Red Horse Research Articles

Происхождение и лексико-семантическая характеристика цветообозначения ерән ‘рыжий’ в башкирском языке

The article examines the origin, historical development and semantics of the word yeran ‘red’ in the Bashkir language. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in Bashkir linguistics, this color designation is subjected to a comprehensive etymological, comparative historical, and lexico-semantic analysis. During the scientific analysis, it was revealed that the yeran ‘red’ lexeme is characterized by an ancient origin: scientists have restored its proto-Turkic (*jẹgre-n ‘red (about the color of a horse); deer, gazelle, antelope’), proto-Altai (*negre ‘type of deer’) forms. It is established that the first fixation of the word falls on the ancient Turkic period. The word is found in almost all Turkic languages in the meaning of ‘red color of a horse or other animals’, in Kipchak – in the designation of red hair, mustache, beard, in some Turkic languages – as the names of animals ‘roe deer, gazelle, antelope’ (‘roe deer’, ‘gazelle’, ‘antelope’). It is assumed that jagren ‘chestnut’ in the Turkic languages originally meant the color of the horse’s skin, over time the semantics of the word expanded – it began to be applied to the color of human hair, then gradually to all objects of reddish color, reddish hue. In Bashkir, eran, like the reflexes *jẹgre-n in many Turkic languages, functions in the meanings of ‘red (about the suit, about the hair, mustache, beard)’. Related lexemes are found in other Altaic languages: in Korean and Tungusic-Manchurian languages, they are used in the meanings of ‘roe deer’, ‘vazhenka (female reindeer)’. In the Mongolian and Tungusic-Manchu languages, the meaning of the word ‘red horse color’ is a Turkic loan. The Turkic word entered the Russian language as well: Igreny ‘light red (about horse color)’.

K.S. Petrov-Vodkin: from Clairvoyance to Philosophy

In the article the author carries out the philosophical analysis of the artistic work of K.S. Petrov- Vodkin. The author examines the process of the artist’s formation and connects its culmination with the use of «spherical perspective» in painting. Revealing the philosophical meaning of the «spherical perspective», the author shows its fundamental difference from the linear perspective and the reverse perspective, and also dispels the popular idea of Petrov-Vodkin being a cosmist. Analyzing the «Bathing of the Red Horse» painting, the author shows that Petrov-Vodkin was a revolutionary not in politics, but in painting, offering his theory of color and advocating the creation of the Russian school of painting. Comparing the «Bathing of the Red Horse» with the «Black Square» by K. Malevich, on the one hand, and with the Russian icon, on the other hand, the author refers the canvas to the archeoavantgarde. The image of A.S. Pushkin constitutes the quintessence of the artist’s inner path for Petrov-Vodkin. When referring to it, the artist in Petrov-Vodkin gives way to the thinker. The idea of the intrinsic value of painting is replaced by the idea of the intrinsic value of Russian culture.

In conversation with Kristy Red Horse.

In conversation with Kristy Red Horse.

Художественный код картины К. Петрова-Водкина «Купание красного коня» в поэтических текстах

The paper examines the painting by K. Petrov-Vodkin “Bathing of the Red Horse”, its reflection and artistic refraction in poetic texts. The study opens with describing the artistic image of the horse in world mythology, religions, folklore, art, world and domestic literature. The horse is one of the most mythologized animals: it is the sun-horse, the fire-horse, a symbol of death and resurrection, a symbol of male power, the embodiment of a connection with the supernatural world. The cult of the horse underlies various amulets, for example, in the decoration of a Russian hut, crowned with a horse, in amulets with the image of a horse's head, in relation to a horseshoe as a symbol of happiness in home, etc. The painting “Bathing the Red Horse” was exhibited in 1912. Until now, the meaning of this canvas is not completely clear, so that the picture has many readings and interpretations. The horse`s red color specifically caused various disputes. After the revolution of 1917, this powerful red horse was perceived as a symbol of revolution, a symbol of change. In this sense, the picture is truly prophetic: very soon the whole world will turn red with the First World War, the revolution, fascism in Germany, and the Second World War. Four horsemen of the Apocalypse raced hard through the 20th century. The horse is a symbol of nature, of the huge world surrounding man, unpredictable, elemental, scary and strong in its own way. Red horse — The Sun Horse, a symbol of male strength, hybrid of a horse and a bird gives rise to the hope that he will not throw a teenage boy to the ground and crush him, but on the contrary, with all his strength, endurance, patience, will help him and carry the boy to the bright side of life. It became a kind of response to the mood of decadence and hopelessness among the Russian intelligentsia of the early twentieth century. As the paper shows, in poetic texts one may also come across a different understanding of the picture (personification of a happy childhood, modern Russia, symbol of a better time to come, etc.).

Pigment spectroscopy analyses in Maltravieso cave, Spain

Maltravieso cave (Estremadura, Spain) was recently the subject of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy of 8 figures (four hand stencils, a red horse figure, a black bull figure, a pair of black lines, and a pair of brown lines). These artistic representations are composed of different colors including red, brown, and black figures. The analyses showed that different naturally occurred material compounds in the cave (such as kaolinite) were used in the creation of the ochre to obtain different hues. Hand stencils are made of earth pigment that is naturally present in the cave which contained hematite, magnetite, and goethite as chromophores material. The red horse figure was made with kaolinite-based ochre. The black bull figure was made with charcoal (identified with Raman spectroscopy). The pigmental composition analyses show that they are composed of the same natural matter found inside the cave. Our results suggest that different paintings in the cave have been produced by different techniques and these techniques are linked to different chronological periods.

Сюжетосложение песен «Джангара» из эпического репертуара джангарчи Телтя Лиджиева

Introduction. Exploration of plots from late epic narratives is an urgent task of contemporary Jangar studies. A total of twelve epic texts (audiotapes) recorded by N. Bitkeev from jangarchi T. Lidzhiev in 1970 were transcribed for comprehensive insights into the mid-to-late epic-telling tradition. Goals. The article aims at considering plot structures of two narratives recorded from jangarchi Teltya Lidzhiev and introducing the unpublished texts into scientific circulation. Materials. The explored epic narratives are as follows: The Song of How Jangar [Bogdo] Came to Grips with Altan Cheeji; The Song of How Alya Monkhlya, the Son of Duta, Raided Eighteen Thousand Blood Red Horses from Jangar [Bogdo]. Results. The narratives are not interconnected, each being an independent poem manifesting one certain plot ‘move’. The common elements are characters, localization of events in space and time, a certain epic era and domain ruled by its Khan. The Song of How Jangar [Bogdo] Came to Grips with Altan Cheeji is distinguished by that it contains no prologue which results from the plot proper deals with the era to have preceded the emergence of Bumba and Jangar’s enthronement. As compared to texts of Eelyan Ovla, Teltya Lidzhiev’s songs are notably reduced. However, despite the decreased number of poetic lines, the epic plot structure consisting of separate complete episodes is preserved in full.

Red Horse Chestnut and Horse Chestnut Flowers and Leaves: A Potential and Powerful Source of Polyphenols with High Antioxidant Capacity

Aesculus flowers and leaves are an excellent source of bioactive compounds, including flavanols, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins, and the leaves also contain antioxidant carotenoids and chlorophylls. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the amounts of bioactive compounds present in Aesculus hippocastanum and Aesculus × carnea flowers and leaves over two years. These two species from six independent locations (parks and green areas) located in Warsaw were assessed in this study. The dry matter by the scale method and polyphenol, carotenoid, and chlorophyll content by the HPLC method of the flowers and leaves was evaluated. Red horse chestnut flowers contained significantly more total carotenoids (40.6 µg/g FW) and chlorophylls (36.9 µg/g FW) than horse chestnut flowers, and red horse chestnut flowers contained higher levels of anthocyanins (5.41 µg/g FW) than other species. We observed that horse chestnut flowers were characterized by a higher total polyphenols concentration (9.45 µg/g FW) compared to red horse chestnut flowers. In addition, the analysis of leaves showed that all quality parameters were higher in red horse chestnut species. Five individual anthocyanins were identified in both species’ flowers, but a higher concentration was found in red horse chestnut flowers, and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside was the predominant form among a pool of total anthocyanins. In both experimental years, leaves (109.25 mMol/100 g FW and 112.0 mMol/100 g FW) were characterized by a higher antioxidant activity than flowers (27.0 mMol/100 g FW and 27.5 mMol/100 g FW).

Analysis of Stress Response and Analgesic Effect of Remazolam Combined with Etomidate in Painless Gastroenteroscopy.

In order to explore more ideal intravenous anesthesia drug in clinical practice, the analgesic effect of remazolam combined with etomidate in painless gastroenteroscopy and its effect on stress response is investigated. A total of 100 patients are selected for the gastric disease screening, and they are randomly divided into the single-drug group and composite group, with 50 cases in each group. Etomidate, mazzolone, and etomidate are used to anesthetize the patients, and then, the effects of different solutions on analgesia, sedation, and stress response are compared and analyzed, and the adverse reactions are improved. The etomidate and red horse azole shimron composite etomidate anesthesia were applied, and the comparative analysis of different solutions of analgesic, sedative effect, and response to stress is conducted. Then, the improvement of adverse reactions is analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate that remazolam combined with etomidate anesthesia can reduce the level of pain mediators and enhance the analgesia and sedation effect. Meanwhile, combined anesthesia can reduce the stress response and adverse reactions of patients and shorten the examination period effectively.

CLASSIC BOOK SHELF OF EUGENIO CORTY: IN THE WORKSHOP OF THE NOVEL “CATONE ANTICO”

On the 100th anniversary of Eugenio Corti’s birth (1921-2014), the article reports on the first study conducted on the material that the Italian author used to draft his historical novel Catone l'antico (Ares, Milan 2005). This is the third element of a trilogy defined by Corti himself as “racconti per immagini” (stories in images), since he has adopted a new literary style, very close to the languages of cinema, television and computers. The essay examines the genesis of the novel in order to understand how a modern writer tackles the times of an ever-evolving artistic production and it also determines any debts and credits of his creative work. Along a survey of Catone's preparatory material (whose summary is at the end of the article), it is possible to outline the main directions of Corti's research as well as to analyse the work from different perspectives, even to connect it to the rest of the author’s production. All things considered, the study proves that Eugenio Corti does not change his writing purposes, as his literary topics do. Through the life of a Roman man (ancient only for historical distance), the author of Il cavallo rosso (The Red Horse) continues to demonstrate how it is false the idea of freedom to live happy and free without man's wickedness. That was also an idea of the Communists, who have always censored the writer, through part of the leading and intellectual class of Italy.

Ангелът на кон във византийското изкуство

Angels, incorruptible beings of incorporeal matter, according to the teaching of Christianity are the first and most perfect God’s creatures, members of the Church whose Head is Christ. God’s messengers, guardians and heavenly warriors, or belonging to other ranks which were later defined and classified by theologians as found in the different texts of the Old and New Testaments, they do not have a clearly defined appearance and attributes, with the notable exception of Cherubim and Seraphim. Very rarely are flying angels even vaguely mentioned in Biblical texts, still less – winged angels. Rather, the angel – God’s herald, ascends and descends on Jacob’s ladder (Gen 28:12), or rides on a red horse in Prophet Zechariah’s vision (Zech 1:8). According to Jewish understanding, the angel was not able to fly as he needed a ladder in order to ascend or a horse in order to travel. Thus, the angel seems to have been thought of by the Jews in rather material terms, and it was only later that his incorruptible nature was specified. However, the winged Greco-Roman deities (such as Nike, Eros etc) and the very ancient images of angels in Zoroastrianism, also winged, apparently influenced Jewish and Christian iconography. So, it was as early as the 5th century that Christian iconography gradually adopted the angel’s appearance as a personage with human features (with the exception of Cherubim and Seraphim) supplied with wings, and this form of representation was applied to all ranks of angelic powers, regardless of style development. Thus, under the influence of ancient Greco-Roman ideas, the angel is depicted as a winged, flying creature. He has been adopted in this form universally by Christian doctrine, regardless of the lack of sufficient official texts. It is only in certain apocryphal texts that occasionally winged angels are specifically mentioned. This Christian as well as Jewish practice – at least during the early centuries of the Christian Era, adopted the type of the winged angel, and wings have become an invariable attribute of angels even when it is a matter of interpreting texts in which the angel as a God’s herald is not mentioned as a winged creature at all.

New archaeological data on the upper Paleolithic site of cueva de Malalmuerzo (Moclín, Granada, Spain)

The Malalmuerzo cave (Moclín, Granada, Spain) has been known since the 1980s for its archaeological remains and rock art, dated to the Neolithic and the Solutrean periods respectively. However, following thirty years of neglect, our team carried out a brief archaeological intervention after looters destroyed parts of the sediment fill of the cave. The refreshing of disturbed surfaces and the examination of a small undisturbed profile produced many archaeological remains attributed to several Magdalenian levels. The levels partially covered the depiction of a red horse, which probably dates to the Solutrean period.

Study of the biochemical, histological and cytogenetic effects of two different energy drinks (EDs); red bull and power horse; on brain of adult male albino rats and to determine the possible protective role of Omega-3 on the adverse effects of EDs

Study of the biochemical, histological and cytogenetic effects of two different energy drinks (EDs); red bull and power horse; on brain of adult male albino rats and to determine the possible protective role of Omega-3 on the adverse effects of EDs

Monstrous (M)others—From Paranoid to Reparative Readings of Othering Through Ascriptions of Monstrosity

The Danish film A Horrible Woman (orig. En frygtelig kvinde, 2017) marked a pattern that can be identified throughout several decades of Danish filmmaking. Examples are found in contemporary films like Antichrist (2009), as well as in earlier Danish films like The Abyss (1910) and Red Horses (1950). In these and other examples, women characters exhibit monstrous behavior that can be construed as a form of othering. Furthermore, othering women and mothers by presenting them as terrible, abnormal, or monstrous in Danish (popular) culture goes well beyond the silver screen. In this article, ‘mother–daughter scholars’ Mira Chandhok Skadegård and Tess Sophie Skadegård Thorsen explore how monstrosity functions as a tool for othering in film and other media, offering both a (generational) and historical view, and a discussion of current constructions of monstrosity, on and off screen, in Denmark. The article argues that monstrosity, as a symbol of power and violence, becomes a particularly oppressive gendered gesture. The authors examine this in a correspondence with one another. In letter form, with shifting analytical positions between mother and daughter, a dialogue emerges between generations on questions of ‘(m)otherhood’ in Danish film and other Danish contexts, transitions of female film characters from passive to aggressive, and the role of monstrosity in othering non-white immigrant ‘(m)others’ in public discourse. Finally, the article argues for a different approach to ‘monstrous othering’. Through a reparative reading, it discusses whether there is empowerment and agency connected to being ascribed monstrosity.

The Christian Ideal and the Communist Ideology in the Novel by Eugenio Corti “The Red Horse”

The paper examines the phenomenon of creativity of the Italian writer Eugenio Corti, author of the historical novel Il Cavallo Rosso. Namely, it concerns the specificity of his artistic method and themes. The historical novel Il Cavallo Rosso, describes the 30-year period of Italian history from the pre-war period to the referendum on divorce in post-war Italy in the Seventies, so it points out many different and interesting features. This article will mainly focus the attention on the problems concerning the value of human life and humanity, from the point of view both of the Christian ideal and communist ideology. The novel is especially relevant for modern Ukraine, since it shows how the experience of the war can help rethinking national identity, the significance of history and of human life. Even the war represented for the author the possibility of realizing his own task, i.e. discovering the truth of himself and of the world. He could even say: «War can be an immense advantage. War makes men. The war teaches an infinite number of things because it shows us our fellow men as they are: it teaches us to truly know men». Accepting reality as it is represented to Corti the possibility of realizing its mission to be aware of himself and of man condition in general. The dynamisms of the narration in the novel Il Cavallo Rosso reflect the same dynamisms of life: life never goes on standby, human beings never renounce hope, they keep on looking for new and better answers to their existential questions. In this sense Corti's novel can be considered historical, not only because the author, fond of history, loved to be extremely faithful to the facts, but also because he admirably managed to make the same mechanisms of history and life. Through his great love for reality and his desire to know it better and let it known to everybody, Corti discovered his vocation in the world of literature: the vocation of being a Witness. And the novel we are talking about is a proof of this, as there are narrated his life experiences and those of his generation. Knowing better Man and History, the Life and its meaning, is the main goal of the big novel Il cavallo rosso, this is why the concepts of “experience”, “testimony” and “anti-testimony” will be highlighted as main components of both the author’s life and his literary vocation.

Особливості гетеровегетативного розмноження гіркокаштанів

Досліджено ефективність різних способів щеплення найпоширеніших у Західному регіоні України видів жовто-рожевоквіткового (Aesculus hibrida D. C.), червоноквіткових (Aesculus pavia L. і Aesculus carnea Hayne) та жовтоквіткового (Aesculus octаndra Marsh.) гіркокаштанів. Апробовано три способи гетеровегетативного розмноження – "у розщіп", "у боковий розріз" та "окуліровка" для чотирьох видів гіркокаштанів. Підщепами були 8-річні саджанці гіркокаштана кінського звичайного. Прищепами – однорічні пагони із середини крони або вертикальний верхівковий пагін, з яких нарізали здорові, зрілі, без пошкоджень живці довжиною 8–10 см. Щеплення проведено у другій декаді квітня у відкритому ґрунті шкільного відділення декоративного розсадника. За щепленими рослинами виконано агротехнічні та селекційні догляди протягом наступних років вирощування. Встановлено, що найвищою приживлюваністю відзначається спосіб "у бічний розріз" (56,0–80,0 %) під час щеплень усіх видів гіркокаштанів. Квітувати щеплені рослини почали на другий-третій рік після щеплення, а формувати плоди з повнозернистим доброякісним насінням – на четвертий-п'ятий. Виробнича собівартість одного щепленого 2-річного саджанця гіркокаштанів у відкритому ґрунті, залежно від виду прищепи, становить 80,5–115,0 грн. Проведені експериментальні щеплення саджанців різних видів гіркокаштанів засвідчили широкі технологічні можливості та значну економічну ефективність гетеровегетативного розмноження різними способами для отримання садивного матеріалу щеплених декоративних червоно- та жовтоквіткових культиварів гіркокаштанів. Застосовані способи щеплення ("у бічний розріз" та "у розщіп") рекомендовано використовувати у промислових обсягах для розмноження особливо декоративних і стійких до негативного впливу абіотичних і біотичних чинників культиварів гіркокаштанів.

BUILDING EVALUATION PARTNERSHIPS WITH TRIBAL COMMUNITIES FOR HOME VISITING.

The goal of this current descriptive study was to examine the roles and relationships of evaluators with the tribal communities in which they work. First, we describe a participatory community research model with a strong capacity-building component as the standard for assessing successful working partnerships between evaluators, programs, tribes, and tribal organizations. This model serves as a yardstick against which we examine the success and challenges of program-evaluation partnerships. Second, we report on a survey of tribal Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting program leaders and outline their impressions of successes and challenges related to program-evaluation partnerships. Survey participants discussed the importance of working with evaluators who have deep investment in and understanding of the tribal community; respect for cultural relevance and honor for cultural ways; collaboration that includes transparency, trust, and translation of research for community leaders and members; a focus on strength-based design without losing the need to consider challenges; and relationships of mutual trust that can weather addressing stressors when issues of conflict, limited resources, and/or mixed expectations arise.

Molecular, biochemical, and pathological impacts of energy drinks on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway in Wistar rats

Background: Energy drinks (EDs) are widespreaded among young adolescents and adults to enhance physical and mental performance with numerous public health hazards. Aims and Objective: This study was conducted deeply to explore the mechanism by which EDs affect blood pressure (BP) and health status of the kidney. Materials and Methods: To examine impacts of EDs on rats, 60 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Control group was given water only; the remaining rats were administered orally red bull, code red, and power horse at a dose of 10 mg/kg once daily. After 60 days, rats were sacrificed and blood samples collected. Kidney tissues for all groups were harvested. Serum was collected for examining biochemical parameters related to kidney functions. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was carried to examine the molecular changes in genes implicated in BP regulation and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) pathway. Finally, histopathological examination for the kidney was investigated. Results: At biochemical level, consumption of EDs showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum levels of glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, and phosphorus as compared with control group. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in expression of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin type 1 receptors, desmin, erythropoietin (EPO), nitric oxide synthase-1, transforming growth factor β1, and kidney injury molecule-1 in rats administered EDs for 2 months as compared with control group. However, ACE2, angiotensin type 2 receptors, MAS receptor, and beta-2 macroglobulin (B2m) were not changed in ED-administered groups compared with control rats. Conclusion: Marketed EDs have initial hazardous effects on renal function and certainly increase BP through high caffeine content with the concern of the amount of sugar added in these drinks.

The Face of Battle without the Rules of War: Lessons from Red Horse &amp; the Battle of the Little Bighorn

This essay analyzes the extraordinary drawings of Red Horse, a Minneconjou warrior who fought at the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn, to provide insights into what warfare was like without just war doctrine or the laws of armed conflict to place constraints on violence. The artist's candid vision of the battle and its aftermath portrays the indiscriminant brutality of the Great Sioux War, the disrespect given to a hated enemy, and the lingering desire for revenge. But the drawings also reveal the pride of victory and the trauma of defeat. In addition to providing a window into the past, the Red Horse drawings provide a lens to help us understand the atrocities committed by the Islamic State and Al Qaeda today and a mirror that can help us more clearly see ourselves.

SOME PECULIARITIES OF AESCULUS CARNEA HAYNE REPRODUCTION

The results of studies of Aesculus carnea Hayne seed and vegetative propagation are presented. Technical and soil seed germination were determined, biometric parameters of different age seedlings were characterized. It is found that in the case of red horse chestnut propagation by grafting, conducting of splice or whip & tongue grafting will be the most appropriate method. Biotechnological aspects of A. carnea plants regenerants obtaining by in vitro culture method were shown. The most optimal scheme of aseptic culture obtaining, nutrient medium composition for morphogenesis and rhizogenesis induction is chosen.

Saiga antelope hunting in Crimea at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition: the site of Buran-Kaya III Layer 4

The Swiderian tradition of the Tanged Point Complex (Late Upper Palaeolithic) is attested in Crimea through a few ill-known sites dated to the Younger Dryas and early Preboreal. Little information on subsistence is available on this period yet; with this article, we present the results of zooarchaeological analyses conducted on the site of Buran-Kaya III Layer 4, in central Crimea. Saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) is the dominant species of the assemblage, followed by red fox (Vulpes vulpes), horse (Equus ferus), and hare (Lepus europaeus). Despise the important presence of canid remains, taphonomic observations as well as archaeological context suggest that human is the main accumulator of saiga antelope remains. Hunter–gatherers likely brought the antelope carcasses whole to the site and performed skinning activity, as well as consumption of meat and bone marrow. Seasonality data from juvenile antelope suggest that the animals were acquired in the late summer or Fall. Based on the ethology of modern populations of saiga antelope, we infer that hunter–gatherers took advantage of the particular geographic setting of the Crimean mountains to efficiently exploit this resource. By drawing comparisons with other known sites of this period, we call attention for future research in exploring the seasonality of subsistence in the Crimea at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition.