Crataegus Mollis Research Articles

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF YOGURT ENRICHED WITH EXTRACTS OF RED HAWTHORN (CRATAEGUS MONOGYNA JACQ.) AND BLACK HAWTHORN (CRATAEGUS NIGRA WALDST & KIT.)

The aim of this study was to determine some physicochemical parameters and antioxidant activity of fermented milks enriched with extracts of red hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) and black hawthorn (Crataegus nigra Waldst & Kit.) Antioxidant activity and the content of total phenols of water extracts of both species of hawthorn - red and black - were analyzed. The effect of the inclusion of the extracts in amounts of 5, 10 and 15 % of both species of hawthorn on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the obtained yogurts was monitored. Yogurts with the addition of red hawthorn extract (15 %) showed the highest phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties determined by DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) methods. Milk with extracts has better physicochemical properties (dry matter, syneresis and retention capacity). The use of hawthorn extracts in the production of yogurts is a new method for the development of dairy foods with functional properties.

Coefficient of diffusion of tannins in extracts from red and black hawthorn fruit

One of the main parameters of the extraction process is the coefficient of diffusion. It gives information about the diffusion properties of the material to be extracted and depends on various factors: raw material structure, solvent type, temperature, process duration, etc. Determination of molecular diffusion coefficients in extraction from red (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) and black (Crataegus nigra Waldst & Kit) hawthorn is an objective of the work. The extracts were obtained by ultrasonic extraction with 50 and 70% ethanol at three temperatures (20, 40 and 60°C). The highest values of coefficients for both hawthorn species were obtained at 60°C with 50% ethanol – 5.13.10-6 m2/s for black hawthorn and 6.4.10-6 m2/s for red hawthorn.

Technology of obtaining and chemical profiles of dry extracts from leaves of prospective species of the hawthorn genus

The aim of the work was to develop a technology for obtaining dry extracts from leaves of non-pharmacopoeia species of hawthorn and establishing their chemical profiles. Materials and methods. Leaves of Crataegus mollis Sarg., Crataegus submollis Sarg. and Crataegus arnoldiana Sarg., used to obtain the dry extracts, were harvested in the Botanical Garden of the National University named after M. N. Karazina in August 2021. To determine the chemical profiles of the obtained dry extracts, the spectrophotometric method and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method were used. Results. A technological scheme for obtaining dry extracts of hawthorn leaves has been developed. The content of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in dry extracts of the leaves of C. mollis Sarg., C. submollis Sarg. and C. arnoldiana Sarg. was determined. The content of free amino acids in extracts ranges from 0.70 % to 0.99 %. The content of flavonoids ranged from 7.25 %±0.04 to 8.43 %±0.01, of hydroxycinnamic acids - from 2.35 %±0.02 to 2.85 %±0.03. Rutin, kaempferol-3-O-glycoside, epicatechin and chlorogenic acid were identified in all extracts by the HPLC method. In dry leaf extracts of C. arnoldiana Sarg. and C. mollis identified p-coumaric acid; C. arnoldiana Sarg. – quercetin; C. arnoldiana Sarg. and C. submollis Sarg. – ferulic acid; C. submollis Sarg. and C. mollis Sarg. – quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside. Conclusions. Dry leaf extracts of C. mollis Sarg., C. submollis Sarg. and C. arnoldiana Sarg. were obtained. For the first time, the content of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in the extracts was determined by HPLC. It was established that the chemical profile of the obtained extracts is formed by rutin, chlorogenic acid and kaempferol-3-O-glycoside, which can be used in further standardization of these substances. In addition, a comparative study of the amino acid composition of the obtained extracts was carried out for the first time

Thermal stability enhancement of berry anthocyanins by co-pigmentation with extracts from natural sources

Abstract The suitability of mandarin (MP), orange (OP) and pomegranate peel powders (PP) for co-pigmentation of dewberry, viburnum, red hawthorn, black hawthorn, and barberry anthocyanins was investigated. Spectrophotometric measurements indicated co-pigmentation causing both a hyperchromic effect (ΔABSmax = 5–13) and bathochromic shift (Δλ vis-max up to 13 nm). The degradation kinetics of anthocyanins were estimated at temperatures ranging from 70 to 90 °C. First-order reactions with rate constants of 0.45–2.93 min−1 and 0.30–2.00 min−1 were observed for the reference and PP co-pigmented samples, respectively. The t 1/2 values were 3.90–25.7 h for the reference and 5.8–38.5 h for the co-pigmented samples. The activation energy (E a) values were higher in co-pigmented samples (49.16–77.77 kJ/mol) than in reference samples (41.82–68.75 kJ/mol), except for black hawthorn, which had a lower E a value in the co-pigmented sample. The thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy, free energy, and entropy) evaluated indicated a positive effect of co-pigmentation on the thermal treatment of anthocyanins.

Determination of Phenolic Compounds Using HPLC-UV Method in Wild Fruit Species

Plant parts of some spontaneous fruit species were analyzed by HPLC-UV method to determine their content in phenolic compounds. Buds, leaves, flowers, and fruits were harvested from 11 wild fruit species of medicinal, food, and therapeutic interest: European crab apple, European wild pear, blackthorn, dog rose, elder, dewberry, wild blackberry, cornelian cherry, red hawthorn, black hawthorn, and green strawberry. The studied species were analyzed for the presence and amount of phenolic compounds: flavonoids from the subclasses flavanols (catechin hydrate and epicatechin) and flavonols (rutin, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol) together with phenolic acids belonging to the hydroxybenzoic acid subclass (ellagic, gallic, syringic, vanillic, and salicylic) and hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, ferulic, sinapic, p-coumaric, neochlorogenic, and chlorogenic). The obtained results confirm the presence of bioactive compounds in different plant parts in wild fruit species. The variability identified from one species to another, the different compositions of phenols within the species, provides useful data on the role of these plant parts in the human body.

Recursive adaptation in action: allochronic isolation and divergence of host‐associated populations of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, following its recent introduction to the western USA

AbstractAn outstanding issue in the study of insect host races concerns the idea of ‘recursive adaptive divergence’, whereby adaptation can occur repeatedly across space and/or time, and the most recent adaptive episode is defined by one or more previously similar cases. The host plant shift of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae, Carpomyini), from ancestral downy hawthorn [Crataegus mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele] to introduced, domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in the eastern USA has long served as a model system for investigating ecologically driven host race formation in phytophagous insect specialists. Here, we report results from an annual geography survey of eclosion time demonstrating a similar ecological pattern among nascent host‐associated populations of the fly recently introduced ca. 40 years ago from its native range in the east into the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the USA. Specifically, using data collected from 25 locations across 5 years, we show that apple‐infesting fly populations in the PNW have rapidly and repeatedly shifted (and maintained differences in) their adult eclosion life‐history timing to infest two novel hawthorn hosts with different fruiting phenologies – a native species (Crataegus douglasii Lindl.) and an introduced species (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) – generating partial allochronic reproductive isolation in the process. The shifts in the PNW parallel the classic case of host race formation in the eastern USA, but have occurred bi‐directionally to two hawthorn species with phenologies slightly earlier (black hawthorn) and significantly later (ornamental hawthorn) than apple. Our results imply that R. pomonella can both possess and retain extensive‐standing variation (i.e., ‘adaptive memory’) in diapause traits, even following introductions, to rapidly and temporally track novel phenological host opportunities when they arise. Thus, ‘specialized’ host races may not constitute evolutionary dead ends. Rather, adaptive phenotypic and genetic memory may carry over from one host shift to the next, recursively facilitating host race formation in phytophagous insects.

Determination of Quality in Homemade Vinegars by Spectroscopy and Rheology Methods

This study focused on the determination of quality characteristics of homemade organic vinegars (apple, red hawthorn and yellow hawthorn) which were produced with double fermentation (ethyl alcohol and acetic acid fermentation) method by spectroscopy (UV/Fourier transform infrared) and rheology technique. These absorbance peak values are associated with organic acids and phenolic compounds were determined as an important parameter in the quality evaluation of vinegars. It was determined that the flow curves of all vinegars are compatible with the non-Newtonian flow, which is the behaviour of thickening (dilatant) fluids. From the obtained results, it was thought that the antioxidant and anti-bacterial effect of yellow hawthorn vinegar would be higher due to its higher acetic acid and phenolic compound content compared to the others.

Rapid and repeatable host plant shifts drive reproductive isolation following a recent human-mediated introduction of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella.

Ecological speciation via host-shifting is often invoked as a mechanism for insect diversification, but the relative importance of this process is poorly understood. The shift of Rhagoletis pomonella in the 1850s from the native downy hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, to introduced apple, Malus pumila, is a classic example of sympatric host race formation, a hypothesized early stage of ecological speciation. The accidental human-mediated introduction of R. pomonella into the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in the late 1970s allows us to investigate how novel ecological opportunities may trigger divergent adaptation and host race formation on a rapid timescale. Since the introduction, the fly has spread in the PNW, where in addition to apple, it now infests native black hawthorn, Crataegus douglasii, and introduced ornamental hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna. We use this "natural experiment" to test for genetic differentiation among apple, black, and ornamental hawthorn flies co-occurring at three sympatric sites. We report evidence that populations of all three host-associations are genetically differentiated at the local level, indicating that partial reproductive isolation has evolved in this novel habitat. Our results suggest that conditions suitable for initiating host-associated divergence may be common in nature, allowing for the rapid evolution of new host races when ecological opportunity arises.

Limited genetic evidence for host plant‐related differentiation in the Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens

AbstractThe shift of the fruit fly Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) in the mid‐1800s from downy hawthorn, Crataegus mollis (Torrey & Asa Gray) Scheele, to introduced domesticated apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen), in the eastern USA is a model for ecological divergence with gene flow. A similar system may exist in the northwestern USA and British Columbia, Canada, where Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) attacks the native bitter cherry Prunus emarginata (Douglas ex Hooker) Eaton (Rosaceae). Populations of R. indifferens have shifted and became economic pests on domesticated sweet cherry, Prunus avium (L.) L., shortly after sweet cherries were introduced to the region in the mid‐1800s. The fruiting phenologies of the two cherries differ in a similar manner as apples and hawthorns, with domesticated sweet cherries typically ripening in June and July, and bitter cherries in July and August. Here we report, however, little evidence for genetic differentiation between bitter vs. sweet cherry populations of R. indifferens or for pronounced genetic associations between allele frequencies and adult eclosion time, as has been documented for apple and downy hawthorn flies. The current findings support a previous more geographically limited survey of R. indifferens in the province of British Columbia, Canada, and an analysis of its sister species, R. cingulata, in the state of Michigan, USA, implying a lack of host‐related differentiation for flies infesting different cherry host plants. Possible causes for why host races are readily genetically detected for R. pomonella but not for R. indifferens are discussed.

Identification of a New Blend of Host Fruit Volatiles from Red Downy Hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, Attractive to Rhagoletis pomonella Flies from the Northeastern United States.

A new blend of volatiles was identified for the fruit of downy red hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, that is attractive to Rhagoletis pomonella flies infesting this host in the northeastern USA. The new blend was as attractive as the previously identified mixture but is more complex in the number of odorants (six in the old versus ten in the new) and differs significantly in the ratio of three volatiles, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, butyl hexanoate, and dihydro-β-ionone, that are common to both blends and exerted agonist or antagonist effects on behavior in a flight tunnel assay. However, behavioral results with the old and new northern hawthorn blends, as well as modified blends with substituted ratios of 3-methylbutan-1-ol, butyl hexanoate, dihydro-β-ionone, indicated that the 'agonist' or 'antagonist' effects of these volatiles depended on the ratio, or balance of compounds within the blend. In addition, the new blend contains a number of esters identified from the headspace of domesticated apple, Malus domestica, that are attractive to apple-origin R. pomonella, and present in the five other blends from southern hawthorns, including the southern C. mollis var. texana blend, but are not part of the previously identified blend from northern C. mollis fruit. This finding supports the hypothesis that in addition to providing specificity to the odor blends of the northern and southern hawthorn populations, the presence of the significant amounts of ester compounds in the new northern hawthorn blend might have provided a source of standing variation that could help explain the shift in host preference by C. mollis-infesting flies to introduced apple in the mid-1800's.

White Birch, Red Hawthorn

White Birch, Red Hawthorn

White Birch, Red Hawthorn

White Birch, Red Hawthorn

Differences in Bioaccumulation of Essential and Toxic Elements by White and Red Hawthorn

Background: Hawthorn species (Crataegus) belonging to the Rosaceae family is one of the most commonly used phytopharmaceuticals against mild cardiovascular diseases. The use of medicinal herbs is regulated by the World Health Organisation regarding their content of toxic elements. Thus it is important to study the elemental pattern of the plant organs used to ensure safe use on the one hand and sufficient amounts of essential elements on the other hand. Method: In the present study leaves and flowers of two Hawthorn species, namely Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus oxyacantha grown in a remote area were analysed for their contents of essential and harmful elements by atomic spectrometry. Additional the metal concentrations in the soil were determined as basis for the calculation of the Biota Soil Accumulation Factor (BSAF). Results: It was found, that all plant parts analysed do not contain toxic elements above the regulated limits. Furthermore the uptake pattern of the two plants are different for certain elements, a fact which can be used for identification of leaves and flowers and for adulteration detection. Conclusion: White and Red Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus oxyacantha) can be distinguished not only by shape, structure and colour, but also on their metal concentrations in leaves and flowers. This fact can be used for identification of leaves and flowers and for adulteration detection. Leaves and flowers of these two plants grown in the remote area in Croatia do not pose any risk to humans when used for medicinal purposes.

Identification of Host Fruit Volatiles from Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), Attractive to Rhagoletis zephyria Flies from the Western United States.

A mixture of behaviorally active volatiles was identified from the fruit of snowberry, Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus, for Rhagoletis zephyria flies reared from snowberry fruit. A nine-component blend containing 3-methylbutan-1-ol (3%), dimethyl trisulfide (1%), 1-octen-3-ol (40%), myrcene (8%), nonanal (9%), linalool (13%), (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT, 6%), decanal (15%), and β-caryophyllene (5%) was identified that gave consistent electroantennogram activity and was behaviorally active in flight tunnel tests. In other flight tunnel assays, snowberry flies from two sites in Washington state, USA, displayed significantly greater levels of upwind oriented flight to sources with the snowberry volatile blend compared with previously identified volatile blends from domestic apple (Malus domestica) and downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) fruit from the eastern USA, and domestic apple, black hawthorn (C. douglasii) and ornamental hawthorn (C. monogyna) from Washington state. Selected subtraction assays showed that whereas removal of DMNT or 1-octen-3-ol significantly reduced the level of upwind flight, removal of myrcene and β-caryophyllene, or dimethyl trisulfide alone did not significantly affect the proportion of upwind flights. Our findings add to previous studies showing that populations of Rhagoletis flies infesting different host fruit are attracted to unique mixtures of volatile compounds specific to their respective host plants. Taken together, the results support the hypothesis that differences among flies in their behavioral responses to host fruit odors represent key adaptations involved in sympatric host plant shifts, contributing to host specific mating and generating prezygotic reproductive isolation among members of the R. pomonella sibling species complex.

Hakkâri İli Şemdinli Yöresi Alıç (Crataegus spp.) Meyvelerinin Biyokimyasal ve Pomolojik Özellikleri

The present study was conducted in Şemdinli town of Hakkari province in 2013-2014. The pomological and chemical characteristics of hawthorn ( Crataegus spp .) fruits with different colors were investigated. Fruit samples were taken from 39 hawthorn trees selected from the villages of Şemdinli. In pomological analyses, fruit weight, fruit height, fruit width, number of seeds, seed weight and flesh ratio were determined. In chemical analyses, soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity and sugar contents were determined. The evaluated accessions had average fruit weights of between 2.16-4.89g and flesh ratios of between 77.86-85.99%. Of the investigated genotypes, 16 were identified as promising genotypes. The greatest fruit weight was observed in yellow A-4 genotype with 4.89 g and the least fruit weight was observed in red L-9 genotype with 2.16 g. While glucose and sucrose were the dominant sugars in yellow hawthorn fruits, glucose and fructose were dominant in black and red hawthorn fruits. Of 16 promising hawthorn accessions, 7 had “yellow” skin color, 5 had “red”, 3 had “black” and 1 had “white” skin color. Current findings provide quite significant outcomes for further breeding studies.

Rapid and repeatable shifts in life-history timing of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) following colonization of novel host plants in the Pacific Northwestern United States.

Host shifts of phytophagous insect specialists to novel plants can result in divergent ecological adaptation, generating reproductive isolation and potentially new species. Rhagoletis pomonella fruit flies in eastern North America underwent a host shift ~160ya from native downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) to introduced, domesticated apple (Malus domestica). Divergent selection on diapause phenology related to the earlier fruiting time of apples versus downy hawthorns resulted in partial allochronic reproductive isolation between the fly races. Here, we test for how rapid and repeatable shifts in life-history timing are driving ecological divergence of R.pomonella in the Pacific Northwestern USA. The fly was introduced into the region via larval-infested apples 40-65ya and now attacks native black hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii) and introduced ornamental hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), in addition to early- and late-maturing apple varieties in the region. To investigate the life-history timing hypothesis, we used a field-based experiment to characterize the host-associated eclosion and flight activity patterns of adults, and the feeding times of larvae at a field site in Vancouver, Washington. We also assessed the degree to which differences in host-fruiting time generate allochronic isolation among apple-, black hawthorn-, and ornamental hawthorn-associated fly populations. We conclude that host-associated fly populations are temporally offset 24.4% to 92.6% in their seasonal distributions. Our results imply that R.pomonella possesses the capacity for rapid and repeatable shifts in diapause life history to match host-fruiting phenology, which can generate ecologically based reproductive isolation, and potentially biodiversity in the process.

NEUROTROPIC AND DIURETIC ACTIVITY OF THICK EXTRACT OF THE BLOOD-RED HAWTHORN’S FRUITS

Blood-red hawthorn (Crataegi fructus) are a popular cardiotonic herbal materials, which widely used in medical practice in our country and abroad. In order to prevent diseases of the cardiovascular system is appropriate to prescribe herbal medicines, because they combine the breadth and softness of therapeutic action, along with the absence of a significant number of side effects and contraindications.The purpose was to study diuretic and antidepressant activity of thick fruit extract of blood-red hawthorn.Material and methods. Under laboratory conditions we obtained a thick extract of blood-red hawthorn fruits. This phytopharmaceutical was studied by us for any diuretic and antidepressant activity. Investiga- tions were carried out on white rats of both sexes weighing 200–220 g. Each experimental group consist- ed of ten animals. Study drug was administered intragastrically by stomach tube. Control in both cases served as purified water. For determination of diuretic activity, we used a thick extract of hawthorn fruits in a dose of 20 mg/kg against the background of the water load in the amount of 3% of body weight of the animal. Reference preparation was chosen dichlorthiazid 20 mg/kg. It was administered once. After ad- ministration the animals were placed in metabolic cages for urine collection for 24 hours. The study de- termined diuresis, natriuresis, kaliuresis, and kreatininuresis for 4 h and 24 h of the experiment. On the day of the experiment the animals of the control group was administered water load of 3%, and experi- enced – intragastrically drug in an identical amount. Animals were placed in a metabolic cage for a day. Collected 4 h and 24-h urine sample. Determined by renal excretion of water was recorded concentration of sodium and potassium by flame photometry in the fiery liquid analyzer PAG-1, creatinine – colorimet- ric method for photocolorimeter CFC-3. For determining antidepressant activity we used a thick hawthorn extract in a dose of 25 mg/kg of animal body weight. As a synthetic drug comparisons, we used amitriptilin 5 mg/g.Results. It was found that the thick extract of fruits of blood red hawthorn in a dose of 20 mg/kg for 24 hours increases the diuresis experiment, both by increasing the glomerular filtration rate and by lowering tubular reabsorption. For thick extract of fruits of hawthorn blood-red characteristic expression antide- pressant activity.Conclusion. The studied preparation of blood-red hawthorn’s fruits have properties to provide complex nephrotropic and neurotropic activity on the living organism.

Ammonium carbonate is more attractive than apple and hawthorn fruit volatile lures to Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Washington State.

The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), is an introduced, quarantine pest of apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen) in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. In the eastern United States where the fly is native, fruit volatiles have been reported to be more attractive than ammonia compounds to R. pomonella. However, the opposite may be true in the western United States. Here, we determined whether newly identified western apple and western hawthorn fruit volatiles are more attractive than ammonium carbonate (AC) to R. pomonella in apple, black hawthorn, and ornamental hawthorn trees in western Washington State. In all three host trees, sticky red sphere or yellow panel traps baited with AC generally caught more flies than traps baited with lures containing the four newly developed fruit blends (modified eastern apple, western apple, western ornamental hawthorn, and western black hawthorn) or two older blends (eastern apple and eastern downy hawthorn). Fruit volatiles also displayed more variation among trapping studies conducted at different sites, in different host trees, and across years than AC. The results imply that traps baited with AC represent the best approach to monitoring R. pomonella in Washington State.

Ecological adaptation and reproductive isolation in sympatry: genetic and phenotypic evidence for native host races of Rhagoletis pomonella

Ecological speciation with gene flow may be an important mode of diversification for phytophagous insects. The recent shift of Rhagoletis pomonella from its native host downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) to introduced apple (Malus domestica) in the northeastern United States is a classic example of sympatric host race formation. Here, we test whether R. pomonella has similarly formed host races on four native Crataegus species in the southern United States: western mayhaw (C. opaca), blueberry hawthorn (C. brachyacantha), southern red hawthorn (C. mollis var. texana) and green hawthorn (C. viridis). These four southern hosts differ from each other in their fruiting phenology and in the volatile compounds emitted from the surface of their fruits. These two traits form the basis of ecological reproductive isolation between downy hawthorn and apple flies in the north. We report evidence from microsatellite population surveys and eclosion studies supporting the existence of genetically differentiated and partially reproductively isolated host races of southern hawthorn flies. The results provide an example of host shifting and ecological divergence involving native plants and imply that speciation with gene flow may be commonly initiated in Rhagoletis when ecological opportunity presents itself.

Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Red Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Using Citric Acid and Lemon Juice

Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Red Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Using Citric Acid and Lemon Juice