Red Heat Research Articles

Anthropogenic forcing and subtropical anticyclonic drivers of the August 2022 heatwave in China

The Yangtze River basin experienced record-breaking high temperatures in July–August 2022, leading the China Meteorological Administration to issue its first ever “red heat warning”. We use simulations from the Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) to investigate the role of anthropogenic drivers in this extreme event. We have demonstrated that the strong Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), attributed to internal variability, serves as the clear proximate driver for such extreme event, whether in the factual world or in the counterfactual world. When considering similar circulation patterns in 2022, the results show that anthropogenic forcing has contributed to the 2022-like heatwave by a factor about 7 compared to natural forcing under the present climate of the past 30 years. Specifically, the anthropogenic greenhouse gases made the event about 10 times more likely, while anthropogenic aerosols had negative effect. The results were similar but differed in exact contribution values when specific circulation regimes of 2022 were not considered. In general, global warming caused by anthropogenic activities has made extreme summer heatwaves far more frequent, especially in recent decades.

Gujarat Genotype Responses to Spraying with Arginine and Tryptophan and Their Effects on Secondary Metabolite Compounds

The effect of cultivars (Arib, Sudan 3, Black Heat, and Red Heat) and spraying with different concentrations of arginine tryptophan (comparative treatment and spraying with arginine 50 mg L-1 and sprayWith tryptophan 50 mg L-1 and sprayWith arginine 50 mg L-1) was studied in a field experiment conducted in the summer of 2022 at the Agricultural Research Station of the Department of Field Crops in the College of Agriculture at the University of Ti Using a method of global experiments with three replications and a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), this study found statistically significant variations in the content of several active chemicals between the sepal leaves. Included are the antioxidants vitamin C, gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, ferulic acid, and ferulic acid. Data ranged from 68.15 to 96.25 parts per million, with intermediate readings of 84.13, 17.18, 54.13, and 70.31. When compared to 50 mg L-1 of either arginine or tryptophan alone, the combination was markedly more effective. And stood for. 18% chlorogenic acid, 16% caffeic acid, 17% rutin, 17% gallic acid, 17% glycine, 16% ferulic acid, 34% ascorbic acid, and 34% ascorbic acid. Heat heating with a mixture of arginine (50 mg L-1) and tryptophan (50 mg L-1) enhanced the amount of some active chemicals in the sepal leaves.

Light from heat lamps affects sow behaviour and piglet salivary melatonin levels

The light environment regulates animal physiology and behaviour. As widely used supplementary heat sources in creep areas, the effect of visible light radiated by infrared heat lamps on pigs is worth investigating. To investigate the effects of light from heat lamps on the behaviour of sows and piglets and possible endocrine mechanisms, 24 primiparous sows were randomly assigned to three supplementary heat source treatments: (1) 250 W non-luminous ceramic heat lamps (CE, n = 8), (2) 175 W red heat lamps (RL, n = 8), and (3) 175 W transparent heat lamps (TL, n = 8). All heat lamps were turned off on Day 15 postpartum. Piglets were weighed on days 3 and 21 postpartum. The number and duration of suckling within 24 h were analysed via video recordings on days 4, 8, and 16 postpartum. Sow posture changes during the day and night were detected using the YOLOv4 target detection network model. One marked piglet from six litters randomly selected from each treatment was used for saliva collection. Saliva samples were collected at 0800, 1400, 2000, and 0200 (+1 d) on days 10 and 20 postpartum. The results showed that the mean postural change frequency of TL sows was higher than that of CE sows (P < 0.05), while that of RL sows was not different from that of CE and TL sows. However, the duration of the sows being in each posture was not affected by the treatment. The total suckling duration of TL piglets was significantly longer than that of CE piglets, but there was no significant difference in the performance of the piglets. The melatonin concentrations in the saliva of piglets at 10 and 20 days of age in the three treatments showed different diurnal rhythms, but there was no significant difference in the levels of melatonin in TL piglets between night and day. Differences in salivary cortisol levels only appeared between the CE and RL groups at 20 days of age. Based on the present results, the illuminance and spectrum of the transparent heat lamps were sufficient to stimulate sow activity and inhibit melatonin levels in piglets. However, the stimulating effect on suckling was not sufficient to significantly improve the performance of piglets. Exposure to red heat lamps, rather than ceramic lamps, resulted in the strongest circadian rhythm of salivary melatonin in piglets.

Investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop in a porous media with internal heat generation

Heat transfer by forced convection of turbulent flow in a cylindrical channel composed of a porous medium with internally generated heat is studied experimentally in this paper. The pressure drop through the channel is determined experimentally and numerically. Steel spheres are used to form a porous channel and electromagnetic induction heating method is used to uniformly generate internal heating in these spheres. Dry air is used as the working fluid during cooling of the heated spheres. The length and inside diameter of the heated copper test section are 500 and 47 mm, respectively. The experiments are carried out for regimes of turbulent flow with Reynolds number based on the spheres diameter (Red), which ranges from 490 to 5490. The impact of various parameters, which include internal heat generation (Q), sphere diameter (d = 6, 8, 10, and 14 mm), and dry air inlet velocity, on heat transfer by forced convection are studied. The pressure drop data agree with the Newtonian prediction. The results show that decreasing porosity of the channel by 6% increases heat transfer by 38% approximately at the same Red, in the range of Red (750–3000). Increasing Red increases heat transfer at the same porosity. The maximum raise in Nusselt number is 20% with raising internal heat generation by 80% at the same porosity, and the pressure drop increases by 200% with decreasing porosity by 6% at the same Red, in the range of Red (750–3000). Increasing Red by 100% increases the pressure drop by 200% approximately at the same porosity, in the range of Red (1000–4000).

Heat to Hydrogen by RED-Reviewing Membranes and Salts for the RED Heat Engine Concept.

The Reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) combines a reverse electrodialysis stack for power generation with a thermal regeneration unit to restore the concentration difference of the salt solutions. Current approaches for converting low-temperature waste heat to electricity with REDHE have not yielded conversion efficiencies and profits that would allow for the industrialization of the technology. This review explores the concept of Heat-to-Hydrogen with REDHEs and maps crucial developments toward industrialization. We discuss current advances in membrane development that are vital for the breakthrough of the RED Heat Engine. In addition, the choice of salt is a crucial factor that has not received enough attention in the field. Based on ion properties relevant for both the transport through IEMs and the feasibility for regeneration, we pinpoint the most promising salts for use in REDHE, which we find to be KNO3, LiNO3, LiBr and LiCl. To further validate these results and compare the system performance with different salts, there is a demand for a comprehensive thermodynamic model of the REDHE that considers all its units. Guided by such a model, experimental studies can be designed to utilize the most favorable process conditions (e.g., salt solutions).

The use of mixed light-emitting diodes and natural light in combination with daylength affects turkey hen performance, eye development, and feather coverage

Lighting is a complex management tool in turkey production, controlled by three parameters; daylength, intensity, and chromaticity. As light-emitting diodes (LED) increase in popularity as alternatives to traditional light sources, research regarding LED impacts on commercial-type turkey production is lacking. Therefore, turkey hens of the same strain were reared under experimental brooding and grow-out conditions with six lighting treatments. An environmentally and light controlled facility (ECF) consisted of 5,000 Kelvin (K) LED or 5,000K + far-red LED (639nm) (RED) with either 12h short or 18h long daylength to test LED spectra. In the remaining treatments, hens were exposed to sunlight in a curtain-sided facility (CSF) as two treatments 1) natural decreasing daylength from September to November (NAT) or 2) natural daylight + 5,000 K LED lighting with an 18h long blocked daylength (BLK). The intensity was 9 footcandles in the ECF and naturally fluctuating in the CSF. Hen's performance was evaluated at 5, 9, and 14 weeks for eye development and feather coverage. Hens brooded and grown-out under NAT light had significantly increased body weight gain compared to BLK hens for the same period. Hens reared with RED LED spectrum had significantly increased eye anterior-posterior distance than birds raised in the NAT treatment. A significant reduction in red heat signature on the breast tissue in the NAT treatment compared to all other 18h treatments indicated improved feather coverage. However, these same results were not observed during serum thyroid hormone analysis. While turkey hens reared under different lighting programs had similar ending performance, lighting parameters significantly affected bird performance during the growing period, bird's eye development, and body feather coverage. Therefore, potential effects on growth patterns and physiology should be considered when choosing a LED lighting program for turkeys

The Destructive Effects of Extremely Halophilic Archaeal Strains on Sheepskins, and Proposals for Remedial Curing Processes

Proteolytic and lipolytic extremely halophilic archaea found in curing salt may contaminate skins during the brine curing process and damage skin structure. In the present study, three proteolytic and lipolytic extremely halophilic archaea were isolated from deteriorated salted sheepskins and characterised using conventional and molecular methods. Each test strain (Haloarcula salaria AT1, Halobacterium salinarum 22T6, Haloarcula tradensis 7T3), a mixed culture of these strains and the mixed culture treated with 1.5 A direct current (DC) were used for brine curing processes of fresh sheepskins and examined during 47 days of storage to evaluate the degree of destruction wreaked by these microorganisms. Both organoleptic properties and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of sheepskins proved that each separate test strain and the mixed culture caused serious damage. However, the mixed culture of strains treated with electric current did not damage sheepskin structure. Therefore, we highly recommend sterilisation of brine using DC to prevent archaeal damage on cured hides and skins in the leather industry.

Study on Restriking Transient Voltage Characteristics and Waveform Patterns of Planar Copper-Carbon Electrodes using Forms

In this study, the authors measured voltage and current waveforms in real time during a serial arc discharge. The analysis results of the arc discharge radiation patterns exhibited intermittent discharge, arc growth, creation of a heat generating area, occurrence of plume, and formation of a red heat area, which proceeded in that order. When the serial arc discharge was introduced, the current and voltage waveforms exhibited periodicity as sine waves. It was also observed that a restriking transient voltage occurred when the waveform changed from positive (+) to negative (-) and vice versa. When the discharge proceeded, the amount of heat generated for 1 s and 600 s was approximately 0.317 mJ, and 190 mJ, respectively. The duration of the short circuit was approximately 1.66 ms, and in the case of the voltage waveform, it was evident that the electric potential increased to 49.9 V in the same cycle. Furthermore, when the discharge proceeded, the effective value (RMS value) of the current was approximately 1.72 A with a maximum current of approximately 2.53 A, whereas the effective value of the voltage was approximately 42.8 V with a maximum of approximately 208 V.

Molecular identification and evaluation of the impact of red heat damage causing halophilic microbes on salted hide and skin

Salt is widely used as preservative to protect animal skin from microbial attack. However, addition of salt creates a favorable condition for halophilic microorganisms associated with biodeterioration termed red heat damage. Knowledge about microbial diversity associated with red heat damage is expected to help develop appropriate control strategies. The objectives of this study were to isolate and characterize halophiles from salted sheepskin and evaluate their ability to degrade sheepskin. A total of 85 halophiles were isolated from salted sheepskins after enrichment in a medium containing 10%, 20% and 25% (w/v) NaCl and chopped sheepskin. In all the enrichment cultures the sheepskin was completely dissolved by the microbial consortia. Pure culture isolates belonging to the genera Halomonas, Bacillus, Salimicrobium, Nesterenkonia, and Marinococcus within Domain Bacteria and genus Halococcus from Domain Archaea were isolated. When tested independently, the isolates showed variation in their efficiency to hydrolyze sheepskin collagen. Isolate Halococcus sp. s2535 was the fastest in hydrolyzing the skin followed by Nesterenkonia sp. s2011, Marinococcus sp. s2526 and Halococcus sp. s2528. The results of this study demonstrate that halophilic microbes associated with red heat damage of salted sheepskin are highly diverse and preventive measures should target a diverse group of halophilic microbes.

Study on literature of Echinacea purpurea and discussion on its herbalization

By consulting the literatures of foreign plant medicine Echinacea purpurea at home and abroad, this paper discusses the property and function of E. purpurea from the point of view of traditional Chinese medicine theory, so as to realize &quot;herbalization&quot;, provide the theoretical basis of traditional Chinese medicine for the correct clinical application and rational compatibility of E. purpurea, and broaden the scope and varieties of clinical selection of traditional Chinese medicine. Relevant literatures of E. purpurea were selected from PubMed and CNKI databases and classified based on clinical application, chemical composition, pharmacological action, toxic and side effects. Those with a high reliability were screened out, including 313 articles in English and 46 in Chinese. Finally, the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine was analyzed. In our view, E. purpurea features pungent and bitter tastes and a cold nature, and enters lung, spleen, heart meridians, with effects in evacuating wind-heat, clearing heat and detoxifying, invigorating Qi, strengthening body resistance, and treating wind-heat cold, sore throat swelling pain, cough, heat toxin stagnation, sore carbuncle swelling toxin, red swelling heat pain, body deficiency and multiple diseases, fatigue burnout. This paper analyzes the research literatures of E. purpurea, &quot;herbalize&quot; it, endows it with the property and function of traditional Chinese medicine, lays the foundation for further animal experiment and clinical research, and provides scientific theoretical guidance for the better application of E. purpurea in clinic and its proper compatibility and rational application. This research model will also provide reference for further studies of &quot;traditional Chinese medicine&quot; of foreign plant drugs, enrich traditional Chinese medicine resources, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine.

Draft Genome Sequence of Red-Heat-Causing Halomonas eurihalina MS1, a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from Saline Soil in Alicante, Spain.

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Halomonas eurihalina MS1, which was isolated from saline soil in Alicante, Spain, and causes the condition known as "red heat" in salt-packed cured hides, decreasing their commercial value for leather production.

Efficacy of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide for decontaminating salt-cured hides from the red heat causing moderately halophilic bacteria.

Conventionally, animal hide and skin necessitates 95% saturated brine solution (SBS) for its preservation. This salt is primarily derived from different sources including solar-saltern, evaporation ponds, etc., which are laden with different types of halophilic micro-organisms. Previous studies confirmed that the presence of moderately halophilic bacteria caused red heat on cured hide, which adversely affects the leather quality and causes substantial economic losses for leather industries. Thus, this investigation was carried out to examine the effects of different concentrations of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (ATMB) on selected halophilic-bacteria attributed to the deterioration of hide quality. In nutrient broth solution (NBS), ATMB at 250 and 500ppm reduced individual halo-bacteria, that is, Halomonas halodenitrificans, Halomonas eurihalina, Alkalibacillus haloalkaliphilus and Salimicrobium album, by averages of 0·64 and 1·90, 1·5 and 2·61, 0·90 and 2·27, 1·65 and 3·36 log CFU per ml respectively in 5min. ATMB treatment in SBS at 500ppm for 18h resulted in a reduction of H. halodenitrificans, H. eurihalina, A. haloalkaliphilus and S. album by averages of 1·9, 1·25, 0·96 and 1·34 log CFU per ml respectively, when compared with the controls. Likewise, 5000ppm ATMB reduced the cocktail population nearly to zero from that cultivated in SBS for 18h. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In this investigation, the inhibition of different halophilic bacteria that causes red heat in salt-preserved hides is described for the first time. The antimicrobial susceptibility test executed via solution procedures for selected halophilic bacterial strains (i.e. resistant to the salt environment) revealed significant efficacy of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (ATMB). The current study suggests that, chemical compound like ATMB could be utilized to prevent red heat-related damage on salt-cured hides caused by halophilic bacteria, which is a persisting concern of the leather industry.

The Stain of the Original Salt: Red Heats on Chrome Tanned Leathers and Purple Spots on Ancient Parchments Are Two Sides of the Same Ecological Coin.

Animal hides are one of man’s earliest and mostly used materials; many rawhide products, primarily leather, have for centuries been used for several purposes. The peculiar mechanical properties of leather depend on the hide composition, a dense collagen feltwork. Unfortunately, due to their proteic composition, rawhides may undergo microbial attack and biodeterioration. Over centuries, different processes and treatments (brining, vegetal or chrome tanning, tawing, etc.) were set up to face the biological attack and modify/stabilise the hide’s mechanical properties. Nevertheless, even present-day rawhides are subjected to biological colonisation, and traces of this colonisation are clearly shown in Chrome(III) tanned leathers (in the wet blue stage), with obvious economic damages. The colonisation traces on tanned leathers consist of isolated or coalescent red patches, known as red heat deterioration. Parchments are rawhide products, too; they derive from another manufacturing procedure. Even parchments undergo microbial attack; the parchment biodeterioration seems comparable to leather red heat deterioration and is known as purple spots. Recently, an ecological succession model explained the process of historical parchment purple spot deterioration; the haloarchaea Halobacterium salinarum is the pioneer organism triggering this attack. The marine salt used to prevent rawhide rotting is the carrier of haloarchaea colonisers (Migliore et al., 2019). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of biodeterioration on Chrome(III) tanned leathers and its effects on the stability/integrity of collagen structure. To this end, standard cultivation methods were integrated with three updated technologies, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), Raman spectroscopy, and Light Transmitted Analysis (LTA). A bioinformatic comparison between chrome tanned leather vs. historical parchment colonisers was performed to evaluate if leather and parchment share common culprits; furthermore, the effect of the biodeterioration on the physical properties of the hide product was evaluated.

Typologische und technologische Untersuchungen der Saxe aus Überackern, Oberösterreich

The Merovingian period cemetery of Uberackern is assigned to the 7th and early 8th centuries AD based on documented archaeological material. The four seaxes from the cemetery were selected for typological and technological investigations as part of investigations on early medieval weapons from Upper Austria. Three of the four weapons from Uberackern are long seaxes, which occur in the last third of the 7th century and represent the typical seax form of the 8th century. The oldest exemplar belongs to the group of the light broad seaxes and dates back to the first half of the 7th century. The results of the metallographic analysis show that the four seaxes from Uberackern have clear technological parallels. In both, the light broad seax and the three long seaxes, cutting material made of hard steel was welded to back material made of soft but more resilient iron. This method was found in seven of the nine examined seaxes from Upper Austria. Another process that can be regarded as the technological standard of the 7th and 8th centuries is the hardening of blades by heating them to red or white heat and quenching them in water or special liquids. This technique has been found in all seax blades from Upper Austria investigated so far. In this article, two qualitative groups were identified for the first time. A comparison of the hardness values and microstructure patterns shows that four of the nine seax blades investigated – two of them from Uberackern – were successfully hardened, while five specimens had only slightly increased hardness values. In summary, it can be said that the seaxes from Uberackern were suitable for combat use and met the technological standards of their time. It is important to point out that two of the long seaxes from this cemetery were of high quality.

Towards the first proof of the concept of a Reverse ElectroDialysis - Membrane Distillation Heat Engine

The coupling of Reverse Electrodialysis with Membrane Distillation is a promising option for the conversion of waste heat into electricity. This study evaluates the performances of the integrated system under different operating conditions, employing validated model and correlations. This work provides a detailed description of the behaviour of a real RED-MD heat engine and indicates the set of inlet concentrations, velocities and equipment size which returns the highest cycle exergy efficiency. These operating conditions were selected for the pilot plant developed within the EU-funded project RED Heat to Power. For the first time, a perspective analysis was also included, considering highly performing RED membranes and future MD module. Relevant results indicate that technological improvements may lead to interesting system performance enhancement, up to an exergy efficiency of 16.5%, which is considerably higher than the values reported in literature so far.

Long persistent luminescence and blue photochromism in Eu2+-Dy3+ co-doped barium silicate glass ceramic phosphor

Eu2+-Dy3+ co-doped barium silicate glass was prepared by a melt quenching method and cerammed at various temperatures between 800 and 1250 °C to obtain the glass ceramic (GC) persistent phosphors. The crystal phase of Ba5Si8O21 was primarily precipitated in the GC samples. The GC sample cerammed at 1250 °C (GC1250) exhibited the longest persistent luminescence over 16 h until the luminance becomes 2 mcd/m2. The color of GC1250 sample was changed from white to blue after UV light illumination, and then bleached efficiently by red light (660 nm) illumination or heat treatment at 200 °C. From thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve measurements, four different TL glow peaks were observed at 191 K, 278 K, 446 K, and 494 K. On the other hand, after red-illumination following UV-illumination, the TL intensity of the only 446 K-peak was selectively decreased in the TL glow curve. It was shown that the blue photochromism of GC 1250 sample is due to an electron trapping defect strongly related with this glow peak.

Reverse electrodialysis heat engine for sustainable power production

Reverse Electrodialysis Heat Engine (REDHE) is a promising technology to convert waste heat at temperatures lower than 100°C into electric power. In the present work an overview of the possible regeneration methods is presented and the technological challenges for the development of the RED Heat Engine (REDHE) are identified. The potential of this power production cycle was investigated through a simplified mathematical model. In the first part of the work, several salts were singularly modelled as possible solutes in aqueous solutions feeding the RED unit and the corresponding optimal conditions were recognized via an optimization study. In the second part, three different RED Heat Engine scenarios were studied. Results show that power densities much higher than those relevant to NaCl-water solutions can be obtained by using different salts, especially those based on lithium ion (i.e. LiBr and LiCl). Results on the closed loop show efficiencies up to about 15% corresponding to an exergetic efficiency of about 85%, thus suggesting that the RED Heat Engine could potentially be a promising technology, with applications mainly in the industry where low-grade heat that has no alternative use can be converted into electricity.

Yttrium fumaropimarat as a novel heat stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride)

ABSTRACTYttrium fumaropimarat (YFPA) was synthesized with fumaropimaric acid and yttrium acetate as raw materials. The structure of the product was analyzed and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis, and X‐ray diffraction. The results showed that the product was amorphous state, three‐dimensional reticulation compound by the ionic bond of COO− and Y3+. The effect of YFPA on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) thermal stability was researched by means of Congo red method and heat oven aging method. The experimental results showed that YFPA was a good long‐term PVC thermal stabilizer and could greatly improve PVC thermal stability and initial stage stainability mixing calcium stearate, zinc stearate, and pentaerythrite. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45015.

Enhancement of anodic biofilm formation and current output in microbial fuel cells by composite modification of stainless steel electrodes

In this paper, we first systematically investigate the current output performance of stainless steel electrodes (SS) modified by carbon coating (CC), polyaniline coating (PANI), neutral red grafting (NR), surface hydrophilization (SDBS), and heat treatment (HEAT). The maximum current density of 13.0 A m−2 is obtained on CC electrode (3.0 A m−2 of the untreated anode). Such high performance should be attributed to its large effective surface area, which is 2.3 times that of the unmodified electrode. Compared with SS electrode, about 3-fold increase in current output is achieved with PANI. Functionalization with hydrophilic group and electron medium result in the current output rising to 1.5–2 fold, through enhancing bioadhesive and electron transport rate, respectively. CC modification is the best choice of single modification for SS electrode in this study. However, this modification is not perfect because of its poor hydrophilicity. So CC electrode is modified by SDBS for further enhancing the current output to 16 A m−2. These results could provide guidance for the choice of suitable single modification on SS electrodes and a new method for the perfection of electrode performance through composite modification.

A Histologic Approach to Qualify Lung Tissue Damage in a Sheep Model of Transfusion-Related Lung Injury: Role of Red Blood Cell Storage Duration and Heat Treatment

A Histologic Approach to Qualify Lung Tissue Damage in a Sheep Model of Transfusion-Related Lung Injury: Role of Red Blood Cell Storage Duration and Heat Treatment