Chili Pepper Research Articles

The effect of Allium sativum and Capsicum spp. Watery extracts on the Entamoeba histolytica in vitro.

In vitro tests have been carried out to find out the efficacy of watery extracts of garlic Allium sativum and hot pepper Capsicum spp. against the trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica cultivated in liver infusion agar media at 37 c . The doses of ( 0.01, 0.05 ,0.1, 0.5, 1 ml )of garlic and hot pepper watery extracts were added to certain number of E. histolotica trophozoits for exposure time of 24 hrs., the mortality percentage of trophozoites treated with garlic extract were ( 14.82 %, 31.05% ,46.16% , 64.29% , 92.7%) respectively , these percentages were very close to that obtained from the treatment with the hot peper extract which were (17.86%, 32% , 44% ,66.67% ,100%) respectively . Generally these results showed that the garlic and hot pepper watery extracts both were effective to eliminate E. histolitica trophozaites ,particularly the doses of (0.5 and 1 ml). The differences in studied plant characters were significant in the case of the first concentration compared with the second one.

MSME Jatirejo: Together With KKN MB Posko 10 UIN Walisongo Semarang, Exploring the Diversity of MSME Products in the Tourism Village of Jatirejo Subdistrict.

This research discusses the economic potential and creativity of the community in Jatirejo Village, particularly through thematic approaches and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises. (MSME). The village of Jatirejo is famous for its various themes, including the Thematic Village of Kolang-Kaling (KOKOLAKA) in RW 1, which has become the icon of the area. The KOKOLAKA Village has 11 businesses processing kolang-kaling, including candied treats, crackers, meatball tofu, and Nasi Guling, which is a signature cuisine of Jatirejo. In addition, Jatirejo Village also has the Chili Pepper Thematic Village (KAMBERA) in RW 2, the Red Ginger Thematic Village (KAJERA) in RW 3, and the Green Fresh Farm (GFF) in RW 4. This culinary diversity not only meets daily food needs but also becomes a product that can be exported to other regions. This research also emphasizes the importance of digital marketing strategies to enhance sales and the popularity of MSME products, as well as identifying the challenges they face. Thus, Jatirejo Village can be said to be one of the areas with strong economic potential and high creativity, with various thematic types and small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) that demonstrate the local community’s dedication to developing the local economy and improving the quality of life for its residents.

Genetic Diversity of Local Chili (Capsicum annum L.) from West Sumatra Indonesia Based on Inter Simple Sequences Repeat (ISSR) Markers

Capsicum annum L. is the most widely cultivated species due to its economic importance and health benefits. West Sumatra is one of the largest chili pepper producers in Indonesia, so it has a lot of local chili genetic resources. There is inadequate information on the genetic diversity of local chilies in West Sumatra. The purpose of this research was to analyze the genetic diversity of 23 genotypes of chili pepper from West Sumatra amplified with 10 markers of ISSR. The material used was leaves from 23 genotypes of West Sumatra’s local chili which are collections of the Agriculture Faculty, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatra. The results showed that ISSR markers (ISSR primer 12, ISSR UBC, and ISSR 3M) had produced 84 polymorphic DNA bands with a total polymorphic percentage of 61.45%. The dendrogram based on 10 ISSR markers showed that the 23 chili genotypes were retrieved into three main groups (I, II, III, IV) with genetic similarity coefficient values ranging from 0.67 to 0.97 or a diversity of features of 0.03–0.33 (30%). Group I consisted of 1 genotype, group II consisted of 3 genotypes, and group III consisted of 14 genotypes. Kopay chili (G20) has a large genetic distance compared to the other genotypes, while Lolai and Gero chilies have a very high similarity. This genetic diversity information can be used as a basis for generating crosses between genotypes in a breeding program. The farther the genetic distance will produce a high population diversity, the greater the chance of getting superior hybrids. Keywords: Capsicum annum, ISSR, local chili, West Sumatra

Evaluation of a Sustainable Production of Encapsulated Chili Pepper Powder (Capsicum pubescens) through Convective and Vacuum Drying

Throughout the world, chili and chili powders are spices of considerable economic importance. Rocoto (Capsicum pubescens R. & P.) is a chili pepper used in Andean cuisine. Fresh chili is perishable and therefore it is convenient to protect the capsaicin, color and other bioactive compounds through preservation methods such as encapsulation. The present study systematically evaluates the technical and environmental aspects of producing encapsulated Rocoto red chili powder using three different wall materials—maltodextrin, rice protein and rice flour—in conjunction with two drying methods, namely convection drying and vacuum drying. Our technical objectives focused on developing an encapsulated product with high heat and vibrant red color, key attributes that significantly influence consumer purchasing behavior. In addition, the study aimed to mitigate the loss of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. After identifying the optimal conditions for each wall material and drying process, a comprehensive environmental assessment was conducted to identify the most efficient and sustainable production methods. The results demonstrate that rice flour encapsulation (20%) in conjunction with hot air drying (40 °C) represents the most efficacious method for the preservation of chili powder’s pungency. This approach resulted in a mere 24% reduction in Scoville units while maintaining the powder’s vibrant red coloration. This method not only preserved key bioactive compounds, including capsaicin, polyphenols and flavonoids, but also significantly enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the product. From an environmental perspective, this approach offers significant sustainability benefits, reducing the overall environmental impact by approximately 72% compared to vacuum drying of unencapsulated chili. The use of rice flour as an encapsulant aligns with sustainability goals, making it the most efficient option for balancing product quality and environmental performance.

Dissipation, processing factors and risk assessment of chlorothalonil, chlorfenapyr and difenoconazole residues in chilli peppers from field to table

Understanding the residue fates of chlorothalonil, chlorfenapyr and difenoconazole in chilli peppers is essential for safeguarding food safety and human health. Here, the dissipation, removal and risk assessment of chlorothalonil, chlorfenapyr and difenoconazole in chilli peppers from field to table were systematically investigated. In field trials, the dissipation of chlorothalonil, chlorfenapyr and difenoconazole followed the first-order kinetics in chilli peppers, with half-lives of 6.80, 9.00 and 21.00 days, respectively. Residues of the metabolites, including 4-hydroxychlorothalonil (SDS-3701), tralopyril and difenoconazole–alcohol (CGA205375), were also detected in chilli peppers. The processing factors (PFs) in pickled chilli and chilli paste for washing, salting and fermentation were <1, with the overall process having PFs of 0.10–0.93. Chronic, acute and cumulative risk assessments indicated that dietary exposure to chlorothalonil, SDS-3701, chlorfenapyr, difenoconazole and CGA205375 was within acceptable limits of chilli pepper consumption. However, the total dietary risk of chlorothalonil and difenoconazole was alarming, with risk quotients (RQs) of 162% and 140%, respectively. The results could guide the safe and reasonable use of chlorothalonil, chlorfenapyr and difenoconazole in agriculture, as well as provide reference for assessing their residue levels in chilli products.

Cestrum tomentosum L.f. Extracts against Colletotrichum scovillei by Altering Cell Membrane Permeability and Inducing ROS Accumulation.

Chili pepper anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a significant biotic stress affecting chili fruits globally. While fungicide application is commonly used for disease management due to its efficiency and costeffectiveness, excessive use poses risks to human health and the environment. Botanical fungicides offer advantages such as rapid degradation and low toxicity to mammals, making them increasingly popular for sustainable plant disease control. This study investigated the antifungal properties of Cestrum tomentosum L.f. crude extracts (CTCE) against Colletotrichum scovillei. The results demonstrated that CTCE effectively inhibited conidia germination and germ tube elongation at 40 µg/ml concentrations. Moreover, CTCE exhibited strong antifungal activity against C. scovillei mycelial growth, with an EC50 value of 18.81 µg/ml. In vivo experiments confirmed the protective and curative effects of CTCE on chili pepper fruits infected with C. scovillei. XTT analysis showed that the CTCE could significantly inhibit the cell viability of C. scovillei. Mechanistic studies revealed that CTCE disrupted the plasma membrane integrity of C. scovillei and induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in hyphal cells. These findings highlight CTCE as a promising eco-friendly botanical fungicide for managing C. scovillei infections in chili peppers.

Pulsed Light Decontamination of Red Chilies (Capsicum annuum var. longum)

ABSTRACTThe impact of pulsed light treatment (PLT) on natural microbiota and inoculated microbes such as Salmonella Typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, and Aspergillus flavus on red chilies was investigated. Sequential drying did not completely inactivate the aerobic mesophiles and yeast and mold count. Hence, PLT (0.53–2.59 J cm−2) was employed as a decontamination technology on red chilies. PLT resulted in 8 log reduction of inoculated microorganisms on chilies at 2.59 J cm−2. The microbial inactivation kinetics followed Weibull distribution (R2 &gt; 0.97) with β value of 1.1, 1.2, and 1.5 for S. Typhimurium, B. cereus, and A. flavus, respectively. Changes in structure and composition of cell components were identified by SEM and FTIR analysis. After PLT, phenolics, antioxidants, flavonoids, and capsaicinoids were better retained but a significant change in ascorbic acid and carotenoid's content was observed. Hence, PL can be a potential technology for decontamination of fresh and dried chilies along with maximum retention of bioactives.

Effectiveness of Biochar application on the growth of red chili plants during the vegetative stage under waterlogging

The riparian wetland offers potential for horticultural crop cultivation, such as chili peppers. It is important to consider cultivation techniques and the use of organic matter to improve soil properties, particularly to combat waterlogging during the rainy season. This study aimed to assess the impact of biochar application on the growth of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) during the vegetative stage under waterlogging conditions. This research was conducted at the experimental land of the Agrotechnology Department, Faculty of Plant and Animal Sciences, Universitas Bina Insan from December 2022 to February 2023. This research employed a complete randomized design (RAL) factorial with two factors. The first factor involved waterlogging stress, including control (C) and waterlogging stress (W). The second factor (N) encompassed the application of biochar, namely without biochar (N0), rice husk biochar (N1) and coconut shell biochar (N2) at a dose of 200 g plant-1. The results showed that waterlogging conditions (W) and biochar application (N) showed significantly different results in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, and total dry weight of chili plants, while the interaction (WxN) showed significantly different in shoot length and root length of plants. Treatment without biochar (N0) in waterlogging conditions actually showed shoot length, root length, number of leaves and total dry weight of plants that were significantly higher than treatment coconut shell biochar (N1) and rice husk applications (N2).

Dissipation and persistence behaviour of fipronil and its metabolites in chilli fruits using GC-ECD, confirmed by GC-MS, under semi-arid conditions

Chilli, one of the most popular vegetables in the world is infested by many insect-pests and diseases. Fipronil, a phenylpyrazole class insecticide is used to manage insect-pests on chilli. The present study aimed to analyze the dissipation patterns and residual concentrations of the fipronil and its metabolites in chilli fruits during the Kharif season of 2020–21, in semi-arid environment. In the study, fipronil was applied to the plants twice, with a 10-day gap between treatments, using a 5 % suspension concentrate. The applications were undertaken using two separate concentrations i.e. the lower dosage of 40 g a.i. ha−1 and higher dosage of 80 g a.i. ha−1. There were four sets of data for each concentration. The chilli crop was systematically sampled at predetermined intervals after the application of the second spray. The procedure encompassed utilizing the modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) technique for extraction and purification, followed by analyzing the resulting residues using Gas Chromatography Electron Capture Detector. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry was subsequently conducted for the confirmation of the findings. The research revealed that the mean initial deposit of fipronil and its metabolites (desulfinyl, sulphide, and sulfone) at the authorized dosage was determined to be 0.574, 0.123, 0.031, and 0.180 mg kg−1, respectively. In contrast, when administered at twice the prescribed dosage, the mean first deposit was 1.204, 0.230, 0.067, and 0.382 mg kg−1. The half-life values of these residues exhibited a range of 1.2–4.1 days for both dosages. A prudent waiting duration was determined for the doses, leading to the conclusion that an average interval of 7 days is deemed safe for harvesting chilli peppers. The significance of this discovery is related to the maximum residue limits of 0.001 mg kg−1 for fipronil in green chilli, as established by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. This study provides significant insights into fipronil's persistence and proper management in chilli plant cultivation, emphasizing the importance of following prescribed dosages and designated waiting intervals to ensure the safety of food products.

The influence of feed additive “Activo” on the content of total lipids and their classes profile in liver and skeletal muscles of pigs

With an increase in meat consumption the requirements for its quality also rise. As pork is the second most popular meat in the world, producers of this product are trying to improve its quality. The purpose of our research was to determine the effect of the feed additive “Activo”, containing essential oils of cinnamon, rosemary and oregano, and chili pepper extract, on the total lipids content and their individual class profile in liver and skeletal muscles of pigs. The study was conducted on pigs of the large white breed, weighing 70 kg, divided on two groups, according to the piglets-analogues principle, which then were divided into control and experimental groups. Pigs of both groups received standard feed (SF) intended for this age group. Pigs of the experimental group received the feed additive “Activo” in an amount of 0.1 kg/t of feed in addition to SF. The duration period of experiment was 40 days. Samples of liver, longissimus dorsi, and latissimus dorsi muscle tissues were used as material for the study. The total lipid content was determined using gravimetric method, and individual lipid profile using thin-layer chromatography on silica gel plates. The study has shown that the total lipid content in the liver, long and broad back muscles of pigs of the experimental group was 1.66 and 1.95 (P≤0.001) and 1.26 (P≤0.05) times higher, respectively, than in animals of the control group. The relative cholesterol esters content in the liver lipids of the experimental group pigs was 1.9 (P≤0.001) times higher than in the control group. Instead, in the latissimus dorsi muscle, a lower content of triacylglycerols and a higher content of unesterified fatty acids (P≤0.05), esterified cholesterol (P≤0.05), and especially phospholipids (P≤0.001) were admitted. It was determined significant decrease of unesterified cholesterol content in the latissimus dorsi muscle (P≤0.001) and increase of phospholipids content (P≤0.001) under the effect of the researched feed additive.

Beyond the Basics: Taxonomic Classification and Pathogenomics in Recently Discovered Dickeya dadantii Isolates

The genus Dickeya consists of Gram-negative bacteria capable of causing soft rot symptoms in plants, which involves tissue breakdown, particularly in storage organs such as tubers, rhizomes, and bulbs. These bacteria are ranked among the top ten most relevant phytopathogens and seriously threaten economically valuable crops and ornamental plants. This study employs a genomic analysis approach to taxonomically classify and characterize the resistome and virulome of two new strains, CCRMP144 and CCRMP250, identified as Dickeya dadantii. These strains were found to be the causative agents of soft rot symptoms in chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa), respectively, in the northeastern region of Brazil. The methodology employed in silico techniques, including tetra correlation search (TCS) and Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis, in association with a phylogenomic tree inference. TCS and ANI analysis showed that the studied strains belong to the Dickeya dadantii species. The phylogenomic analysis grouped the studied strains in the D. dadantii clade. The genomic characterization demonstrates 68 virulence genes, 54 resistances of biocide and heavy metal genes, and 23 antibiotic resistance genes. As far as we know, this is the first genomic study with Brazilian D. dadantii strains. This study demonstrates the efficacy to taxonomic classification and provides insights into the pathogenesis, host range, and adaptability of these strains which are crucial for the development of more effective management and control strategies for soft rot diseases.

The effect of sago starch (Metroxylon sp.) and chitosan as edible coating on physical and chemical characteristics of red chili (Capsicum annuum L.)

The reduced quality of red chili can be attributed to moisture loss. To inhibit water vapor transfer, one effective method is using an edible coating. This study aims to determine the effects of sago starch and chitosan as coating materials in reducing chili deterioration during storage at room temperature. A one-factorial, completely randomized design was used, with variations in the ratios of sago starch to chitosan (76.19%:23.81%, 71.43%:28.57% and 66.67%:33.33%). The parameters tested included weight loss, hardness, color, and moisture content. Red chili storage was conducted at room temperature, with observations on days 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. The results indicated that the edible coating made from sago starch and chitosan significantly impacted the weight loss, hardness, color, and moisture content of the red chili. The best treatment for maintaining the physical and chemical properties of red chili during room temperature storage was the 66.67% sago starch and 33.33% chitosan formulation, which resulted in a weight loss of 46.99%, hardness of 35.01 N, color a* value of 30.60%, color b* value of 20.90%, brightness L* value of 26.11%, and moisture content of 67.92%.

Interlinking Human-Derived Leukemia Cells with Clinicopathological Therapeutics: Exploring Capsaicin's Anti-Cancer Mechanisms/potential for Leukemia Patients

Capsaicin, a bioactive compound isolated from chilli peppers, comes out as a potential agent for its anti-proliferation role in leukemia patients’ therapy. Objectives: This systematic review describes the Clinicopathological therapeutic potential of capsaicin against leukemia emphasizing the mechanism by which it inhibits growth through apoptosis, the cell cycle, and regulation of oncogenic signalling pathways in human-derived leukemia cell lines. Methods: According to PRISMA guidelines, the 75 studies were obtained from the various databases January 2013 and April 2024; Semantic Scholar, Google Scholar, PubMed as well as Frontiers and Link Springer. 50% (38) of the articles were taken from Semantic Scholar, 30% (22) from Google Scholar and 20% (15) from other search engines including PubMed and Link Springer. The papers included the inclusion criteria of PRISMA based on demographics, key outcomes and Anti-Cancer mechanisms majorly. Results: Capsaicin research published in America, Europe, Asia and Africa proves that it regulates vital processes at the cellular level including production of ROS, inhibition of NF-κB, STAT3, MAPK and cellular apoptosis. As human-derived cell lines are playing a pivotal role in cancer therapy, silicon methodologies along with in-vitro and in-vivo verification also shed more light on the improvement by capsaicin of the effectiveness of standard chemotherapeutic agents in combination with preferential killing of leukemic cells. Conclusions: Significantly, there were low levels of cytotoxicity of capsaicin to normal peripheral blood hematopoietic cells indicating that the compound is safe to use inhibiting the key oncogenic pathways and enhancing the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutic agents makes it a promising candidate for future therapeutic development.

Spore PCR and qPCR Methods for Rapid Detection of Five Colletotrichum Species Responsible for Pepper Anthracnose in Korea

Pepper anthracnose, caused by &lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum&lt;/i&gt; spp., leads to a decrease in the quantity of pepper fruit production. Molecular diagnosis is crucial for rapid identification of pathogens and determination of fungicide resistance. However, the traditional process of isolating the pathogen, extracting genomic DNA, and analyzing the gene sequence is time-consuming, which delays rapid diagnosis. In this study, we introduced a method using conidia of &lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum&lt;/i&gt; spp. instead of genomic DNA, eliminating the need for DNA extraction or special processing for diagnosis. To elucidate this method, sensitivity was assessed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) tests using internal transcribed spacer-based primer pairs. Both PCR and qPCR tests showed that detection is feasible with just one conidia, with over 1,000 conidia yielding results comparable to approximately 1 pg of genomic DNA. For amplifying the cytochrome b gene for quinone-outside inhibitor fungicide susceptibility testing, detection from a single conidium is achievable, but a stable PCR product is obtained by increasing the number of cycles to 35. Additionally, the addition of 10% grinding fresh chili pepper paste to V8-Juicea gar medium, which is known for inducing conidia rapidly from the isolates, resulted in 3.2 to 6.0 times more conidia compared to the commonly used potato dextrose agar medium, enhancing the potential for swift testing. Taken together, this study presents a direct utilization of pepper anthracnose conidia through PCR or qPCR, offering a valuable technique for amplifying target genes, such as the minimum conidial amount and barcode genes, for molecular identification of anthracnose disease in pepper through PCR and qPCR analysis.

Explainable extreme gradient boosting as a machine learning tool for discrimination of the geographical origin of chili peppers using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, and near-infrared spectroscopy

The spectroscopic discrimination of chili pepper samples according to geographical origin was executed using analytical techniques coupled with machine learning. First, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were chosen for simple and rapid sample measurements. Second, to secure discrimination accuracy, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), a tree-based ensemble technique, was adopted as a potential classifier. Also, for explainable machine learning modeling, SHaply Additive exPlanation (SHAP) values of employed variables were calculated to assess how they contribute to the discrimination. The use of XGBoost improved discrimination accuracies in all three measurements compared to k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), support vector machine (SVM), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The accuracy was 96.2 % using the LA-ICP-MS data. When the XRF and NIR data were combined, the accuracy improved to 97.5 %. The accuracy improvement was attributed to the combination of complementary atomic and molecular spectroscopic signatures of the samples.

Evaluation of Hot Pepper Varieties through Farmer’s Participatory Selection at Teppi area, Southwestern Ethiopia

Three hot pepper varieties were evaluated in single plot in 2022/23 main cropping season. Farmers’ evaluation was made at two different stages of the crop, namely at vegetative and at maturity using both direct-matrix and pair-wise ranking methods of selection scheme. Farmers’ set; green pod yield, disease tolerance, pod color and size as selection criteria to evaluate and identify their preferred varieties. The results of analysis of variance indicated the existence of highly significant differences among varieties for all traits measured at 5% probability level. The highest mean green pod yield was obtained from the variety Melka Awaze (11.39 t/ha) and Melka Zala (8.39 t/ha). Likewise, these two varieties were identified as farmers preferred varieties from both pair-wise and direct matrix ranking evaluations. Thus, the varieties Melka Awaze and Melka Zala were chosen for their performance in the field and from farmers' evaluation perspective. Moreover, this study indicated participatory varietal selection is a viable method to gain greater insight into farmers’ perceptions, preferences, merits and shortcomings of hot pepper varieties. Therefore, based on the results of this study, Melka Awaze and Melka Zala varieties are recommended for multiplication and distribution to farmers in the area.

EVALUATING THE SKIN IRRITATION OF CHILI PEPPER NANO GEL ON EXPERIMENTAL RABBIT SKIN

Chili is not only a popular spice in food preparation but is also used as a traditional medicine. In particular, when used topically, the active ingredient called capsaicin in chili peppers helps treat bone and joint pain. Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the local irritation on the healthy skin of rabbits of a nano gel product containing chili fruit extract provided by the Institute of Research and Application for Traditional Pharmaco-Medicine Methods: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Vietnam Ministry of Health, ISO 10993-10 and OECD on skin irritation assessment for topical products. Three healthy white New Zealand rabbits were used. Animals were applied gauze which was soaked in nano gel containing chili fruit extract at a dose of 0.5 grams on a healthy skin area 2.5 x 2.5 cm for 4 hours. We evaluated the irritation index including erythema and edema on the skin at 24, 48, and 72 hours after gauze removal. Results: Three rabbits were still healthy, and living normally, there were no signs of erythema and edema on the rabbit's skin, and the irritation indexes were 0 during 72 hours of continuous monitoring. Conclusions:The nano gel containing chili fruit extract applied topically does not irritate healthy rabbit skin.

Drying Hot Red Chilies: A Comparative Study of Solar-Gas-Fired, Tunnel, and Conventional Dryers

Drying Hot Red Chilies: A Comparative Study of Solar-Gas-Fired, Tunnel, and Conventional Dryers

Factors Affecting the Price of Curly Chili at the Producer Level in West Bandung Regency

Fluctuations in chili prices often occur due to the uneven availability of chili supply throughout the year, so the price of chili will jump up when the supply is low. The decline in the amount of cayenne pepper crop production in West Bandung Regency is an indicator that there is a decrease on the supply side. This study aims to analyze the effect of total harvested area, production costs, and yields/production of curly red chili on the price of curly red chili at the farm level. This research uses quantitative research methods. Data analysis using multiple linear regression. The types of data in this study are secondary data and primary data. The method of determining the sample in this study is a survey method with random sampling techniques selected randomly. The total respondents were 68 farmers, so the number of samples in this study was 35 farmers and consumers. The results showed that simultaneously, there was no significant and simultaneous influence between area, production costs, and yields/production on the price of curly red chili peppers in Parongpong District. While partially independent, the independent variables (area, production costs, and yields/production) have a real effect on the price of curly red chili peppers in Parompong District

Biocontrol Activity of Bacillus altitudinis CH05 and Bacillus tropicus CH13 Isolated from Capsicum annuum L. Seeds against Fungal Strains.

In this study, seed-surface-associated bacteria from fresh fruits of Capsicum spp. were analyzed to explore potential isolates for biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungal strains. A total of 76 bacterial isolates were obtained from three different species of chili pepper (C. annuum L., C. pubescens R. & P., and C. chinense Jacq.), and two isolates were selected via mycelial growth inhibition assays based on their production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) against six fungal strains. Genomic analysis identified these isolates as Bacillus altitudinis CH05, with a chromosome size of 3,687,823 bp and with 41.25% G+C, and Bacillus tropicus CH13, with a chromosome size of 5,283,706 bp and with 35.24% G+C. Both bacterial strains showed high mycelial growth inhibition capacities against Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Alternaria alternata but lower inhibition capacities against Colletotrichum gloesporoides and Fusarium oxysporum. VOC identification was carried out after 24 h of fermentation with 64 VOCs for B. altitudinis CH05 and 53 VOCs for B. tropicus CH13. 2,5-Dimethyl pyrazine and acetoin had the highest relative abundance values in both bacterial strains. Our findings revealed that seed-surface-associated bacteria on Capsicum spp. have the metabolic ability to produce VOCs for biocontrol of fungal strains and have the potential to be used in sustainable agriculture.