Red Label Research Articles

Development of novel paper‐based colorimetric indicator labels for monitoring shelf life of chicken breast fillets

This study aimed to investigate the applicability of novel colorimetric paper-based pH-sensitive indicator labels for monitoring the shelf life of the chicken breast fillets packaged under air oxygen until 10 days at 4°C. The color changes of the indicator labels were observed using the mobile phone after storage for days 0, 5, and 10. The result revealed that the indicator labels could be used to determine the freshness of the product as a part of intelligent packaging since the color of all indicators changed, depending on the pH changes of the chicken breast fillets. However, the synthetic and the red cabbage-based indicator labels are found more sensitive to color changes compared to other selected natural-based indicators. Moreover, the indicator labels have no toxic effect and are reliable and easy to use for monitoring the shelf life of meat and meat products. Novelty impact statement A novel freshness indicator was developed based on natural (pomegranate, red cabbage, and turnip juice) and synthetic dye (bromocresol green, and methyl red) to detect physicochemical and microbiological changes in the chicken breast fillet for consumers as an alternative to the expiry date. The color of the indicator labels has changed depending on changes in the pH value of the chicken breast fillet packaged under air oxygen. It is considered that the developed indicator labels will contribute to new scientific research about intelligent packaging systems.

Hippocampal Physiological and Behavioral Deficits Related to Alcohol‐induced Disruption of Local Blood Perfusion

Despite preventative education, moderate‐heavy episodic alcohol (ethanol; EtOH) intake, such as in “binge” drinking, remains a major public health problem. Binge drinking, can lead to blood ethanol levels above legal intoxication and cause alcohol‐induced blackouts (AIB), a form of amnesia linked to dysfunction of the hippocampal CA1 region. The neurobiological bases of AIB, however, remain largely unknown. It is noteworthy that proper function of neurons in the brain, including the CA1 region, critically depends on aerobic metabolism and optimal blood flow (BF). Using rodent models, we previously showed that EtOH at intoxicating concentrations constricted cerebral arteries independently of circulatory, metabolic, and endothelial factors, but due to drug inhibition of large conductance Ca2+‐ and voltage‐gated K+ (BK) channels present in vascular smooth muscle. Using behavioral modeling of contextual fear conditioning with miniscope technology, the present study tests the hypothesis that EtOH‐induced anterograde memory dysfunction is coincidental to EtOH‐induced reduction in local blood flow and reduced neuronal activity in the CA1 region. Thus, we used Ca2+‐release imaging to map single neuron activity in combination with dynamic local BF recordings in awake and freely moving mice to simultaneously determine vascular, neurophysiological and behavioral effects of EtOH in a mouse model of AIB. Ca2+ imaging was conducted using GCaMP6, which provided a blue fluorescent light when neurons released Ca2+, indicating action potentials, while rhodamine dextran dye provided a red label for the vasculature within the CA1. AIB was modeled via contextual fear conditioning, in which mice were exposed to electric shocks after receiving intraperitoneal injections (IP) of saline or EtOH. Twenty‐four hours later, animals were placed into the same boxes, and their freezing behavior was recorded. Data revealed that IP injection of 2 mg/kg EtOH evoked a robust (>50%) decrease in Ca2+ fluorescence which was coincidental to an 18% decrease in cerebral artery diameter. Reductions in neuronal activity and cerebral artery diameter were, indeed, accompanied by a 42.3% reduction in freezing behavior (P>0.05). Thus, this study identifies both vascular and neurophysiological components of EtOH action on the hippocampus CA1 region in a behavioral model of AIB. More generally, our study is the first to investigate the simultaneous effects of EtOH on behavior, including anterograde memory, neuronal activity, and local BF dynamics in the brain.

Accurate fish-freshness prediction label based on red cabbage anthocyanins

Biosafe colorimetric labels that can accurately evaluate food freshness have been widely investigated in recent years. Here, red cabbage anthocyanin labels and back propagation (BP) neural network are combined to form a system for monitoring fish freshness. Anthocyanins extracted from red cabbage were used as color response pigments and carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized sodium alginate (CMCS/OSA) as the solid matrix. They were dispersed in silica sol to obtain colorimetric labels using the screen-printing approach. The label is recognized by the mobile phone to obtain freshness information, rather than the traditional method with the color card. The labels underwent color gradation during the storage period which was driven by response of anthocyanins to changes in pH. Computers are more sensitive to changes in color than the human eye. The labels are divided into three categories according to the freshness of the fish. BP neural network trained with labeled red cabbage anthocyanin label images predicted fish freshness with an overall accuracy of 92.6%. Integrating a BP neural network into a smartphone application forms a simple system for fast label scanning and real-time identification of fish freshness. The system can be used for food quality control throughout the supply chain.

English

BACKGROUND Cavity disinfectants are frequently used for the elimination of bacteria that remain in the cavity, which are shown as the cause of secondary caries. However, its effect on microleakage from the tooth-restoration interface is still under investigation. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the effects of the use of three different cavity disinfectants on microleakage in Class V composite restorations. METHODS For this study, 28 permanent third molar teeth without caries and restoration were used. Class V cavities of 4 mm x 3 mm x 3 mm were prepared on the buccal surfaces of each tooth. The teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 7 teeth in each group. No cavity disinfectant was applied to the teeth in group 1. Tubulicid Red Label (Dental Therapeutics AB, Sweden) cavity disinfectant was applied to the 2nd group teeth, Cavity Cleanser (BISCO Inc., USA) cavity disinfectant to the 3rd group teeth, and Oxygenated Water (Dermosept, Turkey) cavity disinfectant to the 4th group teeth. Composite resin with universal adhesive and nanohybrid filler was applied to all samples in the groups in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturers, and finishing and polishing processes were performed. Then, the thermal cycle (NOVA, Konya, Turkey) procedure was applied. After the restorations were covered with nail polish, they were kept in a 5 % basic fuchsin solution. The teeth were cut vertically in the buccolingual direction and examined with a stereomicroscope at x 40 magnification. The results were statistically evaluated with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS When the microleakage scores were compared between the control group and the groups treated with Tubulicid Red Label (p:0.204), Cavity Cleanser (p:0.204) and Oxygenated Water (P: 0.788), it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSİONS It was determined that different cavity disinfectants applied in Class V cavities did not have a negative effect on microleakage and the closest results to the control group were seen in the group where cavity cleanser disinfectant containing 2 % chlorhexidine digluconate was applied. KEY WORDS Cavity Disinfectants, Class V Cavity, Microleakage.

Books and Manuscripts 2020

Books and Manuscripts 2020

DrFLINC Contextualizes Super-resolution Activity Imaging.

Super-resolution activity imaging maps the biochemical architecture of living cells yet currently overlooks the locations of collaborating regulators/effectors. Building on the fluorescence fluctuation increase by contact (FLINC) principle, here we devise Dronpa-chromophore-removed FLINC (DrFLINC), where the nonfluorescent Dronpa can nevertheless enhance TagRFP-T fluorescence fluctuations. Exploiting DrFLINC, we develop a superior red label and a next-generation activity sensor for context-rich super-resolution biosensing.

Sensory Characterization of Iberian Dry-Cured Loins by Using Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) Analysis and Multiple-Intake Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS).

The aim of the present work was to sensorially characterize different commercial categories of Iberian dry-cured loins (varying genetic and feeding background) using a novel dynamic sensory technique, and to explore consumers preferences applying a rapid method. The samples (green label—GL, Cebo de Campo Ibérico; red label—RL, Bellota 50% Ibérico; and black label—BL, Bellota 100%) were analyzed by (i) Check-all-that-apply (CATA) with the evaluation of an ‘Ideal’ dry-cured loin and the overall liking, and by (ii) multiple-intake Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS). The CATA results indicated that the sensory characteristics of RL samples were closer to those of the ‘Ideal’ loin. Furthermore, juiciness, marbling, cured flavor, chewiness, persistence, and brightness were selected as ‘must-have’ attributes. Juiciness cured flavor and red color were considered as drivers of liking. TDS results showed that flavor attributes presented the highest dominance rates, with saltiness being the most dominant attribute along BL sample evaluation, and with cured and paprika flavor for GL and RL samples. These sensory technique results displayed the ability to sensorily characterize dry-cured loins, providing different, complementary, and valuable information.

Red, yellow, or green? Do consumers’ choices of food products depend on the label design?

Abstract Using a stated preference survey, we investigate to what extent consumers are willing to make costlier food consumption choices to decrease damages to health, the environment, and animal well-being. In particular, we investigate how the graphic design of the labels affects choice behaviour by comparing traffic–light and greyscale labels and plain-text description with each other. We found that the red colour in traffic lights seems to strengthen respondents’ preferences for avoiding the worst level of a collective attribute such as climate impact or antibiotics use, while the green colour strengthened preferences for the more private attribute, namely healthiness. On average, the price premiums for a green label compared with a red label is 52 per cent for healthiness, 64 per cent for both animal welfare and antibiotics, and 20 per cent for climate impact.

Developing sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels for young adults.

There is a lack of qualitative research developing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) warning labels with their intended end users. We sought to identify promising SSB warning elements for improving label effectiveness and for future testing in policy and institutional settings. Mixed methods design using ten focus groups, a design task and a survey. The design task was used to generate ideas for an icon that would dissuade SSB consumption. The survey and focus group guide assessed participant perceptions of SSB warning label mock-ups of text (loss frame, gain frame and loss frame with attribution), colour and icon options. Three large public universities in California from February to March 2018. Young adult SSB consumers (n 86) enrolled in one of three diverse California public universities. Participants perceived the following elements as most effective for reducing SSB consumption: loss-frame text with attribution to a credible source, yellow and red colour for label background and an image or icon to accompany the text. Preferred images included sugar near or inside of an SSB, intuitive shapes like a triangle with exclamation mark or octagon and a visual indicator of SSB sugar content compared with recommended limits. Support was high for using SSB warning labels in university cafeterias and on bottles/cans. Loss-frame text with a credible source, yellow or red label colour and icons could potentially enhance effectiveness of SSB warning labels and warrant further testing.

Fluctuation‐based Fluorescence Labeling and Biosensing for Multi‐color Super‐resolution Imaging

Multi-color super-resolution microscopy has become a desirable method for exploring the dynamic interaction and compartmentalization of biomolecules in living cells. Among numerous super-resolution microscopy concepts, photochromic stochastic optical fluctuation imaging (pcSOFI) has been widely recognized and applied in the life sciences due to advantages such as use of off-the-shelf equipment and high temporal resolution. Furthermore, with reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins (RSFP), pcSOFI could be used to localize biomolecules in high resolution in living systems. Previously, we discovered a phenomenon called fluorescence fluctuation increase by contact (FLINC), in which the RSFP Dronpa can specifically enhance the ability of fluorescence fluctuations of non-RSFP TagRFP-T when they are spatially close to each other. We developed FLINC-based A kinase-activity reporter (AKAR) and achieved super-resolution PKA activity imaging by pcSOFI in living cells. However, FLINC-based sensors contain two FPs, presenting challenges in multi-color super-resolution imaging. To overcome this issue, we identified mutations that disrupt fluorescence of Dronpa but maintain FLINC. We then introduced a Dronpa-removed FLINC (DrFLINC) as an enhanced red label, in combination with pcSOFI, to localize biomolecules in super-resolution in different compartments of living cells. Applying this new red fluorescent label in dual-color pcSOFI, we revealed that type II PKA regulatory subunit-α (RIIα) mainly located on microtubule in MIN6 beta cells. Furthermore, we developed DrFLINC-AKAR and demonstrated the multiplexed super-resolution imaging to reveal the regulatory context of PKA activity microdomains in living cells.

Chimeric Virus-like Particles of Universal Antigen Epitopes of Coronavirus and Phage Qβ Coat Protein Trigger the Production of Neutralizing Antibodies.

Virus-like Particles (VLPs) are non-genetic multimeric nanoparticles synthesized through in vitro or in vivo self-assembly of one or more viral structural proteins. Immunogenicity and safety of VLPs make them ideal candidates for vaccine development and efficient nanocarriers for foreign antigens or adjuvants to activate the immune system. The present study aimed to design and synthesize a chimeric VLP vaccine of the phage Qbeta (Qβ) coat protein presenting the universal epitope of the coronavirus. The RNA phage Qβ coat protein was designed and synthesized, denoted as Qbeta. The CoV epitope, a universal epitope of coronavirus, was inserted into the C-terminal of Qbeta using genetic recombination, designated as Qbeta-CoV. The N-terminal of Qbeta-CoV was successively inserted into the TEV restriction site using mCherry red fluorescent label and modified affinity purified histidine label 6xHE, which was denoted as HE-Qbeta-CoV. Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) assessment revealed the expression of Qbeta, Qbeta-CoV, and HE-Qbeta-CoV in the BL21 (DE3) cells. The fusion protein was purified by salting out using ammonium sulfate and affinity chromatography. The morphology of particles was observed using electron microscopy. The female BALB/C mice were immunized intraperitoneally with the Qbeta-CoV and HE-Qbeta-- CoV chimeric VLPs vaccines and their sera were collected for the detection of antibody level and antibody titer using ELISA. The serum is used for the neutralization test of the three viruses of MHV, PEDV, and PDCoV. The results revealed that the fusion proteins Qbeta, Qbeta-CoV, and HE-Qbeta-CoV could all obtain successful expression. Particles with high purity were obtained after purification; the chimeric particles of Qbeta-CoV and HE-Qbeta-CoV were found to be similar to Qbeta particles in morphology and formed chimeric VLPs. In addition, two chimeric VLP vaccines induced specific antibody responses in mice and the antibodies showed certain neutralizing activity. The successful construction of the chimeric VLPs of the phage Qβ coat protein presenting the universal epitope of coronavirus provides a vaccine form with potential clinical applications for the treatment of coronavirus disease.

Garbage Detection Using YOLOv3 in Nakanoshima Challenge

Object detectors using deep learning are currently used in various situations, including robot demonstration experiments, owing to their high accuracy. However, there are some problems in the creation of training data, such as the fact that a lot of labor is required for human annotations, and the method of providing training data needs to be carefully considered because the recognition accuracy decreases due to environmental changes such as lighting. In the Nakanoshima Challenge, an autonomous mobile robot competition, it is challenging to detect three types of garbage with red labels. In this study, we developed a garbage detector by semi-automating the annotation process through detection of labels using colors and by preparing training data by changing the lighting conditions in three ways depending on the brightness. We evaluated the recognition accuracy on the university campus and addressed the challenge of using the discriminator in the competition. In this paper, we report these results.

Development of Criteria for a Positive Front-of-Package Food Labeling: The Israeli Case.

Efforts to shape the food environment are aimed at reducing diet-related co-morbidities. Front-of-package labeling (FOPL) may support the consumers to make an informed decision at the point of purchase and encourage industry to reformulate food products. The Israeli Ministry of Health (MOH) implemented a unique FOPL system, using two colors: A mandatory warning (red) label alongside a voluntary positive (green) label. An independent Scientific Committee, from academia, the healthcare system, and MOH was appointed to determine the core principles for the positive FOPL. The criteria were based on the Mediterranean diet principles, with adjustments to the Israeli dietary habits, focusing on the health advantages of the food and considering its processing level. The food products eligible for positive FOPL are foods in their natural form or with added spices or herbs, or those that underwent minimal processing, with no food additives. Based on population consumption data, 19.8% of food products were eligible for positive FOPL; of them, 54% were fruits and vegetables, 20% dairy, and 14% grains. An evaluation plan is needed to assess the degree of acceptance of the positive FOPL by the industry, retailers, and the public, and its impact on food consumption and on public health.

Exclusive vital labeling of myonuclei for studying myonuclear arrangement in mouse skeletal muscle tissue

BackgroundThe arrangement of myonuclei in skeletal muscle tissue has long been used as a biomarker for muscle health, but there is a dearth of in vivo exploration of potential effects of myonuclear organization on the function and regeneration of skeletal muscle because traditional nuclear stains are performed on postmortem tissue. Therefore, we sought a transgenic method to produce a selective and persistent myonuclear label in whole muscles of living mice.MethodsWe bred together a mouse line with skeletal muscle fiber-selective expression of Cre recombinase and a second mouse line with a Cre-inducible fluorescently tagged histone protein to generate a mouse line that produces a myonuclear label suitable for vital imaging and histology of fixed tissue. We tested the effectiveness of this vital label in three conditions known to generate abnormal myonuclear positioning. First, we injured myofibers of young mice with cardiotoxin. Second, this nuclear label was bred into a murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Finally, we examined old mice from this line that have undergone the natural aging process. Welch’s t test was used to compare wild type and transgenic mice.ResultsThe resulting mouse line transgenically produces a vital red fluorescent label of myonuclei, which facilitates their in vivo imaging in skeletal muscle tissue. Transgenic fluorescent labeling of myonuclei has no significant effect on skeletal muscle function, as determined by twitch and tetanic force recordings. In each muscle examined, including those under damaged, dystrophic, and aged conditions, the labeled myonuclei exhibit morphology consistent with established literature, and reveal a specialized arrangement of subsynaptic myonuclei at the neuromuscular junction.ConclusionsTaken together, our results demonstrate that this mouse line provides a versatile tool to selectively visualize myonuclei within both living and fixed preparations of healthy, injured, diseased, and aged muscles.

Juridical Analysis of Nurse Authority in Granting of Red Label Drugs in The Mandiri Nursing Practice

Article 30 paragraph (1) of Law No. 38/2014 letter j explains that nurses are authorized to administer drug administration to clients, but the facts on the field nurses are actually arrested by Police for providing pharmaceutical preparations for clients. This shows that there has been an imbalance between regulations and facts on the ground. The problem in this study is how the nurse's authority in the service of giving red label medicines in the practice of independent nursing and how the legal protection of nurses in the practice of independent nursing This research method uses a normative juridical approach, with secondary data collection, to prove whether it is true that nurses are prohibited from giving red label drugs. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively. Based on the results of the study found that nurses have the authority to administer all drugs including red labeled drugs except drugs that contain narcotics and psychotronics. Nurses can provide these drugs both in terms of limitations and not. In that case, nurses obtain preventive legal protection by carrying out their obligations as nurses and fulfilling the rights of patients and not committing unlawful acts.

Impact of front-of-pack nutrition labels on consumer purchasing intentions: a randomized experiment in low- and middle-income Mexican adults

BackgroundFront-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labeling is a cost-effective strategy to help consumers make informed and healthier food choices. We aimed to investigate the effect of the FOP labels used in the Latin American region on consumers’ shopping intentions when prompted to make their choices with specific nutrients-to-limit in mind among low- and middle-income Mexican adults (> 18 y).MethodsIn this experimental study of an online simulated shopping situation participants (n = 2194) were randomly assigned to one of three labeling conditions: Guideline Daily Amounts (GDA), Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL), or red Warning Labels (WL). Participants were required to view a video explaining how to correctly interpret the assigned label. Primary outcomes were the overall nutritional quality (estimated using the Nutrient Profiling Scoring Criterion [NPSC] and NPSC baseline score) and mean energy and nutrient content of purchases. Secondary outcomes included shopping time variables. We also evaluated the impact of the labels across food categories (ready-made foods, dairy beverages, non-dairy beverages, salty snacks, and breakfast cereals) and sociodemographic subgroups.ResultsThe MTL and the WL led to a better overall nutritional quality of the shopping cart compared to the GDA (p < 0.05). According to the NPSC score, the WL led to a better nutritional quality across breakfast cereals and salty snacks compared to the GDA (p < 0.05); a similar effect was observed for the MTL among non-dairy beverages (p < 0.05). The MTL and the WL required shorter shopping times compared to GDA (p < 0.05). Across all labeling conditions, the nutritional quality of the shopping cart tended to be lower among those with low income, education and nutrition knowledge levels.ConclusionWL and MTL may foster healthier food choices in a faster way among low- and middle-income groups in Mexico. To produce an equitable impact among consumers of all socioeconomic strata, efforts beyond simply the inclusion of a communication campaign on how to use and interpret FOP labels will be required.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov. NCT04308408 Retrospectively registered March 16, 2020.

Red for "Stop": "Traffic-Light" Nutrition Labels Decrease Unhealthy Food Choices by Increasing Activity and Connectivity in the Frontal Lobe.

Food labels comprise a national health-intervention policy that informs consumers of food-product nutritional value. Previous evidence has indicated that, compared to a purely numeric guideline-daily-amount label, a traffic-light-inspired, color-coded label more effectively conveys the nutritional level and increases the selection of healthier products. Therefore, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the mechanism whereby traffic-light and guideline-daily-amount labels influence food-related decision-making. Forty-four female dieters (age, mean = 20.0, standard deviation = 1.45 years) were recruited to participate in a food-choice task; healthy or unhealthy food options were presented with color-coded traffic-light or purely numeric guideline-daily-amount labels, and the participants were asked to state their preference. We found that, compared with the guideline-daily-amount label, a salient, red traffic-light label potentially reduced unhealthy food-related decision-making and activated the superior medial frontal gyrus and the supplementary motor area, which are implicated in the execution of responses and motor inhibition. For the same stimulus contrast, we also found increased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is associated with salient information monitoring. Finally, we found stronger functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and inhibitory regions (inferior and middle frontal gyri) under red-traffic-light than under guideline-daily-amount label conditions. These results suggest that traffic-light-inspired labels may be a more effective means of public-policy intervention than are numeric labels conveying guideline daily amounts.

Rapid Screening Procedure for Buildings Damaged by Earthquakes: The Need for Retrofitting

Right after an earthquake disaster, many universities and or “experts” were performing rapid screening of buildings/facilities damaged during the earthquake. Many of the buildings, houses, were tagged with red labels, which means that those buildings are dangerous, cannot be occupied and should be demolished. Demolishing buildings without thorough analysis is an irresponsible act. The rapid screening of buildings damaged by earthquakes shall be done repeatedly by experts with track records in the field of structural earthquake engineering, utilizing the same criteria and subsequently converting the findings into a well-established scoring system. The damaged buildings must be evaluated, analyzed by acknowledged structural earthquake engineers with track records prior to the final decision. If the analysis showed positive results, the buildings should be retrofitted, and not demolished. Retrofitting of buildings damaged by earthquakes shall be made a culture in Indonesia.

Reformulation and priorities for reducing energy density; a survey on fat content in cakes and biscuits sold in British supermarkets

AbstractCakes and biscuits are widely consumed foods and are important contributors of energy, total and saturated fat and sugar in British diets. So far, the UK government has prompted the food industry to reduce energy density in cakes and biscuits mainly through sugar reformulation. However, a government led evaluation has shown that reducing only sugar has lowered energy density minimally. To assess whether total and saturated fat reformulation could be an additional and more effective mechanism for reducing product energy density we conducted a cross-sectional survey of pre-packed cakes and biscuits available in nine UK supermarkets. We collected nutrition information from product packaging. In cakes (n = 381), the mean total fat content was 17.9 ± 5.2g/100 g (39% of the overall energy); range (1.4–35.6g/100g). The average saturated fat content in cakes was 5.9 ± 3.4g/100 g (13% of the overall energy); range (0.3–20g/100g). The average sugar content in cakes was 36.6 ± 7.6 (34% of the overall energy); range (11.3–62.0g/100g). In biscuits (n = 481) the mean total fat content was 21.8g ± 6.3g/100 g (40% of the overall energy); range (0.7–38.9g/100g) and the average saturated fat content was 11.4 ± 4.9 g/100 g (23% of the overall energy); range (0.3–22.3g/100g). The average sugar content in biscuits was 30.0 ± 9.2 (23% of the overall energy); range (12.0–74.0g/100g). In both cakes and biscuits total and saturated fat, but not sugar content, was positively correlated with energy density. According to the nutrient profiling system used by the government, 57% of cakes and 75% of biscuits would receive a red (high) label for total fats; 54% of cakes and 88% of biscuits and would receive a red label for saturated fat.Our results show that cakes and biscuits sold in UK supermarkets are high in total and saturated fat, and that fat content contributes substantially to product energy density. We observed a large variation in total and saturated fat content within each product category. This finding indicates that reformulation to reduce total and saturated fat and energy density is possible as some manufacturers are already producing cake and biscuits with a more healthful nutrient composition and lower energy density. Fat reformulation in cakes and biscuits and similar products would effectively reduce energy density and calorie intake and thereby prevent obesity. We recommend that fat reformulation should be implemented simultaneously with sugar reformulation and to be focussed where possible on saturated fat, as this will have the additional and independent beneficial effect of lowering LDL cholesterol.

Methyl Red Indicator on Smart Packaging as a Freshness Sensor for Tilapia Fillets

This research aims to analyze the response of methyl red indicator film sensor label color changes on smart packaging in detecting the freshness of tilapia fillets over a shelf life of 10 hours at room temperature (± 25ºC). This research uses a comparative descriptive method. The parameters observed were pH values, total plate count (TPC) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN). The results of this research indicate that the response of the film label consists of several concentrations of methyl red namely control (0%); 0.05%; 0.5% and 1%. The best results from film sensor label response is 0.05% Methyl red concentration in detecting the freshness of tilapia fillets and showed the most rapid response to changing the color of the label at the observation of the 7th hours during storage of 10 hours with 8 times the observation time. The freshness of tilapia fillets has decreased quality with changes in pH that tend to fluctuate ie the pH has decreased and then rose again as the color changes are indicated by the film label from yellow to reddish-orange. Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) and total plate count (TPC) during the observation showed a trend towards the same graph results, namely, the longer shelf life will increase the decrease in freshness quality of tilapia fillets with marked decay. Therefore, the freshness level of tilapia fillets can be determined by the smart packaging sensor methyl red indicator label at room temperature storage (± 25ºC).