Red Cards Research Articles

The Limited Impact of Running Performance on Football Success in the Turkish Super League

Given that performance in football depends on tactical, technical, physical, and mental skills, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in running performance between winning and non-winning teams in the Turkish League, taking into account the influence of game location and the comparative quality of the team and its opponents. Utilizing a dataset from the 2021–2022 season provided by InStat Fitness, an optical tracking technology platform certified by FIFA, the analysis included 185 matches after adjusting for matches with red card incidents. The research employed both two-way ANCOVA and binary logistic regression analyses to explore the relationships between running performance (categorized into four intensity zones) and match results, considering factors such as match location and teams’ strength. The results of the two-way ANCOVAs indicate that running performance metrics, specifically the distances covered at different intensities, even in cases where statistically significant differences are observed, have small practical significance (partial eta squared ≤ 0.03 in all cases). Conversely, as shown by the binary logistic regression, home advantage triples the probability of winning (p < 0.001, Exp(B) = 3.119), while the increase in probability caused by team quality (p < 0.001, Exp(B) = 1.085) and the decrease caused by opponent quality (p < 0.001, Exp(B) = 0.911) are also significant. The conclusions highlight that running performance metrics are not decisive predictors of match outcomes in professional football. This suggests the importance of integrating tactical, technical, and psychological factors into team preparation and performance analysis. This study underscores the need for future research to adopt dynamic methods that reflect the game’s fluid nature and to explore these relationships across various leagues and seasons to enhance the generalizability of the findings.

How the new substitute option influenced the Chinese Soccer Super League

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of the new substitution option (NSO) on the Chinese Soccer Super League (CSL). After exclusion of matches included red cards, a total of 1129 match observations from 2018 to 2020 were analysed. Linear mixed models were built to analyse the impact of NSO on physical and technical performance. The study found that after the introduction of NSO: (i) substitution distributions changed, as substitution were made earlier by coaches than the past especially in the period from 46 to 75 min; (ii) although there was no significant changes on physical performance, technical performance showed significant changes especially in organizing performance and defending performance; (iii) specifically, teams used NSO showed significantly higher possession (p = 0.022), passes (p < 0.001), pass accuracy (p < 0.001), passes in attacking third (p = 0.004), and pass accuracy in attacking third (p < 0.001), whereas lower breakthroughs (p = 0.028), tackles (p = 0.002), clearances (p < 0.001), and yellow cards (p = 0.002). The findings of the study can help coaches, especially in CSL, to better understand NSO and improve decision-making when replacing players.

Training and Mentoring on Strengthening Literacy and Numeracy in Red Reporting School Learning Recovery

A training and mentoring programmed to strengthen literacy and numeracy in schools with red report cards was implemented as a post-pandemic learning recovery effort. The programmed aims to improve the literacy and numeracy skills of students who are still below national standards, especially in schools with low learning outcomes. Through intensive training, teachers are empowered with pedagogical knowledge and skills to implement effective learning methods that suit learners' needs. This research method uses a qualitative-descriptive approach, collecting data through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The results showed that the training and mentoring programmed succeeded in improving teachers’ competence in teaching and increasing students’ learning motivation. Thus, this programmed is expected to have a positive impact on strengthening teachers' capacity in implementing effective and sustainable learning. The findings provide important recommendations for the government and stakeholders in developing education policies that focus on restoring learning, particularly in low-performing schools.

WORKSHOP PENGEMBANGAN ASESMEN NUMERASI BERBASIS HIERARCHICALCONTENT DALAM IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM MERDEKA DI SDN 2 DAREK LOMBOK TENGAH

Numeracy is an important component in mathematics learning today, especially in the Independent Curriculum. Numeracy abilities include a person's knowledge and skills in using basic mathematical concepts in order to solve appropriate contextual problems. Based on the investigation, it is known that SDN 2 Darek still has a red report card (not yet achieved) in the numeracy domain. The teachers at SDN 2 Darek are still in the learning process in implementing differentiated learning, especially in mathematics learning. Teachers have not been able to develop a numeracy evaluation instrument that can provide an initial picture of student abilities and student learning needs. Based on the analysis of situations and problems, the aim of this service is to provide understanding and improve teachers' skills in compiling appropriate numeracy test instruments to detect students' initial difficulties and abilities by holding a hierarchical content-based assessment development workshop in the independent curriculum for elementary school students. The workshop material provided to SDN 2 Darek teachers includes the following things, namely: 1) assessment concepts in the independent curriculum, 2) numeracy assessments and their follow-up, 3) preparation of numeracy assessments based on hierarchical content. The stages in this workshop activity are starting from the preliminary study (coordination stage), preparation stage, implementation stage and evaluation and reporting stage. This workshop activity was carried out at SDN 2 Darek Central Lombok on August 21 2024. Based on the results of the pre-test and post-test, there was an increase in the understanding of the workshop participant teachers regarding the concept of assessment in the Merdeka curriculum and based on the results of the participants' responses to the workshop activities carried out, the average teacher gave positive responses.

Factors affecting the market value of football players in the Indonesian League

The development of accounting science, especially in human resource accounting (HRA), has progressed rapidly. The understanding of human resources (HR) as a vital asset that has an important role in the success of an organization is growing. This research focuses on measuring the market value of professional football players in the Indonesian League by considering individual performance, especially for players who play as central midfielders. Football players, recognized as intangible assets, have a market value that is closely related to their contribution on the field. The research method used is quantitative with a descriptive approach, examining the relationship between performance variables (goals, assists, number of appearances, yellow cards, and red cards) to player market value. The research data was obtained through secondary data sources from the transfermarkt.co.id website with a sample of 52 Indonesian central midfield players in the 2023 season. The results showed that goals, assists, and number of appearances had a significant influence on the player's market value. Assists and number of appearances show a very strong influence on player prices, while yellow cards and red cards do not show a significant influence. This research provides important insights for football club management in determining the market value of players as part of financial reporting and investment decision-making, and enriches the study of human resource accounting in the football industry. The findings also show the importance of players' positive on-field contributions, such as assists and performances, in determining their market value, beyond disciplinary factors such as yellow and red cards.

Evolution of Technical-Tactical Performance Indicators in College Men’s Football Players (U.S. NCAA Division I)

Background: Players, through the different stages of their development, increase their performance due to their maturation process, training, and the increase in their experiences. The college competition in the US allows players to train and compete in a stable context over 4 years in their transition from U18 to senior level. Objective: The objective of the study was to analyse the evolution of game statistics as a function of the year of college of NCAA Division I men’s players. Methodology: The sample was 52,852 Division I National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) players of the United States (2010-2021 seasons). The study design was retrospective non-experimental. The variables studied were games played, games as a starter, points, goals, assists, shot attempts, shots on goal, effectiveness of attempts, effectiveness of shots on goal, fouls, yellow cards, and red cards. To establish the evolution between players from top and bottom teams, one-way ANOVA was used. To analyse the differences according to the top and bottom teams, a T-test and discriminant analysis were performed. Results: The older, more experienced, and trained players were, the more they participated in the game, both in terms of games played and in terms of game actions (assists, shots, and goals). The increase in the effectiveness of shots and shots on goal shows that the evolution in training and experience leads to higher player skill. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of experience, training, and maturity in the performance of U-23 male football players.

Program Pendidikan Kecakapan Hidup Bagi Anak Usia Fase A

Imam Al-Ghazali defined that education is the perfection of life in this world and the hereafter. Thus, humans who want to achieve perfection in life in this world and the afterlife must have religious knowledge. Religious knowledge is so important for provision in life, without religious knowledge humans can be said to be far from perfection. Apart from religious knowledge, life skills education is also very important for provisions in life. However, it is very unfortunate that many children who are teenagers or are about to enter puberty do not yet have mature life skills in terms of personal skills and social skills. From KPAI (Indonesian Child Protection Commission) data during January - November 2023, 37 children ended their lives. Self-harm behavior and attempts to end life are major global mental health problems due to their increasing frequency. This case occurred at a vulnerable age (grade 5-6 of elementary school), grade 1 or 2 of junior high school, grade 1.2 of high school. Another case related to juvenile delinquency is the incident involving the death of a student in Bogor which sadistically adds to the number of delinquencies among students. It also leaves a red report card for the world of education, because the sadistic incident was carried out by students. From this background, it is necessary to have a program that will strengthen children's life skills education from pre-adulthood, especially phase A, so that class children can be ready to live life in the next phases. This research uses the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method with the ADDIE model, namely Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation. The program needs analysis was carried out by creating a Google form with a closed questionnaire which was distributed randomly to ten respondents. After the needs analysis, the researcher analyzed previous programs. There were two programs that the researcher used as a reference, namely the entrepreneurship program and the self-help program in an effort to increase independence. then the next step is to design the program, the programs prepared by the researchers are as follows: cookies (cooking with kids), market day, BTS (Bed Time Sirah), PKS (Student Independence Habits), PMO (Habits of Helping Parents) and CLMH (Love of the Environment and Living Creatures). After the program was prepared, it was validated by several experts including Islamic religious education experts, language experts and also child psychology experts. After going through expert validation, the program is implemented to users. After implementation, the final stage is to test the feasibility through evaluation. The feasibility test is carried out by experts by providing an assessment of the program being prepared. From the results of this feasibility test, it was found that this program was good and suitable to be applied to pre-age children, especially in phase A in the life skills education process.

Improving the Accuracy of Patient Self-Care After Joint Replacement Surgery

Joint replacement wound stitches are typically not removed until two weeks after the operation. Therefore, patients with joint replacement must be able to execute proper wound care after discharge from the hospital to reduce the risk of wound infection. Prior data from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital's orthopedics ward indicate only 69% of joint-replacement patients are able to perform wound care properly at home. Potential causes for this noted by patients include age-related forgetfulness, being unable to discern redness or swelling in the wound, and language comprehension difficulties (i.e., Taiwanese vs. Mandarin). Poor rates of wound care may also be attributable to incomplete wound care education by nursing staff and wound care education being provided without adequate practice on the day of patient discharge. This project was implemented to improve the accuracy of wound self-care performed by patients after joint replacement surgery and to enhance their related knowledge and wound-care technical correctness. A wound care education checklist, wound care cue cards, wound care video clips, wound condition red flag cue cards, and customized wound care pack were proposed and implemented. The rate of accuracy of wound self-care performance increased from 69% pretest to 98% posttest, showing the intervention to have effectively improved post-discharge wound care quality. To effectively improve the post-discharge accuracy of wound self-care in patients with joint replacement, the consistency of post-surgery wound care education given by nursing staff to patients should be improved, patients should be reminded of wound assessment and care steps, and patients should be aware that wound abnormalities require an immediate return to the hospital for follow-up treatment.

Once or twice? The effect of different number of video assistant referees intervention

The Chinese Football Super League (CSL) introduced the video assistant referee (VAR) in the 2018 season, but the effect of VAR intervention has not yet been analyzed. The purpose of this study is to explore how varying frequencies of VAR interventions affect performance indicators in the CSL. VAR interventions were categorised into three groups, none (VAR0 = 198), one (VAR1 = 184) and two or more (VAR2 = 194). The performance variables included scoring-related variables (goals, shots, shots in the penalty area and penalties), attacking and passing-related variables (passes, crosses and free kicks) and defensive-related variables (tackles, fouls, yellow cards and red cards). The Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to examine the differences in performance variables among the different groups. The findings of these tests revealed that VAR was used in 66% of matches in the 2019–2021 season of the CSL. There were significant differences in penalties ( p &lt; 0.01, η2 = 0.11), shots ( p &lt; 0.05, η2 = 0.03), shots in the penalty area ( p &lt; 0.01, η2 = 0.01), fouls ( p &lt; 0.01,η2 = 0.02), passes ( p &lt; 0.01,η2 = 0.05), free kicks (p &lt; 0.05, η2 = 0.01) yellow cards ( p &lt; 0.01, η2 = 0.02) and red cards ( p &lt; 0.01, η2 = 0.05), but there were no significant differences in the number of goals ( p &gt; 0.05), crosses ( p &gt; 0.05) and tackles ( p &gt; 0.05). Therefore, VAR intervention was frequently applied in the CSL during the 2019–2021 season, and the VAR interventions had various impacts on performance indicators.

Asean Legal Framework for Cooperation against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (iuu): Significance, Challenges and Proposed Solutions

Abstract Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (iuu) fishing is an act that is provided for in many international legal instruments, causing enormous impacts on biodiversity and the environment, sustainable development as well as entailing serious economic impacts. For that reason, the European Union has taken strict action against fishing vessels and iuu-supporting countries through the mechanism of “yellow card”, and even “red card” on aquatic products imported into the EU, based on meeting EU standards for iuu fishing. Not only Vietnam but many countries in asean have also been sanctioned by such cards from the European Union (EU). Not only has this measure greatly impacted each country’s export industry, but it also harms asean as a whole. Establishing and developing an asean cooperation mechanism for combating iuu fishing is meaningful in that context. The article stresses on the importance of a legal framework for combating iuu fishing in asean; and discusses the challenges to developing such a framework. Finally, the article proposes solutions to realize asean’s cooperation model.

Sanctioned illegal high tackles significantly increase concussion risk to both tacklers and ball carriers in elite men’s Rugby Union

ObjectivesTackles making contact above the sternum increase concussion and head injury assessment (HIA) risk in Rugby Union. The sport has introduced harsher sanctions to change tackler behaviours to reduce this...

Dampak VAR Terhadap Keputusan Wasit dan Kualitas Pertandingan Sepak Bola

Football, as the world's most popular sport, has undergone significant changes with the introduction of Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology. Designed to enhance referee decision accuracy through video replays, VAR has been widely adopted in major competitions despite initial controversy. Studies have shown its effectiveness in reducing referee errors in crucial incidents such as goals, penalties, and red cards. In Indonesia, VAR usage could enhance fairness and reduce match controversies, although domestic leagues currently rely on referees without technological assistance. While VAR offers numerous benefits, including improved referee standards and viewer experience, criticism regarding game flow disruption and inconsistent application persists. Moving forward, it is crucial to balance accuracy and fairness with the excitement of the game and ensure good collaboration among all football stakeholders.

Economic impacts of the European Union carding system on global fish trade

Due to the rise in illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, the sustainable management of fishing resources is in jeopardy. The European Union (EU) is the first regional player to establish stringent guidelines to prevent, deter, and eliminate IUU fishing. The EU carding system administers the mandate for requiring a catch certificate. Using a system of yellow and red cards, countries that export fishery products to the EU are encouraged to lessen IUU fishing in their waters. The yellow card acts as a formal warning, whereas the red card results in an import ban. This study examines the impact of fishery exports to the EU under the carding system. Findings from the structural gravity models show that fishery exports from yellow- and red-carded countries to the EU fall by an average of 23% and 83%, respectively. The computed marginal effects suggest that the yellow and red cards be tariff equivalents of 5% and 43%, respectively. The IUU regulation, as a trade-restrictive technical measure, is an example of effective, legitimate efforts to combat IUU fishing and ensure sustainable fisheries worldwide.

Determination of Important Game-Related Statistics in the UEFA Champions League: A 5-year follow-up

The research aimed to examine the effect of important game-related statistics on the success of the teams that made it to the knockout stages of the Champions League for 5 years (between 2015-2016 and 2019-2020 seasons). In the research, 139 matches of 35 teams that took part in the top 16 rounds, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and final tours of UEFA Champions League competitions were examined. The teams were divided into two groups the teams that qualified and the teams that were eliminated. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the in-game variables of the teams that passed the round and were eliminated. Linear discriminant analysis was used to determine important in-game variables between teams. The results of this research show that the number of statistical data related to the game between the teams that passed the round and the eliminated teams differed or decreased as they progressed from the round of 16 to the final. (Last of 16: goals scored, ball possession (%), duels won (%), passes, shots, number of shots on target, shots outside the penalty area, shots inside the penalty area, tackle, and red cards; Quarter-final round: shots on target; Semi-finals: aerial won (%), duels won (%), attacking sides rates (%)). In the study, it was found that only the goals scored and conceded in the last 16 and quarter-finals in the knockout stages had distinctive power, but no distinguishing variable was found in the semi-final and final stages. Therefore, the Champions League is one of the most followed organizations by football coaches and professionals. The tactical approaches of the teams that are successful in this tournament should be followed by football coaches at all levels and it is recommended to include variables that ensure success in training and matches.

Show HBCU Referee Bias the Red Card: Testing Communication Theory in Division I Women’s College Soccer

The current study focused on the red cards and yellow cards that referees gave to historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in Division I women’s college soccer for their in-game communicative actions. These cards are distributed to players who are perceived to have engaged in a reckless play or an action that involved excessive force. Within the United States, HBCUs are institutions of higher education that historically and primarily serve students who are of African American descent. Thus, the strong Black woman collective (SBWC) theory of communication was the theoretical frame because this study focused on small groups that were mostly comprised of African American women. Previous studies on referee bias were summarized in the literature review. Publicly available data on 19,360 soccer games were then analyzed. The findings indicated that referees gave more red cards to HBCU women’s college soccer teams relative to predominantly White institution (PWI) women’s college soccer teams at a statistically significant level. Yellow cards were also disproportionately distributed to HBCUs relative to PWIs. Implications for communication theory were noted in the study discussion as were interpretations on why referee bias against HBCUs continues to occur.

Research on the Practice of Integrating Yuhua Heroic Spirit into the Cultivation of Student Party Members—Take Nanjing Xiaozhuang University as an Example

Yuhua heroic spirit is the “Jiangsu symbol” of the spiritual pedigree of the Communist Party of China and the red cultural card of Jiangsu, which comes down in one continuous line with the great party-building spirit. The ten martyrs in Xiaozhuang are an important part of the Yuhua heroic group. Under the new era and situation, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University makes full use of the red cultural resources of the living Yuhua heroic spirit, integrates Xiaozhuang’s red gene and Yuhua heroic spirit into the training practice of student party members, and constructs a four-in-one party member development model of “speaking”, “performing”, “painting” and “singing”. In this way, the transformation and innovative inheritance of Yuhua heroic spirit can be realized, and student party members can be cultivated with the characteristics of Xiaozhuang spirit.

Evaluating the pinnacle of football match key statistics as in‐play information for determining the match outcome of Europe's foremost leagues

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the pinnacle of football match key statistics as in‐play information for determining the match outcome of Europe's foremost leagues, namely those in England, Scotland, Spain, Germany, Italy, France, Portugal, Belgium, Turkey, the Netherlands, and Greece. The study analyzed a sample of 98,849 matches across all sports leagues from the 2002/2003 to 2023/2024 seasons.MethodsThe techniques employed include the zero‐inflated Poisson regression model and generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds (gologit/ppo) models.ResultsThe findings revealed that, for both home and away teams, the number of shots, shots on target, corners, and the changes from one season to another, as well as the occurrence of Covid‐19, are factors that encourage goal scoring. On the other hand, fouls committed, yellow cards, and red cards act as limiting factors for goal scoring. The effects are higher in the full‐time play than in the halftime. However, the impact of the number of goals scored in the last match and the effect of Covid‐19 are negligible for the home and away teams, respectively. Moreover, when comparing the impacts specifically within home teams and within away teams, it was found that yellow and red cards are highly detrimental, while the positive impact of shots on target surpasses these and other factors in home teams. In contrast, for away teams, the negative impact of yellow and red cards is more significant than any other factor.ConclusionFootball match key statistics including the number of shots, shots on target, corners, change from one season to another, fouls committed, yellow cards, red cards, last match outcome, and occurrence of Covid‐19 are essential determinants of the match outcome whether a team is at home or way but the impact is higher during the second half of the play.

On card guessing with two types of cards

We consider a card guessing strategy for a stack of cards with two different types of cards, say m1 cards of type red (heart or diamond) and m2 cards of type black (clubs or spades). Given a deck of M=m1+m2 cards, we propose a refined counting of the number of correct colour guesses, when the guesser is provided with complete information, in other words, when the numbers m1 and m2 and the colour of each drawn card are known. We decompose the correct guessed cards into three different types by taking into account the probability of making a correct guess, and provide joint distributional results for the underlying random variables as well as joint limit laws.

Does video assistant referee technology change the magnitude and direction of home advantages and referee bias? A proof-of-concept study

BackgroundThis study analyzed how Video Assistant Referee (VAR), introduced to improve the accuracy of referee decisions in football, changes the magnitude and direction of home advantage and referee bias in the Turkish Super League.MethodsWe analyzed points, goals, yellow cards and red cards, fouls, penalties, and offside data from 1,838 matches played in the Turkish Super League with and without VAR. Two-sample t-tests and two one-sided tests analysis were applied to determine the differences between the home and away team data between the seasons played with and without VAR.ResultsThe findings revealed that the only variable that changed significantly after VAR was implemented was fouls, which decreased for both home (p <.001; d = 0.56, medium effect) and away teams (p <.001; d = 0.69, medium effect). The results also indicated that, with or without VAR, home teams had an advantage over away teams in points and goals, and away teams faced more referee bias regarding yellow cards and penalties (against).ConclusionsAlthough this study shows that VAR does not significantly impact the HA and referee bias of football matches, nevertheless, teams should be more aware that bias is reduced when playing away. In addition, this study offers some practical applications that can help football players, coaches, and match officials better understand VAR technology’s effects on HA and referee bias.

The Effect of Different Point Systems on European League Positions

The introduction of three points for a win in European football during the 1980s and 90s was intended to promote a more attacking style of play and thus more goal scoring and entertainment for viewers. However, subsequent studies showed that the change did not have the desired effect and led to unexpected outcomes such as a rise in foul play, as measured by the number of red cards. In this paper, we investigate the outcome of assigning points in alternate ways. We consider several modifications of both the current system (with 3 points awarded for a win and 1 point for a draw) and the original system (with 2 points awarded for a win and 1 point for a draw), including the effect of awarding bonus points for large margin victories and a deduction of points for large margin defeats. Combinations of these modifications led to 175 different systems being analyzed. Based on data from the top five European leagues, we conclude that solely modifying the point system does not have a significant impact on the standings, with the average change in the ordinal rankings ranging from 0.44 to 0.95 placings per season, and that the final ranking of the teams at the end of the season is largely independent of the point system and based on the relative playing strength of the teams. However, a much greater variation is seen once bonus and penalty points are added for large margin victories and defeats.