Red Color Tone Research Articles

Determination of Optical Properties of Ovangkol (Guibourtia ehie) Wood Treated with Oxalic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

Ovangkol wood is a valuable species in woodworking industries, especially in the furniture sector. Bleaching processes alter the color of the wood. In this research, changes in certain surface properties [whiteness index (WI*), glossiness, and color parameters (lightness (L*), red (a*) color tone, yellow (b*) color tone, chroma (C*) value, and hue (ho) angle)] were investigated upon the application of two different bleaching chemicals [oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) + sodium hydroxide (NaOH)] on the surfaces of ovangkol (Guibourtia ehie) wood. With the chemical C2H2O4, increases were observed in the WI* ║ direction and in all color parameters. In addition, with the NaOH + H2O2 solution, increases were obtained in the L* and ho values, while decreases were observed in the a*, C*, and b* parameters. When employing the C2H2O4 chemical, the ∆E* value measured at 4.25, whereas treatments involving solutions prepared with H2O2 + NaOH yielded a ∆E* value of 13.14. Positive ∆L* values were observed with the use of both chemicals. Conversely, while the ∆a*, ∆b*, and ∆C* values showed positivity with the C2H2O4 chemical, they exhibited negativity when using the NaOH + H2O2 solution. Glossiness values decreased at both 60 and 85 degrees, irrespective of whether they were measured parallel or perpendicular to the fibers, following the application of both bleaching agents on the wooden surfaces.

TESTING OF BLEACHING ON COCOBOLO (Dalbergia retusa Hemsl.,) WOOD

In this study, the effects of single and double component wood bleaching chemicals on the color parameters, glossines values and whiteness index values of cocobolo (Dalbergia retusa Hemsl.,) wood were investigated. Single and double component bleaching chemicals were applied to the wood material surfaces with the application technique in line with the company’s recommendations. Test measurements were made on bleached and unbleached wood materials. Obtained results were compared with each other. According to the determined results, lightness (L*) value, chroma (C*) value, red (a*) color tone, yellow (b*) color tone, hue (ho) angle value, glossiness values perpendicular to fibers (⊥) and parallel (║) directions at 60o, glossiness value at 85o in parallel (║) direction to the fibers, and whiteness index (WI*) values in perpendicular (⊥) and parallel (║) directions to the fibers were determined. The ∆E* values were found to be 10.22 in the double component and 2.31 in the single component. While the two-component bleaching chemical caused an increase in L*, b*, a*, C* and ho values, it caused a decrease in the one-component bleach chemical. All WI* values were increased with two component bleaching chemicals. The glossiness values at 60° in the perpendicular and parallel directions to the fibers were decreased with one component bleaching chemical. The bleaching chemicals used in the study caused different results on wood material surfaces.

Color properties of tannin-treated wood

The color-changing effect of tannin, which is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material used in wood preservation, was studied on varnished and un-varnished wood samples. For this purpose, walnut tannin was applied on samples prepared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) wood in accordance with ISO 3129 (2019) standard with a brush, and then samples were coated with polyurethane varnish and water-based varnish according to ASTM D3023-98 (2017) principles. Color changes were determined according to ASTM D2244-21 (2021). The obtained data indicated that the highest value in the red color tone (a*) was observed in Scots pine+tannin+polyurethane varnish (PU) (14.4) and the lowest was in Scots pine+control+unvarnished (Uvr) (6.5). The highest value for the yellow color tone (b*) was observed in Scots pine+tannin+PU (34.1), the lowest was in walnut+control+Uvr (14.4), and the highest color lightness value (L*) was obtained in Scots pine+control+Uvr (77.0), and the lowest was obtained in walnut+tannin+PU (18.9). The tannin application, which darkened the wood surface, increased the a* and b* values in both wood types while decreasing the color lightness values 60% to 70%. Tannin application caused a noticeable decrease in total color changes in Scots pine.

Effect of the High Hydrostatic Pressure Process on the Microbial and Physicochemical Quality of Shalgam.

The processing of shalgam requires the use of an appropriate processing technique due to yeast overgrowth. With advancements in processing technology, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) as nonthermal and nonchemical preservation has gained attention for its potential. Response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken experimental design was used to make sense of the effects of HHP parameters, namely, pressure (100-500 MPa), temperature (20-40 °C), and time (5-15 min), on microbial and physicochemical factors (pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, bioactive compounds, color values). The reduction in the counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast-mold increased proportionally with the increase of all pressure levels, application temperatures, and pressurization times (p < 0.05). Stability was maintained in pH, total solubility, and some color parameters such as L*, a*, ΔE, yellow color tone, and red color tone. All findings of the bioactive components (phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and monomeric anthocyanin content) in the RSM design showed a significant change only in proportion to the square of time (p < 0.05). The optimum pressurization parameter combination of shalgam was determined as a pressure of 367 MPa, temperature of 31.9 °C, and process time of 10.5 min. Under these conditions, values of yeast and mold (Y&M) reduction, total flavonoid content (TFC), total monomeric anthocyanin contents (TMACs), titratable acidity (TA), and reducing sugar content (RSC) were obtained as 4.30 log cfu/mL, 192.89 mg QE/100 mL, 11.88 mg/100 mL, 2.41 glacticacid/L, and 6.78 mg/100 mL, respectively. In particular, the findings in the basic color parameters proved that there was no significant change in the saturated red color of the shalgam. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, and peonidin-3-O-glucoside derivatives are dominant phenolic and anthocyanin compounds, which are frequently found in turnip plants. No important losses in bioactive components were observed, despite changes in pressure and temperature parameters. The HHP method can be suggested to have great potential in the processing of shalgam (fermented turnip beverage) in terms of its ability to maintain the flavors, colors, and nutrients, in addition to ensuring microbiological safety when compared to other preservation methods.

Determination of color characteristics of some wood species treated with bleaching chemicals

With the application of bleaching treatments, the color of the wood material changes. When different bleaching agents are applied to the same wood, different results are likely to be obtained. In this study, wood species doussié (Afzelia africana), iatandza (Albizia ferruginea), merbau (Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Kuntze), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni L.), and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) along with one and two component (B-One-C and B-Two-C) wood bleaching chemicals were applied to the wood material surfaces with sponge technique. Then, color parameters (ho: hue angle, a*: red color tone, b*: yellow color tone, C*: chroma, and L*: lightness) were determined on bleached and unbleached materials. According to the results obtained, B-One-C application increased ho, a*, b*, C*, and L* values in all wood species. The highest ∆E* values were determined in mahogany, doussié, hornbeam, and merbau wood species treated with B-Two-C. The chemicals used in the study showed different results on the same wood.

Real-time computer-aided diagnosis of diminutive rectosigmoid polyps using an auto-fluorescence imaging system and novel color intensity analysis software

Objectives: An endoscopic technique that provides ≥90% negative predictive value (NPV) for differentiating neoplastic polyps is needed for the management of diminutive (≤5 mm) rectosigmoid polyps. This study aimed to assess whether a newly developed software can achieve ≥90% NPV for differentiating rectosigmoid diminutive polyps based on the green-to-red (G/R) ratio, obtained by dividing the green color tone intensity by the red color tone intensity on autofluorescence imaging (AFI).Methods: From December 2017 to May 2018, consecutive patients with known polyps who were scheduled for endoscopic treatment at our institution were prospectively recruited. All colorectal diminutive polyps were differentiated by computer-aided diagnosis using autofluorescence imaging (CAD-AFI) using a novel software-based automatic color intensity analysis; subsequent diagnosis was made by endoscopists based on trimodal imaging endoscopy (TME), which combines AFI, white-light imaging (WLI) and magnifying narrow-band imaging (M-NBI) findings. Thereafter, all polyps were removed endoscopically, and the histopathological diagnosis was evaluated.Results: Ninety-five patients with 258 diminutive rectosigmoid polyps and 171 diminutive non-rectosigmoid polyps were enrolled. Regarding diminutive rectosigmoid polyps, the NPV for differentiating neoplastic polyps was 93.4% (184/197) [95% confidence interval (CI), 89.0%–96.4%] with CAD-AFI and 94.9% (185/195) (95% CI, 90.8%–97.5%) with TME. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for differentiating diminutive rectosigmoid neoplastic polyps by CAD-AFI were 91.5%, 80.0%, 95.3% and 85.2%, respectively.Conclusions: Real-time CAD-AFI was effective for differentiating diminutive rectosigmoid polyps. This objective technology, which does not require extensive training or endoscopic expertise, can contribute to the effective management of diminutive rectosigmoid polyps.

Body composition and venison quality of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds reared on grass, papilionaceous or mixed pasture paddocks.

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds () of identical initial body weight (BW, ca. 68 kg) were reared on a monocotyledonous grass (G group), on a grass–papilionaceous (GP group) or on pure papilionaceous pasture each of 2 ha (P group) for 219 d. At the end of the experiment carcass tissue composition was assessed by means of computer tomography, slaughter value and meat quality were characterized and tissue – longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), thigh and liver – samples were taken for fatty acid composition analysis. The primary aim was to assess nutrition-driven differences.Hinds of group P provided higher final BW (101 kg vs. 90 and 91.9 kg in groups G and GP, respectively) and higher BW gain (32.6 kg during the total period vs. 22.4 and 22.1 kg). The carcass weight exceeded those of the other groups significantly (68.8 kg vs. 59.3 and 63.2 kg), while there was no difference among groups in the perirenal fat weight and red color tone () of the LTL. Groups G and P differed significantly in the LTL weight (highest in P), its dripping loss (lowest in G), lightness (L; highest in P) and yellow color tone ().In the thigh muscle, LTL and liver the highest proportion of fatty acid CLA9c11t was reached on the G pasture, and the same trend was true for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA , C22:6 n3) in the muscles. The n6 n3 fatty acid ratio was the highest on the P pasture in the liver and both muscles. The liver incorporated the highest proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) and converted it rather effectively to arachidonic acid (C20:4 n6), coupled with the lowest -linolenic acid presence.In conclusion, concerning muscle mass production, group P proved to be the most advantageous pasture; meanwhile LTL meat quality factors (dripping loss, DHA proportion, pH, color) were more favorable on the G pasture.

Determination of the color changes against accelerated UV aging of used water based layers on some heat-treated (ThermoWood) wood species

Aim of study: The objective of this study is to investigate the accelerated UV resistance of water-based varnish layers, applied on heat-treated wood (ThermoWood) surfaces. Area of study: Determination of the relationship between heat-treated, water based varnish, aging and color. Material and Methods: Wood specimens prepared from Scotch pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.), Oak ( Quercus petreae L.) and Oriental beech ( Fagus orientalis L.) were heat-treated according to ThermoWood method at 190 o C for 2 hours, and at 212 o C for 1 hour and 2 hours. Following the heat treatment, one and two component water-based varnishes were applied to similar layer thicknesses. The finished specimens were exposed to UV-A 340 nm fluorescent lamp in a “QUV accelerated weathering tester” for 144, 288 and 432 hours (ASTM G 154-06, 2006). At the end of each exposure period, red color tone, yellow color tone, lightness and total color difference values were determined according to ASTM-D 2244-3. Main results: Lightness and total color difference values of the water-based single and double component varnishes increased after the UV aging. Research highlights: All color parameters had changed due to aging.

Effects of water-soluble varnishes on red color tone in wood material colored with water-soluble wood stains

In this study, changing effect of water-soluble varnishes on red color tone in different wood materials which were colored with water-soluble wood stains in brown tone has been researched. For this purpose, samples which were prepared from the Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.), Sessile oak (Quercus petreae L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) woods in accordance with TS 53 and TS 2470, after being colored with aniline, ready-mix and chemical stains according to ASTM-E 1347-97, were coated with one-component and two-component waterborne varnishes according to ASTM-D 3023. Color changes were determined in accordance with ASTM 2244. According to research results, the highest color change in red color tone was obtained on oak wood colored with ready-mix stain and after coated with one-component waterborne varnishes; and the lowest change was obtained on Scots pine wood colored with chemical stain and after coated with two-component varnishes. Keywords: Red color tone, Waterborne varnishes, Water-soluble stains, Wood material

Effect of Sorbitol and Salicylic Acid on Quality and Functional Food Contents of Tomato Fruit (Solanum lycopersicum)

본 연구는 솔비톨과 살리실산의 토마토 과시의 품질과 기능성 물질에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 0.5mM과 1.0mM의 솔비톨과 살리실산 단독 및 혼합처리는 무처리보다 토마토 과실의 적색도, 당 함량, 경도 및 무게와 리코펜, 안토시아닌류 및 비타민류와 같은 기능성 물질의 함량을 증가시켰다. 토마토 식물체에 살리실산 단독 및 솔비톨과 살리실산 혼합처리는 시아니딘 함량을 약 52-61% 정도, 그리고 델피니딘 함량이 20-24%, 39-41% 가량 증가되었다. 뿐만 아니라 비타민 <TEX>$B_1$</TEX>과 C의 함량도 증가시켰다. 특히 비타민 C는 솔비톨 단독처리에서 무처리보다 약 1.2배, 살리실산 단독처리에서는 2배 가량 증가되었다. 솔비톨과 살리실산 혼합처리에서는 무처리보다 약 4배 가량 비타민C 함량이 증가되었다. In this study, we aimed to understand the effect of sorbitol and salicylic acid (SA) on quality and functional food contents of tomato. Sole or combined application of sorbitol and SA in different concentrations (0.5 mM and 1.0 mM) greatly improved the characteristics of tomato, such as red color tone, soluble solid content, hardness and weight as well as increasing the functional food contents such as of lycopene, anthocyanins and vitamins in comparison with the control. The cyanidin content increased approximately 52-61% and delphinidin contents also increased 20-24% and 39-41% in tomato plants treated with SA alone and sorbitol with SA, respectively. Furthermore, the sole or combined application of sorbitol and SA also increased the vitamin <TEX>$B_1$</TEX> and C contents. In particular, vitamin C content was increased 1.2-fold by treatment with sorbitol alone and was increased 2-fold by SA treatment compared to the control. In the sorbitol with SA treatments, vitamin C content was approximately 4-fold increased relative to control plants.

Effects of Doping Elements on Residual Oxygen/Nitrogen Contents in Red Pigment of Tantalum Nitrides (Ta&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;)

Tantalum nitride (Ta3N5) is a nontoxic red pigment that is being developed as a substitute for Cd-related pigments Ta3N5 is produced by the nitridation and heat treatment of amorphous Tantalum precursors. Doping elements were added in the precursor manufacturing stage to improve the red color tone of tantalum nitride. Grain growth was observed in nitrides that formed second phases, such growth led to an increase in the average grain size comprared to undoped nitrides, and the colors declined as the oxygen content increased. Nitrides that did not form second phases in response to doping elements remained a single-phase Ta3N5 and exhibited an excellent red color with a high nitrogen content. We determined that a change in the oxygen/nitrogen contents affected the color manifestation, which depended on the amount by which doping was increased.

탄탈륨 질화물(Ta3N5)의 적색도 향상에 미치는 NH4Cl의 영향

The Tantalum nitride has attracted wide at attention as issues related to the toxicity of Cd-related materials. But in the titration process of TaCl? solution with NH₄OH, NH₄Cl, as a by product, was remained in the prepared Tantalum precursor. The tantalum precursor with NH₄Cl was nitrided by ammonolysis. The red color tone of Ta₃N? was reduced by the residual NH₄Cl reduce. Therefore, amorphous Tantalum precursor was prepared by filtering process with as hydrous ethanol to remove the NH₄Cl. In the case of using Tantalum precursor without NH₄Cl, we successfully synthesized the Tantalum nitride with good red color. The value of red color tone was improved from a * =36.8 to a * =53.0. The synthesized powder was characterized by XRD, SEM, the Nitrogen / Oxygen Determinator, TG-DTA, and the CIE L * a * b * colorimeter.

Impacts of impregnation with Timbercare Aqua on the red and yellow color tone of some woods and varnishes

AbstractThis study has been performed for determining the effects of impregnation with Timbercare Aqua (Tc) on the red and yellow color tone of some woods and varnishes. For this purpose, the test samples prepared from Oriental beech, European oak, Scotch pine, Oriental spruce, and Uludag fir woods, which met the requirements of ASTM D 358, was impregnated with Tc according to ASTM D 1413 and producer's definition. After impregnation, wood surfaces have been coated by Sayerlack parquet varnish (Sp), Sayerlack interior varnish (Si), and Sayerlack exterior varnish (Se) varnishes in accordance with the ASTM D 3023 standards. According to ASTM D 2244, the red and yellow color tone of samples after varnishing process was determined. As a result, the value of red color tone was the highest in Oriental beech (15.21) and the lowest in Uludag fir (5.38). For the wood material, impregnation material, and varnish interaction, the red color tone value was the highest in Oriental beech + Tc + Sp (18.43) and the lowest in Uludag fir + Tc + Si (3.92). The value of the yellow color tone was the highest in pine (34.45) and the lowest in Oriental beech (26.50). For the wood material, impregnation material, and varnish interaction, the yellow color tone value was the highest in Oriental spruce + Tc + Sp (42.12) and the lowest in Oriental beech + Tc + Si (21.47). This effect may be due to the impacts of impregnation chemical on wood extractives and color pigments in varnish. Accordingly, it should be taken into care for applications where the red and yellow color tone value is important. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007

Synthesis, Structures and Properties of the Cerium Doped Hematite Co-existing with CeO2

Cerium doped hematite powders obtained by polymeric complex method following the hydrolysis of FeCl3·6H2O and Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6. X-ray diffraction pattern of cerium doped samples obtained at 1000°C∼1200°C for two hours in air revealed some solubility of cerium ion in α-Fe2O3 over the composition range of 5%∼15 at% that were characterized by the shifting of X-ray diffraction peaks compared with the internal silicon standard. X-ray Photoelectron Spectra investigations revealed the existence of Ce3+ ion at higher temperature. Unit cell parameters were found to expand due to the incorporation of cerium ions into the hematite lattice. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy studies showed that the growth of particles was suppressed in the appearance of cerium ions into the α-Fe2O3 lattice. Fe2-xCexO3 exhibits much lower magnetization due to the incorporation of non-magnetic cerium ions into the α-Fe2O3. Spectroscopy measurement evidenced that cerium doped hematite samples exhibited brighter yellowish red color tone than that of pure α-Fe2O3.

Endoscopic and histologic correlates of colorectal polyp bleeding

Until now, the exact mechanism of bleeding from colorectal polyps has not been demonstrated. The present study aimed to identify macroscopic factors and the main source of polyp bleeding. One hundred fifty-seven cases of single colorectal polyp from a variety of clinical situations were investigated to determine whether surface area, shape, color, and location in the colon were correlated with a positive result in the fecal occult blood test. We also searched for the site of bleeding on the surface of polyps under a dissecting microscope and investigated the relationship between bleeding and microerosion and thin surface epithelium on the maximal vertical cross-section of the polyp. The presence of fecal occult blood was found to be correlated with the surface area of colonic polyps. We demonstrated that a red color tone of polyps was caused largely by microerosion and that the area of both microerosion and thin surface epithelium was significantly larger on polyps associated with a positive fecal occult blood test result. The extent of microerosion and thin surface epithelium was found to be correlated with the polyp surface area and villous component. These observations strongly suggest that the area of microerosion and thin surface epithelium tends to increase as the surface area expands, resulting in a higher rate of detection of polyps with malignant potential by the fecal occult blood test.