetic rats (p = 0.014). Consistent with these findings, GFR was decreased, hypoxia‐responsive EPO mRNA levels were elevated and reticulocyte counts were increased with SGLT2 inhibition in diabetic rats (p < 0.05 for all).ConclusionsThese findings indicate that microvascular kidney oxygen tension is maintained in the superficial cortex but reduced in deeper cortical and outer medullary tissue, possibly due to the regional impact of SGLT‐2 inhibition on tissue metabolism. This reduction in deeper PkO2 had biological impact as demonstrated by increased renal EPO mRNA levels and circulating reticulocyte count.

A new spring barley variety ‘In Memory of Dudin’

The purpose of the research is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the new spring barley variety ‘in Memory of Dudin’ on economically valuable signs. Studies were carried out in 2016-2019. The spring barley variety “in Memory of Dudin’ was created by the method of directional individual selection from the variant with treatment of spring barley variety ‘Bios 1’ with laser red light (wavelength 632.8 nm, continuous irradiation mode, beam power density 0.3 mW/cm2) for 60 minutes, followed by soaking in a solution of sodium carbonate with a concentration of 0,1n for 12 hours. Ear of the plant has average length 8.9 cm, the number of spikelets and the grain in the ear are medium (25.6 pcs. and 24.3 pcs. respectively). The 1000-grain weight is high - 49.2 g. Culm has an average length of 72.4 cm. The average yield over the years of the study was 4.6 tons/ha, the maximum one - 7.02 tons/ha in 2019. Dry matter ash content 2.2%, fiber content 3.65%, starch content 52.61%, fat content 1.65%, protein content 10.19%; extractability 77.0%. The variety ripens 4-7 days earlier than the standard. Based on a comprehensive assessment, the spring barley variety of “in Memory of Dudin’ was transferred to the State Variety Test in 2020.

Gold Amount Dependence of Red Light Responsive Z-Scheme Photocatalyst on Water-Splitting Activity Using Gold Prepared By Sputtering in Ionic Liquid

Since the Fujishima effect was reported in 1972 [1], researches on photocatalytic water splitting using sunlight have been progressing as a method for producing hydrogen (H2), which attracts attention as an alternative clean energy source for fossil fuels. For the effective use of sunlight, we have investigated an all-solid-state Z-scheme photocatalyst that can be sensitive to long-wavelength, low-energy light and can decompose pure water (without chemicals as a sacrificial agent or pH adjuster). In our previous study, we fabricated the Z-scheme photocatalyst, consisting of zinc rhodium oxide (ZnRh2O4) and bismuth vanadium oxide (Bi4V2O11) as a H2- and oxygen (O2)-evolution photocatalyst, respectively, and gold (Au) as a solid redox mediator (ZnRh2O4/Au/Bi4V2O11). The photocatalyst has successfully achieved the overall pure water splitting irradiated with red light (wavelength 700 nm) via Au, which mediated the transfer of photoexcited electrons from the conduction band (CB) of Bi4V2O11 to the valence band (VB) of ZnRh2O4. Then, photogenerated holes in the VB of Bi4V2O11 and photoexcited electrons in the CB of ZnRh2O4 effectively oxidized and reduced water, respectively, to achieve overall water splitting [2].One of the co-authors (T.T.) reported a simple technique using a sputtering method to synthesize Au nanoparticles (Ausp), much smaller than commercially available Au [3]. In the synthesis procedures described below, some part of Ausp, supported only on the surface of ZnRh2O4, functions as a co-catalyst for H2 evolution. Thus, it was expected that Ausp could be homogeneously distributed as the redox mediator and co-catalyst, resulting in the improvement of the water splitting reaction. In this study, various concentrations of Ausp in ZnRh2O4/Ausp/Bi4V2O11 were prepared, and the dependence of Ausp concentration on water-splitting activity was evaluated.Ausp were evenly deposited by sputtering onto an ionic liquid (PP13-TFSI; N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide). Before performing the process, treatments of heating and stirring were performed in a vacuum atmosphere so as to extract air and water from the ionic liquid. ZnRh2O4 and Bi4V2O11 powders were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. ZnO and Rh2O3 powders, and Bi2O3 and V2O5 powders as starting materials were uniformly mixed in a stoichiometric ratio to prepare ZnRh2O4 and Bi4V2O11, respectively. The mixture was pelletized and calcined at 1150 °C for ZnRh2O4 for 24 h and 850 °C for Bi4V2O11 for 8 h, then pulverized to obtain ZnRh2O4 and Bi4V2O11 powders. ZnRh2O4 were added to the prepared Ausp containing in PP13-TFSI and the mixture was heated and stirred in a nitrogen atmosphere in a test tube for 280 °C for 1 h (the expected molar percentage of Au to ZnRh2O4 was 2, 10, 12, and 17 mol%). Next, PP13-TFSI was removed by centrifugation and drying overnight to produce ZnRh2O4+Ausp. ZnRh2O4/Ausp was obtained by calcining the ZnRh2O4+Ausp at 850 ° C for 2 h to strengthen the connection. ZnRh2O4/Ausp/Bi4V2O11 was produced by mixing Bi4V2O11 with ZnRh2O4/Ausp at a ratio of 20 mol% with respect to ZnRh2O4 and following the same procedure as for producing Bi4V2O11.As-prepared Ausp size distribution was determined by measuring the size of individual particles in the TEM image, and the average particle size was 2.3 nm. The average particle size of Ausp containing in ZnRh2O4+Ausp, ZnRh2O4/Ausp and ZnRh2O4/Ausp/Bi4V2O11 after heat treatment was 9.0 nm, 27 nm, and 42 nm. Thus, it was confirmed that Ausp could be used in the Z-scheme photocatalyst with the particle size much smaller than that of the commercial Au (300-500 nm) [2]. The amount of Au containing in ZnRh2O4/Ausp/Bi4V2O11 was estimated from XPS. Since Ausp is mainly bonded to the surface of ZnRh2O4, we estimated the Ausp amount based on the Bi 4f peak of Bi4V2O11, which is unlikely to be affected by the change of Ausp amount when measured by XPS. Then, the estimated Ausp amounts were 12, 18, 20, and 29 mol% (vs. 1.0 mol of ZnRh2O4 + 0.2 mol of Bi4V2O11). All photocatalysts were confirmed that H2 and O2 were generated from pure water at a ratio of approximately 2 : 1 by irradiation of red light with a wavelength of 700 nm. The water splitting activity tended to be proportional to the amount of Ausp estimated from XPS. These will be discussed in detail at the conference.[1] A. Fujishima and K. Honda, Nature, 238, 37 (1972)[2] K. Kamijyo, T. Takashima, M. Yoda, J. Osaki, and H. Irie, Chem. Commun., 54, 7999 (2018)[3] T. Torimoto, K. Okazaki, T. Kiyama, K. Hirahara, N. Tanaka, and S. Kuwabata, Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 243117 (2006)

Вплив лазерного опромінення на накопичення біомаси та екзополісахаридів гриба Schizophyllum commune Fr.

Досліджено вплив лазерного опромінення на накопичення біомаси та екзополісахаридів деяких штамів гриба S.commune. Для отримання інокулюму міцелій штамів S.c.-03, S.c.-01 та S.c.-02 гриба S.commune культивували на агаризованому глюкозо-пептонному середовищі (ГПСА). Під час дослідження впливу лазерного опромінення міцелію у поверхневій культурі використовували глюкозо-пептонне рідке живильне середовище (ГПС). Кількість екзополісахаридів визначали фенол-сірчаним методом. Найефективнішим за накопиченням біомаси та продуктивністю синтезу екзополісахаридів виявився штам S.c.-03 гриба S.commune – за дії лазерного опромінення міцелію червоним світлом (довжина хвилі 635 нм) біомаса міцелію зросла на 75,3%, а кількість екзополісахаридів збільшилась на 70,7%.

Low-level laser therapy for the treatment of early stage cutaneous leishmaniasis: A pilot study.

Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has been investigated for the treatment of various dermatological disorders. Here, we investigate the efficacy of LLLT for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This study comprised of 53 patients (total 123 lesions) with a confirmed diagnosis of CL via positive smear of LD-bodies. The CL lesions were classified in Grade I (ie, papule of size ≤1 cm) to Grade V (ie, vesicle formation, ulceration, and superadded infection of size >4 cm). All the patients were divided into group 1 with low grade (ie, Grade I and II) CL lesions and group 2 with high-grade disease (ie, Grade III-V). Red laser light (wavelength = 635 nm) was used for the lesion irradiation, with a light dose of 75 J/cm2 and at a low power of 300 mW. The treatment was divided into four sessions, one session per week. Disease assessment at 10 months follow-up revealed complete response in 91% and partial response in 9% patients of group 1, while no response was observed in patients of group 2. LLLT offers a promising treatment modality for patients presenting with early-stage (ie, Grade I and II) CL lesions.

A dual-emission Ca9MgLi(PO4)7: Ce3+, Mn2+ phosphor with energy transfer for plant-lighting

A series of multicolor-tunable Ca 9 MgLi(PO 4 ) 7 (CMLPO):Ce 3+ , Mn 2+ phosphors have been prepared by high-temperature solid-state reaction process under the reductive atmosphere and the luminescence properties have been explored. The photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra and emission (PL) spectra reveal that the bands are centered at 345 and 365 nm occupying the Ca3 site with respect to the CMLPO:Ce 3+ phosphors, while the bands located at 386 and 411 nm are ascribed to the emission of Ce 3+ ions occupying the eight-coordinated center (Ca1 and Ca2), according to the Van Uitert formula. In addition, an asymmetric broad band with the maximum at ~361 nm stemmed from the 5 d → 4 f transition can be observed, under 291 nm excitation. Also, the PL spectra display a broad band at ~650 nm, which is assigned to the 4 T 1 ( 4 G) → 6 A 1 ( 6 S) spin-forbidden transition of Mn 2+ for the CMLPO:Mn 2+ samples. Furthermore, the Ce 3+ can transfer a part of its energy to Mn 2+ and the energy transfer (ET) efficiency reaches as high as ~94.02%. Subsequently, the CMLPO:Ce 3+ , Mn 2+ phosphors present a series of colors by modulating the contents of Mn 2+ through an effective resonance-type ET and the dipole-quadrupole ( d - q) interaction governs the ET process. Importantly, the emission band of Mn 2+ distributed exactly in red and far-red regions, which can match well with the red light wavelength required for plant photosensitive pigments (P R , P FR ). In view of the aforementioned results, the as-prepared phosphors could open ideas for designing the plant growth LEDs. • The Ce 3+ can transfer a part of its energy to Mn 2+ and η T reaches as high as ~94.02%. • The emission band of Mn 2+ can match well with the wavelength required for PR and PFR. • The as-prepared phosphors could open ideas for designing the plant growth LEDs.

In vitro anti-breast cancer studies of LED red light therapy through autophagy.

LED red light has been reported to have many health benefits. The present study was conducted to characterise anti-proliferation properties of four LED red light wavelengths (615, 630, 660 and 730nm) against non-triple negative (MCF-7) and triple negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer-origin cell lines. It has been shown by MTT assay that at 24h post-exposure time point, only LED red light with wavelength 660nm possessed anti-proliferative effects against both cell lines with 40% reduction of cell viability. The morphology of LED 660nm irradiated cells was found flatten with enlarged cell size, typical characteristic of cell senescent. Indications of autophagy activities following the irradiation have been provided by acridine orange staining, showing high presence of acidic vesicle organelles (AVOs). In addition, high LC3-II/LC3-I to LC3 ratio has been observed qualitatively in Western blot analysis indicating an increase number of autophagosomes formation in LED 660nm irradiated cells compared to control cells. Electron dense bodies observed in these cells under TEM micrographs provided additional support to the above observations, leading to the conclusion that LED 660nm irradiation promoted anti-proliferative activities through autophagy in breast cancer-origin cells. These findings have suggested that LED 660nm might be developed and be employed as an alternative cancer treatment method in future.

Effects of red and blue light on leaf anatomy, CO2 assimilation and the photosynthetic electron transport capacity of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings

BackgroundThe red (R) and blue (B) light wavelengths are known to influence many plant physiological processes during growth and development, particularly photosynthesis. To understand how R and B light influences plant photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis, we investigated changes in leaf anatomy, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters, and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and Calvin cycle-related enzymes expression and their activities in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings exposed to four light qualities: monochromatic white (W, control), R, B and mixed R and B (RB) light with the same photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 300 μmol/m2·s.ResultsThe results revealed that seedlings grown under R light had lower biomass accumulation, CO2 assimilation and photosystem II (PSII) electron transportation compared to plants grown under other treatments. These changes are probably due to inactivation of the photosystem (PS). Biomass accumulation and CO2 assimilation were significantly enriched in B- and RB-grown plants, especially the latter treatment. Their leaves were also thicker, and photosynthetic electron transport capacity, as well as the photosynthetic rate were enhanced. The up-regulation of the expression and activities of Rubisco, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which involved in the Calvin cycle and are probably the main enzymatic factors contributing to RuBP (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate) synthesis, were also increased.ConclusionsMixed R and B light altered plant photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis, mainly through its effects on leaf anatomy, photosynthetic electron transportation and the expression and activities of key Calvin cycle enzymes.

Multicolor-tunable Ca8MgBi(PO4)7: Ce3+, Tb3+, Mn2+ phosphors under dual-channel excitation

A series of color-tunable phosphors Ca8MgBi(PO4)7(CMBPO): Ce3+, Tb3+, Mn2+ have been prepared by high-temperature solid-state reaction process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and emission (PL) spectra were utilized to characterize the samples. Through the dual-channel excitation process, energy transfers (ET) occur simultaneously between Ce3+ → Tb3+ and Ce3+ → Mn2+. In addition, ETs process from Ce3+ to Tb3+/Mn2+ has been proved to be a resonance type, which is manifested by dipole–dipole/dipole-quadrupole interactions. Moreover, the emission band of CMBPO:0.20Mn2+ distributed in the red and far-red regions matches well with the red light wavelength required for phytochrome protein (PR and PFR), indicating that the phosphor can be used as a new type of red luminescent powder absorbed by plant photosensitive pigment and promoted plant growth. Importantly, the CMBPO:0.10Ce3+, 0.08Tb3+, zMn2+ can emit white light by properly tuning the ratio of Tb3+ and Mn2+ under ultraviolet (UV) excitation. The results suggested that the present phosphors can be a potential candidate for white light emitting diodes (WLEDs).

Design of Low Cost Pulse Oximetry Based on Raspberry Pi

Pulse Oximetry is a non-invasive method for monitoring blood oxygen saturation. The oxygen saturation in blood is expressed in percentage of saturation of total hemoglobin (SpO2). This method utilizes the different wavelengths of red light (660 nm) and infrared light (940 nm) captured by the light sensor after passing through vessels and capillaries at the tip of the index finger. In this study a red and infrared LED that is directed to the fingertips and light passing through the blood vessels captured by photodiode are utilized. The signal from the photodiode is sent to Raspberry pi and processed to get a percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood. This paper presents the comparability of the produced prototype with the commercial standard equipment. It was also demonstrated that the error accuracy is relatively comparable with commercial one while the price are relatively lower.

Excitation wavelength dependence of photoluminescence flickering in degraded MAPbI3 perovskite and its connection to lead iodide formation

Metal halide perovskite semiconductors often exhibit photoluminescence blinking and flickering when luminescence of individual small nano- or even microcrystals is monitored. The nature of these fluctuations is not well understood but must be related to the presence of metastable non-radiative recombination channels and efficient charge migration in these materials. Here we report on the excitation wavelength dependence of photoluminescence flickering effect in degraded methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) thin films. While the luminescence intensity is temporary stable when excited in the blue region with wavelength shorter than 530 nm, excitation with red light (wavelength longer than 530 nm) results in luminescence flickering. It is hypothesised that the wavelength dependence reflects the excitation energy dependence of the photochemical mechanism that switches non-radiative recombination channels on and off. The effect can also be related to hindered charge carrier diffusion due to their localization in the interfacial layer between MAPbI3 and PbI2 which is formed in the course of degradation.

Bed For Measuring Ebv and CO With TFT Display Equipped With Data Storage (SpO2 and BPM)

Abstract— BED for measuring EBV and CO are the tools used to monitor the condition of preoperative patients. The Estimation Blood Volume (EBV) is a calculation to determine the approximate volume of blood in the human body and CO is the amount of blood volume pumped by the heart per minute the calculation of EBV used uses weight, height and gender. CO calculations utilize BPM multiplied by standard Stroke Volume. In this section the author discusses oxygen saturation in the blood using different wavelengths of red LED light and infrared captured by the photodiode. The author also discusses BPM to monitor minute heart rates. The design of this measuring instrument uses MAX30100 sensor, Arduino Mega , Arduino Nano and TFT LCD. Data from the MAX30100 sensor enters the Arduino minimum system, then is processed to produce a percentage of SpO2 values ​​which are then displayed on the TFT LCD. In the module, the data displayed can be stored and displayed again so that patient data can be traced. Testing is done by comparing the module with a standard measuring instrument that produces the biggest error of 2.80% on BPM and 0.95% on SpO2.

ВПЛИВ ЛАЗЕРНОГО ОПРОМІНЕННЯ НА КАТАЛАЗНУ АКТИВНіСТЬ БАЗИДІОМІЦЕТА FLAMMULINA VELUTIPES (CURT.: FR.) SING.

It has been studied the effect of laser irradiation of different spectrum on the catalase activity of the culture filtrate and the mycelium homogenate of 5 strains of basidiomycetes Flammulina velutipes (Curt.:fr.) Sing. at their surface cultivation on a standard glucose–peptone medium. The irradiation of the inoculum sized approximately 5x5 mm (always the same density and age) was carried out before the inoculation with the help of such LED lasers: BRP–3010–5 with red laser light (wavelength 635 nm), BBP–3010–5 with blue laser light (wavelength 405 nm) and BGP–3010–5 with green laser light (wavelength 532 nm). Each laser power was 100 MW. The irradiation energy at all the experiment variants was 51.1 MJ/m 2 . The 10–day mycelial culture of the strains on wort–agar served as inoculum. The non–irradiated mycelium was used for the control inoculation. The catalase activity in the mycelium homogenate and the culture filtrate was defined spectrophotometrically. It was found out that the laser light of red, blue and green spectra for 10 s caused the increase of the catalase activity of the culture filtrate and the mycelium homogenate of all the strains under research. The effect of complex laser irradiation of red and green spectra does not cause probable changes of the ferment activity of the strains under research. The biggest reaction to blue laser light had the strains F–04 and F–vv of F . velutipes . Thus, the indicator of the catalase activity of the culture filtrate for the strain F–04 was 780.41±15.46 mcat/l, the maximum value of the catalase activity of mycelium for the strain F–vv of F. velutipes was 1203.66±20.31 mcat/g. The other strains under analysis showed less significant catalase activity change in response to irradiation. The research carried out allowed to determine the general consistent patterns and individual peculiarities of different strains of F . velutipes reactions to irradiation spectrum and to identify the sufficient laser photoactivation mode greatly increasing the catalase activity of studied macromycetes.

Comparative Transcriptome Analyses of Gene Response to Different Light Conditions of Camellia oleifera Leaf Using Illumina and Single-Molecule Real-Time-Based RNA-Sequencing

Camellia oleifera Abel. is a critical oil tree species. Camellia oil, which is extracted from the seeds, is widely regarded as a premium cooking oil, with the content of oleic acid being over 80%. Light is thought to be one of the largest essential natural components in the regulation of plant developmental processes, and different light qualities can considerably influence plant physiological and phenotypic traits. In this research, we examined the growth and physiological responses of C. oleifera “MIN 43” cultivar plantlets to three different wavelengths of light, containing white, red, and blue light, and we utilized the combination of the PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and Illumina HiSeq RNA sequencing to obtain the mRNA expression profiles. The results showed that plantlets growing under blue light conditions displayed superior growth performance, including stimulated enhancement of the leaf area, increased leaf number, increased chlorophyll synthesis, and improved photosynthesis. Furthermore, SMAT sequencing created 429,955 reads of inserts, where 406,722 of them were full-length non-chimeric reads, and 131,357 non-redundant isoforms were produced. Abundant differentially expressed genes were found in leaves under different light qualities by RNA-sequencing. Gene expression profiles of actin, dynein, tubulin, defectively organized tributaries 3 (DOT3), and ADP ribosylation factor 5 (ARF5) were associated with the greatest leaf performance occurring under blue light conditions. Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis identified hundreds of pathways involved in different light conditions. The pathways of the plant circadian rhythm and hormone signal transduction were associated with different light quality responses in C. oleifera. Phytochrome B (PHYB), constitutively photomorphogenic 1 (COP1), long hypocotyl 5 (HY5), auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA), Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3), and small auxin-up RNA (SAUR), which were differentially expressed genes involved in these two pathways, play a vital role in responses to different wavelengths of light in C. oleifera. In addition, blue light significantly promotes flavonoid biosynthesis via changing expression of related genes.

Effect of T-photocycle and wavelength on photoperiodic induction in Indian weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus)

ABSTRACT Photoperiodic responses of a photosensitive species depend on the species-specific critical day length (CD), determined by the entrainment of the endogenous circadian rhythm of photoinducibility. We examined the entrainment pathway of the circadian photoperiodic system of photosensitive weaver birds. Birds were subjected to T = 22,24 and 26 h photocycles, with 11- and 12-h photophase to study the photoperiodic induction and synchronization of bird’s circadian system with reference of different light wavelengths. Two experiments were performed on adult male weaver birds. In experiment 1, birds were exposed to T = 22 and 26 h LD-cycles, having 11-h photophase with red and blue light wavelength, while in experiment 2, birds were exposed to T = 22, 24 and 26 h LD-cycles, having 12-h photophase with red and blue light wavelength. Observations on change in body mass and testis size were recorded at monthly intervals. There was a significant effect of red light wavelength on photoperiodic induction of testicular growth in the birds exposed to T = 22 h (11L:11D and 12L:10D) and T = 26 h (11L:15D and 12L:14D; both wavelength), but not when exposed to T = 24 h (12L:12D) photophase. Further, body mass regression was faster in birds of T = 26 h photophase (12L:14D) under blue wavelength. Thus, the above results are indicative of the influence of light wavelength on the endogenous programming that times seasonal responses in body fattening and testicular growth-regression of Indian weaver bird.

Study of Light Wavelength Dependency in Red-Orange Spectrum on Continuous Culture of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803

In this study, the effect of light wavelength on growth rate and lipid production of Synechocystis was investigated. Continuous cultivation system was used to have uniform cell density and avoid self-shading in order to obtain more precise results. Based on previous studies, red light is more efficient than other colors in the visible spectrum for cultivation of Synechocystis; however, the optimum wavelength in red light spectrum remains still unknown. In order to determine the most efficient wavelength of red light, five different wavelengths including 600, 635, 660, 670, and 730 nm were used for growing Synechocystis in a chemostat setup. The results revealed that 635 nm was the most efficient wavelength for cultivation of Synechocystis in terms of both biomass production yield and growth rate. These findings can be attributed to the existence of phycocyanin, the principal light-harvesting supercomplex in Synechocystis, which absorbs maximally at around 620 nm. The results also indicated that cell size and fatty acid profile of Synechocystis were almost the same for different light wavelengths; however, the maximum light was absorbed at 635 nm.

Effects of gamma radiation on the microstructure, luminescence and medical properties for nano-Mn3B7O13Cl

ABSTRACTA nano-Mn3B7O13Cl crystal was synthesized by a sol–gel method, and the structure, morphology and size were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy. Effects of gamma radiation on the microstructure, luminescence properties, and medical performance for Mn3B7O13Cl have been discussed. The results show that Mn3B7O13Cl nanocrystals are uniform, and the average crystal size is about 50 nm. Under the 202 Gy measurement of gamma-ray irradiation, there are a large number of crystal defects in a chambersite crystal, and the defect is given priority with point defects and dislocations especially in gamma-ray irradiation with high energy. The luminescence intensity of natural chambersite in red light wavelengths increased obviously, and the luminescence intensity increased by 3.5 times. Nano-Mn3B7O13Cl exhibited the most significant antitumor activity and antiseptic effects. The best inhibition concentration of natural chambersite to A549 is 100 µg/ml, and its inhibition rate reaches 80%. Addition of natural chambersite in the solution significantly lowers the concentrations of Escherichia coli BL21, and the value is reduced by 97.6%. Therefore, chambersite has important application in the field of medical and shielding materials.

Recent progress in night-break lighting technique based on photoperiodism of chrysanthemum

Flowering control is one of the most important techniques in floriculture. The control of day length makes year-round cut-chrysanthemum flower production possible. Night-break is the most widely used flowering control method in both cut flower and pot chrysanthemum production. In this study, we investigated the effects of night-break, night-break time, and light quality on chrysanthemum flowering. On comparing the wavelengths of red (R) light used for night-breaks, it was observed that the inhibition effect on flowering was higher in the wavelength range of 620-640 nm than at 660 nm, in which the conversion efficiency of phytochrome is high. The effect of R light and R + far red (FR) light on the inhibition of flowering changes with the length of night-break. The effect of R light is higher with a short night-break. On the other hand, when the duration of night-break is long, both R and R + FR light showed equivalent inhibition effects, and the effect of R + FR light was higher than R light in some varieties. The most effective time for night-break was not the middle of the dark period, but near the end of the cultivar-specific critical dark period. As the night-break time was extended, the inhibitory effect on flowering initially increased with night-break time up to a certain time period, beyond which the effect decreased again. The results obtained here are contrary to current perspective on night-break. Based on these findings, we propose a new night-break protocol for the inhibition of flowering in chrysanthemum.

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Photoswitchable ABL Kinase Inhibitor as a Biochemical Tool

With so much to learn about the various biological pathways that allow complex organisms to function, researchers are constantly working to expand their biochemical toolkit. A common way to study the role of an enzyme is to inhibit the protein with a drug and monitor effects such as metabolite buildup or increased activity in other enzymes. To assist these processes, the use of photoswitch molecules is beneficial. The electronics of these molecules allow them to change conformation in response to specific wavelengths of light. With the shape of a drug being so crucial to its binding affinity, molecules capable of changing their shape may be active in one conformation but inactive in the other. This allows these drugs to be activated and inactivated at will, allowing for more in‐depth studies of the spatial and temporal role of proteins. Azo‐stilbenes are among the most well established photoswitches. The azo‐stilbene structure, a chromophore commonly present in industrial dyes due to its vibrant colors, consists of two aromatic rings connected by an azo (N=N) bond. When irradiated with blue light (wavelength of 450–490 nm) these molecules undergo a trans‐to‐cis isomerization about the azo bond. Exposure to heat or red light (wavelength 620–750 nm) incites these molecules to relax back into their more thermodynamically favorable trans state. This poster will outline the synthesis and photophysical characterization of a photoswitchable inhibitor of ABL, a tyrosine kinase. A key component of the synthesis is the use of the Mills reaction, a condensation process that forms an azo bond between an amine and a nitroso compound. UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy was used to characterize properties such as the lambda max values for the cis and trans conformations as well as the thermal relaxation time. This molecule may also have potential for more targeted cancer treatments since the BCR‐ABL fusion gene causes chronic myeloid leukemia. By administering the drug in its inactive conformation and then irradiating sites to induce isomerization where cancer cells are present, unnecessary cell death may be avoided. Treatment of this sort could reduce the side effects of current CML treatments, namely low blood cell counts, which may result in infection and/or anemia.Support or Funding InformationAlbion College Foundation for Undergraduate Research, Scholarship, and Creative ActivitiesThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.