Red Fruit Peel Research Articles

Ppbbx24-del mutant positively regulates light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in the ‘Red Zaosu’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia White Pear Group)

Red fruit peel is one of the most valuable economic traits in pear and is mainly determined by anthocyanins. Many pear cultivars with a red peel originated from bud sports; however, little is known about the genetic mechanisms underlying this trait. We have previously identified a mutant PpBBX24 containing a 14-nucleotide deletion in the coding region (Ppbbx24-del) as the only known variant associated with the red coloration of the mutant ‘Red Zaosu’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia White Pear Group). Herein, we analyzed the role of the mutant gene in red coloration and its mechanism of action. The results showed that light promoted red <pg=>peel coloration in ‘Red Zaosu’ pear, and Ppbbx24-del had positive effects on light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis, while normal PpBBX24 had the opposite effects. Transient and stable <pg=>transformation experiments confirmed that Ppbbx24-del could promote anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruit peels, calli, and tobacco flowers. Due to the loss of NLS and VP domains, Ppbbx24-del co-localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas PpBBX24 localized only in the nucleus. Real-time PCR and transcriptome analyses indicated that PpMYB10 and PpHY5 is highly expressed in ‘Red Zaosu’ pear. In yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assays, Ppbbx24-del and PpHY5 independently promoted the expression of PpCHS, PpCHI, and PpMYB10 by binding to their promoters; however, PpBBX24 did not affect the expression of these genes. Additionally, we found that Ppbbx24-del and PpHY5 had additive effects on the expression of PpCHS, PpCHI, and PpMYB10, as they promote the expression of anthocyanin synthesis genes separately. The co-expression of PpBBX24 and PpHY5 inhibited the activation of downstream genes by PpHY5, and this was attributed to the interaction between the two loci. In conclusion, our results clarify the molecular mechanism by which mutant Ppbbx24-del and PpBBX24 exert opposite effects in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in pear. These findings lay an important theoretical foundation for the use of Ppbbx24-del to create red pear cultivars.

AcMYB266, a key regulator of the red coloration in pineapple peel: a case of subfunctionalization in tandem duplicated genes.

Red fruit peel is an attractive target for pineapple breeding. Various pineapple accessions with distinct red coloration patterns exist; however, the precise molecular mechanism accounting for these differences remains unknown, which hinders the pineapple breeding process from combining high fruit quality with red peel. In this study, we characterized a transcription factor, AcMYB266, which is preferentially expressed in pineapple peel and positively regulates anthocyanin accumulation. Transgenic pineapple, Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants overexpressing AcMYB266 exhibited significant anthocyanin accumulation. Conversely, transient silencing of this gene led to decreased anthocyanin accumulation in pineapple red bracts. In-depth analysis indicated that variations of AcMYB266 sequences in the promoter instead of the protein-coding region seem to contribute to different red coloration patterns in peels of three representative pineapple varieties. In addition, we found that AcMYB266 was located in a cluster of four MYB genes exclusive to and conserved in Ananas species. Of this cluster, each was proved to regulate anthocyanin synthesis in different pineapple tissues, illustrating an interesting case of gene subfunctionalization after tandem duplication. In summary, we have characterized AcMYB266 as a key regulator of pineapple red fruit peel and identified an MYB cluster whose members were subfunctionalized to specifically regulate the red coloration of different pineapple tissues. The present study will assist in establishing a theoretical mechanism for pineapple breeding for red fruit peel and provide an interesting case for the investigation of gene subfunctionalization in plants.

Antioxidant Content, Capacity and Retention in Fresh and Processed Cactus Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica and O. robusta) Fruit Peels From Different Fruit-Colored Cultivars

During processing, the peels and seeds from cactus pear fruits are usually discarded. These “waste” products contain valuable bioactive compounds. This study investigated the antioxidant content and antioxidant potential of fresh and processed (juiced, dried, preserved and chutney) cactus pear fruit peels from different fruit-coloured cactus pear cultivars. Cactus pear peels contained high levels of antioxidants and demonstrated high antioxidant activity. The highest contents were found in dried peels, while the preserves had the lowest contents. Products on the positive side of Factor 1 of the PCA plot are mostly associated with the antioxidants PCA analysis showed that products, rather than cultivars, seem to cluster together, e.g. juices and fresh peels, chutneys, preserves and dried peels. Robusta and its products cluster together, as well as with betalains. The % DPPH, carotenoids and phenolics are grouped together, with % chelating activity closely correlated with ascorbic acid. Dried products from all cultivars correlated closely with % DPPH, carotenoids and phenolics, especially dried peel from Gymno-Carpo (orange), Ofer (orange), Meyers (red) and Nepgen (green). Red and orange preserves formed a cluster, while green preserves and chutney from all cultivars clustered together, as did fresh peels and juices. Purple fruit peel products had the highest % DPPH, % chelating activity, betalains, phenolic compounds and carotenes. Ascorbic acid dominated in orange and red fruit peels. Purple and orange were the colours of cactus pear fruit cultivars that might be the best choice in terms of antioxidant content. The cultivar that presented the best fruit peel from an antioxidant point of view for preservation was Robusta. Cactus pear fruit peels should be included in processed products such as juice, dried fruit and chutneys. These processed products are multi-component food ingredients and are therefore multi-component nutraceuticals which retained their antioxidant properties.

Potential study and utilization of red fruit peels (Pandanus conoideus lam) as feed additive for native chicken production

Application of the use of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) as a feed additive needs to be developed because it has antioxidant properties and as a preventive disease drug. The purpose of this review is to examine the use of red fruit peels as feed additives for native chickens. A literature study conducted by reviewing several journals with the results of the study showed that the use of red fruit peels in poultry is still limited to broilers. Red fruit has known properties as a cancer-preventing drug, hypertension, diabetes, and even HIV. Red fruit contains beta-carotene, tocopherol, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. It also contains unsaturated fatty acids, namely oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, decanoic, omega 3, and omega 9. Parts used only in fruit juice, oil, and red fruit pulp, while the skin has not been utilized. Thus, the use of red fruit peels in free-range chickens as feed additives will provide new treasures in science and prospects for local, regional, national, and even international sluggish poultry fields.

Utilization of red fruit’s peel (freycinetia arborea gaudich) as biochar for lead (Pb) adsorption

Red fruit is a plant-like flower pandanus, which can be used as an ingredient in traditional medicine by the people of Papua. Red fruit also can be found in the mountains Petiro Rano surrounds Siuri Lake (a tourism object) in Poso-Indonesia. Peel of red fruit consist of cellulose and lignin so it can be utilized as biochar and used as the adsorbent of heavy metal such as Lead. The use of biochar as adsorbent can reduce pollution and improve soil pH and river containing heavy metals. This study utilized red fruit peel as biochar to adsorb Lead ions in water. The method used in this study was laboratory experiments and the analysis was using a Spectro Direct spectrophotometer. The finding showed that the biochar’s water content was 2.3%, ash content was 8.2% and biomass content was 89.5%, these results showed that the characteristic of biochar of red fruit peel was very good to use as adsorbent. The optimum weight of biochar that adsorbs Lead ions was 40 mg with the percentage of adsorption was 99,04%. While the optimum contact time of adsorption of Lead ion by biochar was 60 minutes with 98.98% percentage of absorption.

ISOLASI FUNGI ENDOFIT KULIT BUAH MERAH (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI SECARA METODE KLT - BIOAUTOGRAFI

Red fruit ( Pandanus conoideus Lam.) belongs to genus Pandanus. Red fruit oil has the activity as an antibacterial. The research aimed to obtain endophytic fungi isolates on the red fruit peel and assay the antibacterial activity by TLC-Bioautography. The research was experimentally conducted including the process of isolation of endophytic fungi, purification, macroscopic examination, screening for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi , fermentation for 7, 14 and 21 days, separation and antibacterial assay by TLC-Bioautography against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi , the isolate fermentate of endophytic fungi for 7 days showed an Rf value of 0.49 against Staphylococcus aureus and an 0.47 against Salmonella typhi . The isolate fermentate of endophytic fungi for 14 days showed an Rf value of 0.58 against Staphylococcus aureus and an 0.69 against Salmonella typhi . The isolate fermentate of endophytic fungi for 21 days showed an Rf value of 0.69 against Staphylococcus aureus and an 0.67 against Salmonella typhi . In conclusion, red fruit peel had endophytic fungi isolate with the potency as an antibacterial.

ISOLASI FUNGI ENDOFIT KULIT BUAH MERAH (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI SECARA METODE KLT - BIOAUTOGRAFI

Red fruit ( Pandanus conoideus Lam.) belongs to genus Pandanus. Red fruit oil has the activity as an antibacterial. The research aimed to obtain endophytic fungi isolates on the red fruit peel and assay the antibacterial activity by TLC-Bioautography. The research was experimentally conducted including the process of isolation of endophytic fungi, purification, macroscopic examination, screening for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi , fermentation for 7, 14 and 21 days, separation and antibacterial assay by TLC-Bioautography against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi , the isolate fermentate of endophytic fungi for 7 days showed an Rf value of 0.49 against Staphylococcus aureus and an 0.47 against Salmonella typhi . The isolate fermentate of endophytic fungi for 14 days showed an Rf value of 0.58 against Staphylococcus aureus and an 0.69 against Salmonella typhi . The isolate fermentate of endophytic fungi for 21 days showed an Rf value of 0.69 against Staphylococcus aureus and an 0.67 against Salmonella typhi . In conclusion, red fruit peel had endophytic fungi isolate with the potency as an antibacterial.

Genome-wide survey and analysis of the TIFY gene family and its potential role in anthocyanin synthesis in Chinese sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

The TIFY family is an important gene family which can be found only in plant and involved in different biologic processes. Jasmonic acid (JA) promotes anthocyanin accumulation in fruit. To explore the role of PpTIFY genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis of Chinese sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai), we first cloned 21 PpTIFY genes from the pear genome and further identified 11 PpJAZ genes. The sequence similarity among the PpTIFY genes was relatively low, which indicated that PpTIFY genes in higher plants differentiated early during land plant evolution and have experienced considerable mutation. Transcripts of PpTIFY genes were detected in all organs and tissues of pear analyzed. The spatial and temporal expression patterns indicated that PpTIFY genes were associated with anthocyanin accumulation and JA signaling. The expression levels of PpTIFY genes were highest in leaves, whereas during fruit maturation, the expression level dramatically decreased. Furthermore, PpTIFY was induced after JA and light treatment in conjunction with anthocyanin accumulation in the peel of red fruit of Chinese sand pear. Genome-wide identification and characterization of pear PpTIFY genes will be helpful for further functional analysis of this gene family and cultivar improvement in pears.

The Balance of Expression of Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and Flavonol Synthase Regulates Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Red Foliage Coloration in Crabapples

Red leaf color is an attractive trait of Malus families, including crabapple (Malus spp.); however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the coloration. Dihydroflavonols are intermediates in the production of both colored anthocyanins and colorless flavonols, and this current study focused on the gene expression balance involved in the relative accumulation of these compounds in crabapple leaves. Levels of anthocyanins and the transcript abundances of the anthocyanin biosynthetic gene, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (McDFR) and the flavonol biosynthetic gene, flavonol synthase (McFLS), were assessed during the leaf development in two crabapple cultivars, ‘Royalty’ and ‘Flame’. The concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols correlated with leaf color and we propose that the expression of McDFR and McFLS influences their accumulation. Further studies showed that overexpression of McDFR, or silencing of McFLS, increased anthocyanin production, resulting in red-leaf and red fruit peel phenotypes. Conversely, elevated flavonol production and green phenotypes in crabapple leaves and apple peel were observed when McFLS was overexpressed or McDFR was silenced. These results suggest that the relative activities of McDFR and McFLS are important determinants of the red color of crabapple leaves, via the regulation of the metabolic fate of substrates that these enzymes have in common.

English

Fruit coloring is a major source of anthocyanin and carotenoid in mango. The anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) is a key enzyme in the anthocyanin biosynthesis. The ANS gene was cloned from mango peel by homologous cloning method. This manuscript reported characterization of ANS from mango peel that comprised 1,262 bp full-length cDNA with open reading frame (ORF) of 1,056 bp and encoding a protein of 351 amino acids. The theoretical molecular weight of the deduced amino sequence of ANS was 39.8 kDa. It was found that the gene encoding for the protein had close relationship with mountain grape (Vitis vinifera), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), mulberry (Morus alba), litchi (Litchi chinensis), and other fruit trees through phylogenetic analysis. Expression of ANS was maximum in the green rather than the yellow and red fruit peel. Expression was down-regulated in mature fruit, there was no response to fruit coloration which was affected by anthocyanin. &nbsp; Key words: Cloning, expression, anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), mango.

Phytochemical and antioxidant attributes of autochthonous Turkish pomegranates

This study was carried out to detect diversity in phytochemical characteristics among the 76 pomegranate accessions grown in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Total phenolics (TP), total anthocyanins (TA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), fructose (FRUC), glucose (GLUC), sucrose (SUC), and variables describing fruit, skin, and aril colors were investigated. These pomegranate accessions exhibited great diversity in values for TA (range of 1.1–63.3mgcy-3-glucoside/100gjw), TP (range of 108.0–944.9mgGAE/100gjw), and TAC (range of 7.4–17.5mmolFe2+/kgjw). The high levels of TP, TA, and TAC contained in fruit from the accessions ‘Ekşi 5’, ‘Tatlı 14’, ‘Antepnarı’, and ‘Tatlı 2’, with their dark red fruit peel and aril colors, make them particularly suitable for consumption as fresh fruit, aril extracts, and juice. The results demonstrated that the pomegranate accessions analyzed here showed variable TP, TA, and TAC profiles depending on aril color and maturity index group.