Red Hills Research Articles

Geochemical evolution of the REE-enriched Cave Peak porphyry Mo-deposit, Trans-Pecos Texas, USA

The Cave Peak deposit is a rift-related, breccia-hosted, fluorine-rich porphyry molybdenum deposit that is enriched in Nb, REE, and other critical minerals. Cave Peak is the easternmost member of a northwest-trending group of Paleogene intrusions in the Diablo Plateau along with the Marble Canyon stock, an unmineralized, petrogenetically related, compositionally zoned mafic alkaline pluton. The Cave Peak intrusions show within-plate geochemical affinity and is the product of a highly differentiated magma series. Curvilinear trends in Harker variation and trace element diagrams record magma differentiation from mafic to intermediate (44–69 wt% SiO2) to felsic (70–76 wt% SiO2) compositions at Marble Canyon and Cave Peak, respectively. Quartz syenite and monzonite from the Marble Canyon stock yielded zircon UPb ages of 36.2 ± 0.15 Ma and 36.1 ± 0.09 Ma, respectively. The youngest major intrusion at Cave Peak, an alkali feldspar granite porphyry, has a zircon UPb age of 34.8 ± 0.4 Ma, supporting that these intrusions represent a magma differentiation trend. The δ98Mo of Cave Peak molybdenites range between −0.39 ± 0.06 ‰ and + 0.52 ± 0.06 ‰ with a total Mo isotope range of 0.91 ‰. Cave Peak samples predominantly fractionated towards heavier δ98Mo. The Cave Peak data are distinctly heavier than data obtained from the nearby subduction-related Red Hills porphyry Cu deposit which has δ98Mo values of −0.25‰ to −0.51‰.

Microstructural Relationship between Olivine and Clinopyroxene in Ultramafic Rocks from the Red Hills Massif, Dun Mountain Ophiolite

The microstructural relationship between olivine and clinopyroxene is significant in recovering the mantle evolution under clinopyroxene-saturated melting conditions. This study focuses on olivine/clinopyroxene-related ultramafic rocks (dunite, wehrlite, olivine clinopyroxenite, and clinopyroxenite) in the Ells Stream Complex of the Red Hills Massif. (Olivine) clinopyroxenites have an A/D-type olivine crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) whereas peridotites have various olivine CPO types. B-type olivine CPO was newly discovered, which may have been generated under hydrous conditions. The discovery of B-type CPO means that all six olivine CPO types could exist in a single research area. Clinopyroxene CPOs also vary and have weaker deformation characteristics (e.g., lower M index and weaker intracrystalline deformation) than olivine; thus, they probably melted and the clinopyroxene-rich ultramafic bands existed as melt veins. Irregular clinopyroxene shapes in the peridotites and incoherent olivine and clinopyroxene CPOs ([100]OL and [001]CPX are not parallel) also indicate a melted state. The dominant orthorhombic and LS-type CPOs in olivine and clinopyroxene imply that simple shear was the main deformation mechanism. Such complicated microstructural characteristics result from the overprinted simple shear under high temperatures (>1000 °C) and hydrous melting environments until the melt-frozen period. This case study is helpful to better understand the olivine and clinopyroxene relationship.

Prescribed Fire Use Among Black Landowners in the Red Hills Region, USA

The Red Hills Region of southern Alabama, northern Florida, and southwestern Georgia is one of the most prominent areas in the United States for conducting prescribed fire research and is the birthplace of fire ecology. The culture of prescribed burning in the Red Hills has been influenced by multiple ethnic groups, including the Seminole and Creek nations, Black landowners, and White researchers. Given the distinctive reliance of the region on prescribed fire, it is noteworthy that the combined issues of Black land loss, underrepresentation, and incentives for using prescribed fire on private lands in the southeastern United States have generated questions about diversity and inclusion in landowner outreach. To increase understanding about Black landowner historic and current use of prescribed fire for land management in the Red Hills Region, formal and informal interviews were conducted from May through August 2019 with 21 Black landowners and tenants to document the perspectives and thoughts of Black landowners and tenants of southern Alabama, northern Florida, and southwestern Georgia. The results of this research show that Black landowners, tenants, and fire experts, have been, and continue to be, influential in the development and sustainment of fire traditions in the Red Hills and in the resilience of the longleaf pine ecosystem.

Demographic response of Northern Bobwhite to hardwood canopy management in pine savanna

AbstractDisruption of historic fire regimes has led to the expansion of hardwoods into pine savanna ecosystems in the southeastern United States. Management strategies that reduce mature mesophytic oaks in pine savanna that was previously fire suppressed may help restore understory vegetation and positively affect understory birds. Many private lands in the Southeast are managed intentionally for the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter bobwhite), a species with high cultural and economic importance to the region. Mechanical hardwood reduction is used to restore southeastern pine savanna and as a predation management tool to enhance populations of bobwhite although its utility has not been empirically tested. We measured the demographic response of bobwhite to a large‐scale hardwood reduction using a before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) study replicated at two properties in the Red Hills region of northern Florida, United States, that had a relatively low density of mature, mesophytic hardwoods and were already managed for bobwhite with 2‐year fire return intervals, supplemental feeding, and meso‐mammal control. We monitored reproduction at 561 nests and survival of 1529 adults tracked with radiotelemetry. In treated sites, mean daily nest survival was 0.98 and did not change following hardwood reduction. Reproductive effort declined each year (pre‐ and post‐treatment; 2015–2018) in one treated site and varied relatively little in the other. At both treated sites, weekly adult survival decreased to 0.93–0.94 immediately following the treatment, then increased gradually but did not exceed pretreatment weekly survival (0.98) within 2–3 years following the treatment. Our results suggest hardwood reduction may not benefit bobwhite adult survival or productivity within 2–3 years of application on sites that are already managed intensively with prescribed fire, predator control, and supplemental feeding and that hardwoods in this system may not have direct negative impacts on understory birds. Further study is necessary to determine under what conditions hardwood reduction may be beneficial and whether other metrics such as chick survival or immigration are affected. Our study sites represent typical land management in the Red Hills region, and we believe the inference of this study extends at least to properties with similar management schemes and similar bobwhite population density.

Inverted topography in St. George, Washington County, Utah

Washington County, Utah has several classic examples of inverted topography, where now topographically high ridges are capped by basalt that once flowed as lava down low stream drainages. This paperfocuses on the ridges that trend north-south on either side of downtown St. George.
 The City of St. George boasts three of these ridges. West Black Ridge capped by the Twin Peaks lava flow, and “old airport ridge” capped by the Cedar Bench lava flow are both located to the west of downtown. Middleton Black Ridge capped by the Lava Ridge lava flow is located to the east of downtown. The two lower elevation ridges are now being covered with homes, some of which have spectacular views. These ridges also remain a favorite place from which to view firework displays during city celebrations and events. Visiting the water tank on the Red Hills, north of downtown offers an excellent perspective from which to view these ridges.

Water Level Prediction through Hybrid SARIMA and ANN Models Based on Time Series Analysis: Red Hills Reservoir Case Study

Reservoir water level (RWL) prediction has become a challenging task due to spatio-temporal changes in climatic conditions and complicated physical process. The Red Hills Reservoir (RHR) is an important source of drinking and irrigation water supply in Thiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India, also expected to be converted into the other productive services in the future. However, climate change in the region is expected to have consequences over the RHR’s future prospects. As a result, accurate and reliable prediction of the RWL is crucial to develop an appropriate water release mechanism of RHR to satisfy the population’s water demand. In the current study, time series modelling technique was adopted for the RWL prediction in RHR using Box–Jenkins autoregressive seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and artificial neural network (ANN) hybrid models. In this research, the SARIMA model was obtained as SARIMA (0, 0, 1) (0, 3, 2)12 but the residual of the SARIMA model could not meet the autocorrelation requirement of the modelling approach. In order to overcome this weakness of the SARIMA model, a new SARIMA–ANN hybrid time series model was developed and demonstrated in this study. The average monthly RWL data from January 2004 to November 2020 was used for developing and testing the models. Several model assessment criteria were used to evaluate the performance of each model. The findings showed that the SARIMA–ANN hybrid model outperformed the remaining models considering all performance criteria for reservoir RWL prediction. Thus, this study conclusively proves that the SARIMA–ANN hybrid model could be a viable option for the accurate prediction of reservoir water level.

Measuring Multiple Demographic Rates in Two Populations of Northern Bobwhite

Demographic rates of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter, bobwhite) may vary spatially and temporally, and understanding the significance of these individual rates to population performance is critically important to bobwhite management. We present descriptive evidence from 2 populations that were simultaneously monitored from 2015–2020 that suggests different demographic rates can be more important to population performance than other demographic rates within the same region. Our objective was to understand the relative importance of various demographic rates to population performance in separate and seemingly stable populations. We monitored bobwhite seasonal survival and reproductive demographics on 2,475 bobwhites via radio-telemetry and estimated fall density using fall covey counts. Both sites maintained high densities (i.e., ≥3.45 birds/hectare) and remained relatively stable throughout the study period. On one site in the Red Hills region near Monticello, Florida, USA, bobwhite experienced comparatively low seasonal survival, but higher reproduction, including more frequent multiple-brood production. One hundred and twenty-nine kilometers away on a study site near Albany, Georgia, USA, bobwhite demonstrated consistently higher survival and lower reproductive output, including less multiple-brooding compared to the Red Hills population. This suggests, at a minimum, that compensatory or density-dependent reproduction may be occurring in these populations and regional population dynamics can vary locally even among stable populations.

Northern Bobwhite and Fire: A Review and Synthesis

Our understanding of the relationship between northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter, bobwhite) and fire began with Herbert Stoddard’s work in the early 20th century. Research on the topic has continued, but our application of fire is deeply rooted in Stoddard’s work, even as it has become evident that fire regimes must be adapted to variable environmental conditions that are evolving with a changing landscape and climate. A comprehensive review and synthesis of the literature on this topic would help formalize research advancements since Stoddard and identify knowledge gaps for future research. Results from experiments suggest fire creates favorable local habitat conditions for bobwhite such as plant composition, bare ground, and plant structure. Frequent prescribed fire is closely tied to where bobwhite populations are at their greatest (e.g., Red Hills region of Georgia and Florida, USA). However, an empirical gap exists between patch-level conditions and the bobwhite-landscape ecology interface. For example, it is well established that a 2-year fire return interval in pine savanna ecosystems with fertile soil is best for bobwhite. But causal evidence is limited for areas of different soil types, precipitation, and past land use across the bobwhite range. We review the extant literature describing prescribed fire use for bobwhite management, focusing on documented effects of fire on life-history characteristics of bobwhite under different environmental conditions. Habitat outcomes of fire management depend on fire frequency, seasonality, scale, and interaction with other management, and different strategies should be employed depending on the environment and desired effects. Adaptive management strategies will be necessary to address the challenges of rising temperatures associated with a changing climate, which are likely to alter the conditions under which burns occur and increase the difficulty of meeting basic burn criteria. Positive public attitudes toward prescribed fire will be key to developing a policy and management framework that supports efficient prescribed fire application. Our review elucidates range-wide processes and patterns to better inform the site-specific application of fire.

Assessment of maternal birth satisfaction and intra-partum experiences among the women of rural areas of Tamil Nadu- a cross sectional study

Background: Childbirth, though a physiological process, has been associated with multiple risks and stress on the women, even before the time of conception till the post-partum. Every woman around the world has a right to receive respectful maternity care. Birth satisfaction and respectful maternal care has direct impact on percentage of institutional deliveries. There is paucity of studies conducted among the women of rural Tamil Nadu regarding birth satisfaction and intrapartum experiences.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in primary health center area, red hills among the post-partum women attending the immunization OPD at 6, 10 and 14th week after delivery during the months of March to June 2018. By simple random sampling technique 195 subjects were included. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to collect the data. Ethical clearance was obtained from our Institutional Ethics Committee. Data was entered in MS Excel and analysis was done using SPSS Software version 23.Results: The study shows the importance of maternal satisfaction and intrapartum experiences of women in rural areas. It concluded that the overall satisfaction was 85.5%. The transport facility available at the health care set up which satisfied the mothers was around 91.4%. The interaction of health care providers with mothers during delivery was around 64.5%. Cleanliness and comfort of the delivery area was around 64%. Equality of care provided at the health care set up was around 83%.Conclusions: Reasons for delivery visit, duration of labour, and mode of delivery are independent predictors of maternal satisfaction.

Does second phase content control the evolution of olivine CPO type and deformation mechanisms? A case study of paired harzburgite and dunite bands in the Red Hills Massif, Dun Mountain Ophiolite

We have examined the microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) of six “paired” harzburgite and dunite samples from a small (~ 1 km2) area in the Ellis Stream Complex, Red Hills Massif, Dun Mountain ophiolite belt in New Zealand. Here, banded peridotites with isoclinal folds, E-W striking vertical foliations and vertical lineations are inferred to result from shear on vertical planes that overprint previous mantle structures. The samples contain five different olivine CPOs: typically known as A, C, D, E and AG-types. The co-located harzburgite and dunite of each pair show different CPOs (e.g., A vs E type). In each pair, dunite generally has larger grain size and stronger CPO. At two localities, the dunite has layers with different CPOs (A and D/E types) and grain sizes, corresponding to variations in spinel content. Paired samples were collected from nearby (a few cm maximum) parallel layers with no pinch and swell structures to suggest strain partitioning and dynamically recrystallized grain long axes parallel to lineation in both. Thus we infer that the deformation conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure) and kinematics were the same for the harzburgite and dunite in each pair. It is most feasible that second phase content (orthopyroxene and/or spinel) is the primary factor controlling the CPO type at a single locality. Additionally, we observed a change of the CPO types and a decrease in CPO strength from the eastern to the western part of the Ellis Stream Complex. We infer this relates to decreasing strain. The different CPOs of harzburgites and dunites suggest that the second phase content exerts a significant control on olivine CPO development.

Hydrochemistry and environmental isotopes (18O, 2H, 3H, 3He/4He) of groundwater and floodwater in the great area of Hurghada, Eastern Desert of Egypt

Porous and fractured aquifers exist in the area of Hurghada, Eastern Desert of Egypt, whose recharge processes through the common flash floods are not identified. Hydrochemical parameters, stable isotopes 18O, 2H and tritium in floodwater and groundwater were applied in the area subject to study. Additionally, He isotopes were investigated in the deep wells in the faulted zone at the Abu Shaar Plateau. 3H activity in all sampled points lies below the detection limit excluding a recent recharge component in groundwater. However, the hydrochemical ratios and the stable isotope signature confirm that the shallow wells and springs (Red Sea Hills group) are being recharged from modern precipitation. The hydrochemical parameters of the deep wells at the Abu Shaar Plateau (coastal plain group) confirm another origin for the ions rather than the modern precipitation. Together with the 18O and 2H values, the Br/Cl ratio of this group confirms the absence of seawater intrusion component and the role of the fault as a hydraulic barrier. These 18O and 2H values deviate from the GMWL confirming an evaporation effect and colder infiltration conditions and reveal strongly a possible mixing with the Nubian Sandstone in the region. The 3He/4He ratio confirms a mantle contribution of 2% from the total He components.

A history of recurrent, low-severity fire without fire exclusion in southeastern pine savannas, USA

The reintroduction and maintenance of historical surface fire regimes are primary goals of ecological restoration across many open, pine-dominated ecosystems in North America. In the United States, most of these ecosystems experienced long periods of fire exclusion in the 20th century, leaving few locations to serve as reference sites for ecological conditions associated with a continuous history of recurrent, low-severity fire. Here, we present a tree-ring perspective of uninterrupted surface fire activity from three pine savanna sites in the Red Hills Region of northern Florida and southwestern Georgia, USA. Our sites include two old-growth stands of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris): the Wade Tract on Arcadia Plantation and the Larkin Tract on Millpond Plantation. We also sampled the largely second-growth mixed pine savannas of Tall Timbers Research Station. Documentary records for burning at these sites are limited to recent decades and are often incomplete, although regional land-use traditions and scattered historical records indicate frequent fire may have persisted through the 20th century to present day. Fire-scarred cross sections from externally-scarred stumps, dead trees, and live trees provided tree-ring evidence of frequent fires occurring from the beginning of our fire-scar record in the late 19th century onward. Both fire frequency and seasonality were relatively consistent throughout time and among sites. Biennial and annual fire intervals were the most common. Most fire scars occurred in the dormant and early-earlywood portions of the rings, indicating that these fires were human-set fires during the months of January to mid-April, before the main lightning-fire season. Our findings regarding post-settlement fire frequency are consistent with previous estimates of fire frequency during earlier centuries, resulting from lightning and Native American ignitions. We recommend that our sites be used as reference sites for restoration as they are among the relatively few areas in the United States with a continuous history of frequent low-severity fire without 20th century fire exclusion.

Winter Survival of Female Ring‐Necked Ducks in the Southern Atlantic Flyway

ABSTRACTNorth American waterfowl harvest regulations are largely guided by the status of breeding populations. Nonetheless, understanding the demographics of wintering waterfowl populations can elucidate the effects of hunting pressure on population dynamics. The ring‐necked duck (Aythya collaris) breeds and winters in all North American administrative flyways and is one of the most abundant and most harvested diving ducks in the Atlantic Flyway. But few studies have investigated the winter ecology of ring‐necked ducks. We used a known‐fate analysis to estimate period survival probability using data from 87 female ring‐necked ducks marked with satellite transmitters in 2 regions of the southern Atlantic Flyway during winters of 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. Winter (128‐day) survival probability was higher for individuals in the Red Hills region of southern Georgia and northern Florida (0.875, 95% CI = 0.691–0.952) than individuals in central South Carolina (0.288, 95% CI = 0.082–0.514). We attribute the regional disparity in winter survival probabilities to differences in hunting pressure, which are reflected in the number of harvests we observed in each region. Our findings warrant further investigation into regional variation in winter survival of southern Atlantic Flyway ring‐necked ducks, and, specifically, the relationship between variable harvest pressure and winter survival and its influence on ring‐necked duck population dynamics and adaptive harvest management decisions. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER AT INDUSTRIAL SITES OF METROPOLITAN CITY OF CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Water is essential to sustain life, and an adequate, safe and accessible supply must be available to all as improving access to safe drinking water can result in tangible benefits to health. In the present study, eighteen water samples from six different study area, viz., Red Hills, T. Nagar, Saidapet, Ashok Nagar, Alandur and Guindy of metropolitan Chennai were tested for their physicochemical and biological parameters, of which Red Hills served as control area. Results with regard to the physical parameters, showed no variation in the colour of water samples which was clear except for control as it appeared light brown. The odour of samples collected from all six study areas was observed to be constant and agreeable. The water temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids for all six study areas ranged from 28.7 to 29.7°C, 3.7 to 11.7NTU, 723.3 to 1099.7μS/cm, and 396.7 to 805.0mg/L. The values of chemical parameters represented by pH, total hardness, total alkalinity, sulphates and flourides ranged from 7.7 to 8.0, 128.0 to 503.3mg/L, 13.3 to 50.0mg/L, 106.6 to 224.0mg/L, and 0.6 and 1.5mg/L. All the samples were found to be free from coliforms except for the control in the case of biological parameters. Overall results indicate that the physical and chemical parameters were found to be within the permissible limits set by standards and biological contamination was absent in the samples except in control which is a natural reservoir.

Quantification of microplastic in Red Hills Lake of Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India

Inevitable use of plastic materials in our day-to-day life has led to the entry of microplastic into aquatic environments, which are plastics less that than 5mm. Microplastic is of great concern in recent years due to its impact on humans and aquatic organisms since they absorb organic contaminants and pathogens from the surrounding media due to higher surface and volume ratio. This is the first study attempted to study the distribution and source of microplastic contamination in Red Hills Lake which is one of the freshwater systems supplying water to the North of Chennai city. Thirty-two sediment samples and six water samples were collected covering an area 18.21km2. The presence of microplastic was analyzed in water and sediment as per the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) protocol. The mean concentration of microplastic in water samples was 5.9 particles/L and 27 particles/kg in sediment. In both sediments and water, the most commonly found microplastic types are as follows: fibers (37.9%), fragments (27%), films (24%), and pellets (11.1%). Based on the FTIR, the common types of microplastic were of high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Further samples were evaluated for surface elemental composition in order to understand whether heavy metals get adhered to the surface of microplastic using energy-dispersive X-ray. Our results indicated the presence of microplastic in water and sediments which will lead to further study of microplastic presence in biota and microplastic pollution in freshwater systems.

Chennai Hydrological Drought Prediction

Chennai also referred to as Madras is located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal. It's the largest cultural, economic and academic center of south India. The city faced an acute water shortage in June 2019. Chennai was entirely captivated with spring water resources to fulfill its water needs. There are four reservoirs within the city, namely, Red Hills, Cholavaram, Poondi and Chembarambakkam, with a combined capacity of 11,057 mcft. These are the main sources of water for the town. Apart from the reservoirs, alternate sources of fresh water are Minjur and Nemelli desalination plants; Cauvery water from Veeranam lake; aquifers in Minjur, Panchetty and Neyveli; Here is an initiative to place together a dataset that has the data about the varied water sources available within the city using LSTM (Long Short Term Memory), TensorFlow, NumPy, Keras and ANN (Artificial Neural Network). The idea is to figure out whether we can use this dataset to: 1. Visualize the water need / usage of the town 2. Identify whether the water sources availability is going to be able to meet the wants till the following monsoon? 3. How bad is the current water crisis compared to previous years?

A comparison of bee communities between primary and mature secondary forests in the longleaf pine ecosystem

Much of the once-dominant longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystem has been lost from the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States and only a few scattered remnants of primary forest remain. Despite much interest in understanding and restoring this ecosystem, relatively few studies have attempted to characterize or assess the conservation status of the longleaf bee fauna. The objective of this study was to compare the diversity and composition of bee communities between primary and mature secondary (>100 years old) fire-maintained forests in Georgia and Florida. We used colored pan traps to sample bees at three primary and four secondary locations divided between two regions characterized by sandy (Eglin Air Force Base) or clayey (Red Hills) soils. There were no overall differences between primary and secondary forests in bee richness, diversity, evenness or abundance. Community composition differed among locations but we found no evidence that primary remnants provide critical habitat to sensitive bee species.

Estimation of Evaporation Loss in Red hills Lake at Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu

Redhills lake, Chennai City’s primary reservoir serves as the primary storage nearly about 40 years old. It receives water from Poondi and Cholavaram reservoir and is the last stop before water transmitted to Kalpak Water Works of Metro water. Generally water storage reservoirs are prone to losses through seepage and evaporation. Seepage generally occurs when the water escapes through the bottom of the reservoir and horizontal filtration through weirs and dykes. Owing to the heat energy of sun, water loss take place by evaporation from the surfaces of lakes, ponds, canals, rivers, reservoirs, etc. Water loss by evaporation is a very serious problem in semiarid and arid regions. Red Hills Lake is of no exception. In this thesis, the evaporation losses in Red hills lake is estimated by Bulk Aerodynamic method and Combined Penman Monteith Model using real time meteorological data for the past 10 years (2004 -2013) and compared between them. The relationship between water losses due to evaporation, water level in the lake, lake inflow and lake water storage were carried out. The evaporation values determined by Bulk Aerodynamic Method Which is the function of vapour pressure difference between the water surface and atmosphere, as well as horizontal wind speed varies between 0.20 mm and 39.98 mm with an average of 7.56mm. The evaporation values determined by Combined Penman Model which depends on solar radiation varies between 1.82 mm and 30.54 mm with an average of 9.56 mm..On comparison, Combined Penman Monteith Method showed the better evaporation values and it forms the favouarble method as it depends on minimum factors of solar radiation and sunshine hours for finding evaporation loss in the study area.

“National idea” in the short stories of Mukhtar Auezov and Kim Dong-in: cognitive perception and narrative analysis

The author raises the theme of “national idea” in the short stories of Mukhtar Auezov and Kim Dongin. It also considers various cognitive abilities and research methods for a multifunctional analysis of this issue. The features of theories of cognitive literary criticism and their change in the analysis of literary works touched. The author takes as the basis the stories “Savage Grey” and “The red hills,” which most of all compose the semantic and contextual burden for revealing the concept of “national idea.” For revealing the topic, narrative analysis is carried out as one of the methods proposed by the author. Studying this method and simultaneously opening up the reasons for the cognitive perception of the “national idea” by the writers, an extensive analysis of the issue under study is made. The multilateral analysis allows us to understand the course of thought of the writers and the primary purpose of literary works. Also, a comparative narrative analysis of the texts exposes the cultural, historical, and social characteristics of the Kazakh and Korean society during the beginning of the 20th century. Key words: national idea, cognitive literary criticism, narrative, short story, perception, method, theory, analysis.

A remote-sensing-based intensity–duration threshold, Faifa Mountains, Saudi Arabia

Abstract. Construction of intensity–duration (ID) thresholds and early-warning and nowcasting systems for landslides (EWNSLs) are hampered by the paucity of temporal and spatial archival data. This work represents significant steps towards the development of a prototype EWNSL to forecast and nowcast landslides over the Faifa Mountains in the Red Sea Hills. The developed methodologies rely on readily available, temporal, archival Google Earth and Sentinel-1A imagery, precipitation measurements, and limited field data to construct an ID threshold for Faifa. The adopted procedures entail the generation of an ID threshold to identify the intensity and duration of precipitation events that cause landslides in the Faifa Mountains, and the generation of pixel-based ID curves to identify locations where movement is likely to occur. Spectral and morphologic variations in temporal Google Earth imagery following precipitation events were used to identify landslide-producing storms and generate the Faifa ID threshold (I =4.89D−0.65). Backscatter coefficient variations in radar imagery were used to generate pixel-based ID curves and identify locations where mass movement is likely to occur following landslide-producing storms. These methodologies accurately distinguished landslide-producing storms from non-landslide-producing ones and identified the locations of these landslides with an accuracy of 60 %.