Red Figure Research Articles

GROUP-MEMBERS' BEHAVIORS CAUSED BY THEIR JUDGEMENTS BETWEEN THE GROUP GOAL AND THEIR OUTPUTS

An experiment by means of matrix-game was carried out in an attempt to examine how cooperative or competitive orientations would be settled down among group members aiming together an assigned goal. For this purpose such a matrix was designed as that a pair of numbers, the one representing a personal score with a red figure and the other indicating a score to be contributed to the group with a black figure, were written in its each cell by letting a sum of both numbers be the same throughout. The subjects were 60 male undergraduates who were divided into 20 groups consisting respectively of 3 members. These groups were further divided into 5 classes, being equal in numbers, corresponded respectively to the 5 different experimerltal conditions. For every group, each member played simultaneously the matrix-game with the experimenter by being cut off communications among members, and the outputs of 3 members were controlled by the experimenter at all times so as to provide necessary informations.The main findings from this experiment are as follows:1). In order to be led the group-oriented behaviors it seems necessary that the group outputs are known to have been inferior to the group goal. Nevertheless, if the inferiority is remarkable the self-oriented behaviors will turn out prevailing.2). While, in a case where the group outputs are found near the goal, both behaviors, groupand self-oriented, will appear almost equally. However, when the superiority of the group outputs is evident, the competitive behaviors follow.3). After the group-members make up their minds to do something together, the plan will be justfied insistently by each of them even when it seems irrational to him.4). The members dissatisfied with their outputs inferior to the group goal will scarecely leave from the group, so long as the responsibility for the unpleasant result lies themselves.

Magnitude of the Mueller-Lyer illusion as a function of hue, saturation, and fundus pigmentation

One hundred Ss, 50 male and 50 female undergraduate students, were tested to determine the effects of saturation, hue, and fundus pigmentation on the magnitude of the Mueller-Lyer illusion. It was found that the highly saturated (chroma 12) red figure produced a smaller illusion than the unsaturated (chroma 6) red or blue figures. Only the magnitude of the illusion produced by the highly saturated yellow figure correlated significantly with the lightness of fundus pigmentation.

Theseus Lifting the Rock and a Cup Near the Pithos Painter

In the National Museum of Athens there is a cup—formerly part of the Empedocles collection—which Beazley has attributed to an artist near the Pithos Painter, an early red figure cup-painter of the coarser wing; its approximate date would be the last decade of the sixth century. In the interior (plate XIIa) it bears the representation of a youth removing a big circular rock from an altar-shaped supporting feature. The scene has been interpreted by Beazley as the punishment of Sisyphus. Zancani-Montuoro, although with some reservations, includes the cup in her catalogue of the representations of Sisyphus before the end of the archaic period. Her hesitation concerns the age of the stone-lifter: ‘La figura della kylix Empedocles e molto simile per atteggiamento’ (i.e. to the Louvre cup G 16 with Sisyphus painted by Epiktetos—to which, incidentally, she gives the wrong number G 20) ‘ma la mancanza di barba e le proporzioni efebiche (l'esilità degli arti in ispecie) possono far sospettare che il personaggio mitico sia stato franteso o il suo schema adattato ad una rappresentazione del genere.’

A SIMPLE LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION OF SUBCEPTION

A simple, replicable demonstration of subception is described, using a discriminatory response as the independent variable. Stimuli were exposed to thirty‐six subjects in a tachistoscope until they were able to report the perception of a black line, appearing in the centre of a white field. The subjects were then asked to choose one of two geometrical figures from six pairings of four figures, each pair shown separately. The tachistoscope projections, presented in a counterbalanced design, consisted of one of the figures to be discriminated drawn in red, divided by a 3 cm black line. The black line, having a stronger contrast, was perceived before the red figure, defining the supraliminal and subliminal thresholds as the contrast relation between red and black lines. A significant tendency was found for selection of the projected figures, without verbal report of the subliminal stimulus. In a second part of the experiment one figure was to be chosen, after each projection, from the finite population of four figures; the results did not differ from chance expectation.The use of a perceptual discriminatory response for the recovery of a subliminal stimulus was discussed, and the plausibility of a threshold for intensity relations was demonstrated.

The Responsibility Triangle of Effective Management

Introduction Management problems, principles and practices existing in the oil industry are no different from those in most other industries. Although operating and administrative problems can be very different and there may be wide variations in the scopes and objectives among industries, a manager functions essentially the same regardless of the type of business activity in which he is engaged. Therefore, the discussion which follows will not be limited to the oil industry specifically but, rather, will apply to the business of management wherever it is found. During the last 30 years in the petroleum industry, an amazingly vast number of changes have taken place. And these changes have not been restricted to purely technological advances which have resulted, for the most part, from an expressed confidence in the value of industrial research that has increased seventy-fold over the past 30 years. Important also is the fact that we operate in an entirely different business atmosphere than we did 30 years ago. The history of the American economic system gives ample proof through countless examples that, as needs and problems arose, enterprising people through their own initiative have worked tirelessly to develop reasonable solutions. The full exploitation of the corporation concept is a fundamental example of this determination on the part of the American people. The individual proprietorship was the principal form of business organization during the early days of our nation. However, with the discovery of great natural resources, it became increasingly apparent that other measures were needed to satisfy the nation's economic needs. This brought about the combination of talents and capital into an active, vibrant, corporative entity which could more effectively supply the demands of the people and still provide an outlet for individual energies in an ambitious, growing society. From these humble beginnings, corporations which have been able to prove their worth have grown to gigantic proportions. But size, in itself, certainly gives no cause for alarm. Indeed, large corporations have produced many of the developments that have shaped the most productive economy in the history of the world. It is not implied that we now rest on the laurels-of past accomplishments. Quite the contrary is true. Industry must use its economic inheritance as a base upon which to meet the challenges of the present and of the future. Each American businessman occupies a particularly envious position because he is going to be a part of the most dynamic era in American business since the impact of the industrial revolution. Undoubtedly, the job of business management is fast approaching acceptance as the most adventuresome of all the professions. A Need for Better Cooperation This paper is entitled "The Responsibility Triangle of Effective Management" because the manager's job can be viewed in the perspective of a three-sided responsibility relationship. If it is proper to view the responsibilities of business management within the framework of an equilateral triangle, one side definitely should be assigned to a re-analysis of a responsibility to each other. Each man is important to his company either in a management capacity or as an individual contributor. Both groups, working harmoniously together, are essential to the success of any business enterprise. Everyone, on occasion, is guilty of taking an extremely narrow view of his responsibilities to the extent that he feels his problems and his activities represent the most important considerations in the company. He sometimes fails to recognize the contributions others are making toward the final red or black figures that appear on the corporate profit-and-loss statement. There was a time, and unfortunately it still exists to some extent in the oil industry, when most of the important decisions were made by the "seat of the manager's pants"; many years of trial-and-error experience determined what the best course of action would be. We can no longer afford this type of decision making! For example, the location of an oil well often was decided by a judgment that, if used today, would be labeled an "old wive's tale". Then, along came the professional geologist with his vast storehouse of knowledge about the earth's structure and with all kinds of scientific equipment to assist him in his work. It is only fair to say that, even with this technical guidance, the record of the industry shows only one commercial producer out of seven attempts. The important contributions made by the petroleum engineer are well known and need no elaboration here.

The Perceptual Modification of Colored Figures

The past decade has seen a renewed interest in the study of perception, and some of the problems considered at the turn of the century are being attacked again. One of the problems of yesterday-formulated in the language of the time-was whether the elements that theoretically make up a percept are discernible in it. Today, in spite of attempts to avoid it, the same problem is posed by the results of experiments on the effects of motivation and past experience on perception. In a recent examination of some of these experiments, Pratt has concluded that there is no evidence for the direct influence of motivational and experiential variables on perception-that the reported relationships can be explained, in effect, in terms of response-generalization.1 Here is a significant question concerning the characteristics of the 'mechanism' which intervenes between stimulus and response: although it may be avoided by an operational or behavioral logic, it is capable of experimental analysis. In an experiment by Bruner, Postman, and Rodrigues, each of a number of selected figures (physically equal in color) was matched with a differential color-mixer.2 Some of the figures (such as a lobster-claw or a lemon) had a characteristic red or yellow color, while others (such as geometrical forms) had no characteristic color. The results indicated that more red was added to the mixture for characteristically red figures than for neutral figures, and that more yellow was added to the mixture for characteristically yellow figures than for neutral figures. Unfortunately, however, these results are ambiguous; they can be interpreted either in terms of perceptual modification or in terms of response-generalization. From Pratt's point of view it might be maintained that O responded to a particular red color on the mixer as if it were the same color as that of characteristically red figures and as if it were redder than a neutral figure. In the present experiment, a more adequate method was employed. A

Expulsion-crescent: a new pathological red cell figure in human peripheral blood.

SummaryA new pathological red cell figure is described, apparently presenting another blood-destructive process of the “sickle cell: type”, and occurring in Negroes and Caucasians alike, in both of...

Red Figure Cups of Italiote Fabric with Incised and Stamped Decoration

Mrs. Ure has published two articles on Attic cups which combine incised and stamped decoration with r.f. painting. The first in JHS LXI deals with stemless kylikes of the second half of the fifth century, the second in LXIV describes a group of later cup-kotylai, running from a little before the turn of the century, to the apparent expiration of this particular style about 370 B.C.

Red Figure Cups with Incised and Stamped Decoration I

Among the simpler and cheaper types of pottery in common use in the fifth century B.C. and later, one of the most attractive is the black-glaze ware decorated with incised and stamped patterns. A certain quantity of this has been found in undisturbed single burials or in other contexts which provide external evidence for its dating and development, notably in Sicily and South Russia, at Rhitsona in Boeotia and more recently in the Agora at Athens. Further and still more reliable evidence is to be found in the series of vases, mainly cups, in which similar incised or stamped patterns are found combined on one and the same pot with red-figure painting. The use of incision and stamping in the interior of the cups instead of the normal painted medallion no doubt made for cheapness, and the red-figure work is never of a very high standard. Nevertheless, some of the fifth-century examples have sufficient merit to be looked at for their own sake, while the combination of the two styles gives a useful equation.

Odysseus and Kirke on a Boeotian Vase

The vase of which an illustration is given on Plate IV. is one that has lately been acquired by the British Museum, and is in many ways of exceptional interest. It is a specimen of a peculiar class of local vases, which first became known through excavations made in 1888 on the site of the Kabeirion at Thebes. A full account of these excavations and their results was given by Dr. Winnefeld and other writers in the Athenische Mittheilungen for 1888, Vol. xiii. pp. 81, 412 ff.The vase under discussion is not the only one of this kind in the Museum; two similar vases were acquired in 1889, one of which is illustrated in the Museum Catalogue of Vases (1893), p. 75. These two vases (numbered B 77—8) are skyphoi of the same shape and technique as our present one, and bear designs of a very similar character, though not of such great interest.The remains of pottery discovered in the Kabeirion are not confined to this local class; vases and fragments covered with plain black varnish were found, and a fair number of examples of Athenian pottery or imitations of the same, mostly with red figures.

Orphic Myths on Attic Vases

The accompanying cut represents the painting upon a hydria in the British Museum (No. E 818). The design, in red figures, covers the body of the vase, which apparently dates from early in the fourth century B.C., and stands 32 mètres high; the glaze is of that semi-iridescent character which marks the Attic vases of this time, and the red figures are smeared with ruddle and show the original sketch marks very plainly. It was found in excavations in Rhodes in 1880, outside a tomb at the site named in Mr. Biliotti's Diary Cazviri; unfortunately the circumstances of the find do not assist us in determining more accurately the date; but it may be taken as of certainly Athenian fabric, and probably of the date above stated.

Vase with representation of Herakles and Geras

In the Catalogue of Vases in the British Museum a red-figured amphora is described in the following terms:—Cat. 864.—Amphora. Height 1 ft. in., red figures on black ground, outlines in black, inner markings faintly traced in red.“1. Herakles pursuing the robber Cacus: the hero is bearded, the lion's skin covers his head and hangs down his back behind: in his left hand he holds his club: he stretches out his right hand towards the robber, who flies, looking back and stretching out both his hands towards him: the beard and hair of Cacus are white and squalid, drapery is twisted round his loins, but the figure has been retouched in these places, as has also the figure of Herakles: between them [Ch]armides Kalos; 2. rev. a youthful beardless figure clad in a mantle which envelops his head and arms: he leans on his staff.”—H.

V. On a Vase representing an Adventure of Perseus

The Vase, of which a tracing is laid before the Society, has been described in the Catalogue of the Greek Vases in the Museum, although its subject could not at the time be made out, and the present memoir must be considered as an attempt to interpret its meaning, a task rendered the more difficult as there is not any distinct mention of the subject by the classical writers, and it is one transmitted only by the artists of Greece. It occurs on one of the hundred select vases presented by the late Prince of Canino to Cardinal Fesch, and subsequently ceded by the possessors to the British Museum. The Vase is of the shape called hydria or calpis, ornamented with red figures upon a black background, and its style is that usually known as the commencement of the decadence of the fictile art. It has no inscription, unfortunately, to aid in its decipherment. It was found in the sepulchres of the ancient Vulci.

XI. Note on a Vase with Pelops Plexippus, in the British Museum. By Samuel Birch, Esq., F.S.A., Assistant Keeper of the Antiquities in the British Museum

A cylix of fine ware, with red figures upon a black background, acquired from the Princess de Canino by the British Museum, has, on one side, a combat of warriors, the principal of whom is named Menelaus, MENELEOΣ. The reverse represents a naked youth whose head is crowned, with a garment thrown across his shoulders, leading a horse in each hand by a bridle. Above the head of this figure is inscribed ΠΛEXΣIΠΠOΣ (πλήξιππος.)