Erythrocytes Research Articles

Whole Blood Transcriptome Analysis in Congenital Anemia Patients.

Congenital anemias include a broad range of disorders marked by inherent abnormalities in red blood cells. These abnormalities include enzymatic, membrane, and congenital defects in erythropoiesis, as well as hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia. These conditions range in presentation from asymptomatic cases to those requiring frequent blood transfusions, exhibiting phenotypic heterogeneity and different degrees of severity. Despite understanding their different etiologies, all of them have a common pathophysiological origin with congenital defects of erythropoiesis. We can find different types, from congenital sideroblastic anemia (CSA), which is a bone marrow failure anemia, to hemoglobinopathies as sickle cell disease and thalassemia, with a higher prevalence and clinical impact. Recent efforts have focused on understanding erythropoiesis dysfunction in these anemias but, so far, deep gene sequencing analysis comparing all of them has not been performed. Our study used Quant 3' mRNA-Sequencing to compare transcriptomic profiles of four sickle cell disease patients, ten thalassemia patients, and one rare case of SLC25A38 CSA. Our results showed clear differentiated gene map expressions in all of them with respect to healthy controls. Our study reveals that genes related to metabolic processes, membrane genes, and erythropoiesis are upregulated with respect to healthy controls in all pathologies studied except in the SLC25A38 CSA patient, who shows a unique gene expression pattern compared to the rest of the congenital anemias studied. Our analysis is the first that compares gene expression patterns across different congenital anemias to provide a broad spectrum of genes that could have clinical relevance in these pathologies.

Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Hemoglobin D: An Experience at a Tertiary Care Diagnostic Center

Objective: To determine the clinical and molecular pattern of Hemoglobin D in patients presenting at tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of study: Department of Hematology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul 2020 to Mar 2021. Methodology: An automated cell analyzer was used to determine the whole blood count and red cell indices. D-10 BIORAD HPLC was used for quantitative assessment of Hb A, Hb F, Hb D and Hb A2. Where D-10 BIORAD HPLC showed an abnormal Hb D, capillary electrophoresis was performed using Sebia Capillary 2 Flex Piercing. Chelex DNA Extraction method was used. Molecular analyses for the confirmation of homozygosity and heterozygosity were done using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification. The clinical symptoms of the patients such as anemia, jaundice, pallor, weakness, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were also noted Results: Among 90 patients, Hemoglobin D trait was found in 78(80.4%) of the patients out of which HbD-Punjab was seen in 57(73%) and HbD-Iran was found in 21(27%). Compound Heterozygotes (HbD/β) was found in 17(17.5%) and Compound Homozygous HbD/D was found in 02 (2.1%). All HbD-Punjab and HbD-Iran traits patients were asymptomatic, and few clinical symptoms were found in Compound Heterozygotes (HbD/β) and Homozygous HbD/D. Conclusion: Collective clinical history records, full blood count and electrophoresis and molecular results allow for the conclusive detection of the variant of Hemoglobin D. More multicenter, organized and detailed studies with larger sample size are required to draw concrete conclusions.

Utilization of Lemon Juice (Citrus limon L.) as an Alternative Substitute for Sodium Citrate in Blood Sedimentation Rate Examination

Background: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (LED) examination is a hematological test that describes the rate at which red blood cells settle in plasma, using 3.8% sodium citrate anticoagulant and is measured in mm/hour. Lemon (Citrus limon L.) is a plant with natural properties as a metal binding agent or chelating agent. Lemons contain vitamin C, citric acid, potassium, and limonene. Citric acid compounds are able to form complex bonds with metals because they have COOH and -OH functional groups. Apart from citric acid, lemons contain flavonoids which function as antiviral, anticancer and antiallergenic. Objective: To test whether lemon juice (Citrus limon L.) can be used as an alternative ingredient to replace sodium citrate in LED tests. Method: This research is an experiment using the Westergreen method. Results: LED examination with 3.8% sodium citrate produced a value of 10 mm/hour. Lemon juice with a concentration of 3.8% produces a value of 15 mm/hour, 10% produces a value of 10 mm/hour, 50% produces a value of 18 mm/hour, and 100% produces a value of 0 mm/hour. Conclusion: A lemon juice concentration of 10% showed results closest to the control, with similar LED values. Thus, lemon juice (Citrus limon L.) can serve as a substitute for sodium citrate in the LED test

Towards realistic blood cell biomechanics in microvascular thrombosis simulations

Abstract The paper is devoted to a three-dimensional mesoscale hemodynamic model for simulations of microvascular blood flows at cellular resolution. The focus is on creating a more accurate biomechanical model of red blood cells for further use in models of hemostasis and thrombosis. The presented model effectively and accurately reproduces peculiarities of blood flow under realistic hydrodynamic conditions in arterioles, venules, and capillaries, including the Fahraeus–Lindquist effect and subsequent platelet margination. In addition, shear-dependent platelet aggregation can also be captured using the proposed approach.

Evaluation of Genotoxic and Hemolytic Effects of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa Biomass Extracts on Human Blood Cells In Vitro

This study explores the in vitro effects of cyanotoxins from the methanolic extract of the cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa on human blood cells, with samples drawn from the Gruža reservoir in Serbia. These cyanobacteria, which made up 98.5% of the reservoir’s phytoplankton, reached densities of 4,656,450 cells mL−1, with A. flos aquae (3,105,120 cells mL−1) as the dominant species, followed by M. aeruginosa (1,480,130 cells mL−1). A cyanotoxin analysis of biomass detected anatoxin-a (3.56 µg g−1), cylindrospermopsin (6.86 µg g−1), microcystin LR (0.87 µg g−1), and microcystin RR (2.47 µg g−1). This study assessed the genotoxic potential of the methanolic extract of the cyanobacterial biomass by evaluating the DNA damage and the Genetic Damage Index (GDI) in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from healthy donors. The results showed a dose-dependent increase in the DNA damage, from 35.67 ± 4.93% at 10 µg mL−1 to 95.67 ± 1.53% at 100 µg mL−1, with a corresponding rise in the GDI from 0.61 ± 0.02 to 2.39 ± 0.07. The extract also caused the concentration-dependent hemolysis of red blood cells, with 5.63% hemolysis at the highest concentration (200 µg mL−1). These findings underscore the significant genotoxic risks posed by cyanotoxins from biomass extracts of A. flos aquae and M. aeruginosa, particularly in water sources used for human consumption.

A Comprehensive Case Report: Managing Severe Hemolytic Anemia with Collaborative Medical and Nursing Interventions

Assessment: A 30-year-old woman with severe hemolytic anemia arrived at the ER with a critically low hemoglobin level of 2.1 g/dL, leading to an immediate packed red blood cell transfusion. After stabilization, she was moved to the ICU due to her deteriorating condition. The assessment covered respiratory health, cardiovascular markers, fluid/nutrition balance, physical exam, and X-ray results. Importantly, her Glasgow Coma Scale score showed altered consciousness.

The Effect of Administration of Green Bean Juice (Phaseolus Radiates) on Hemoglobin Levels of Public Women with Anemia at The Pratama Cahaya Clinic Lubuk Pakam

Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the concentration of hemoglobin in them decreases from normal levels. This study aims to determine hemoglobin levels in postpartum mothers before giving green bean juice and hemoglobin levels in postpartum mothers after giving green bean juice. In conducting this research, the research used a quantitative research design with a one-group pretest-posttest design model, that is, before it was carried out, observations were made on the sample and after treatment, observations were made again. The data collection technique was carried out using a total sampling technique. Based on the research results, the probability of the test results listed in the table shows that the resulting probability is 0.000. This means that the probability < level of significance (? = 0.05) so that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Thus, it can be stated that there is a significant difference between the hemoglobin levels in postpartum mothers with anemia before giving green bean juice (Pretest) and the hemoglobin levels in postpartum mothers with anemia after giving green bean juice (Posttest). The conclusion that can be drawn is that giving green bean juice (Phaseolus Radiates) affects the hemoglobin levels of postpartum mothers with anemia at the Pratama Cahaya Lubuk Pakam Clinic in 2024.

Molecular modifications to mitigate oxidative stress and improve red blood cell storability.

The development of red blood cell (RBC) storage lesion during hypothermic storage has long posed challenges for blood transfusion efficacy. These alterations are primarily driven by oxidative stress, concern both structural and biochemical aspects of RBCs, and affect their interactions with the recipient's tissues post-transfusion. Efforts to counteract these effects focus on improving the antioxidant capacity within stored RBCs, reducing oxygen exposure, and scavenging harmful molecules that accumulate during storage. Various supplements, such as ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, polyphenolic compounds, and specific metabolites have shown the potential to improve RBC quality by reducing oxidative lesions and lysis phenomena, and enhancing antioxidant, energy, or proteostasis networks. Accordingly, anaerobic storage has emerged as a promising strategy, demonstrating improved RBC storability and recovery in both animal models and preliminary human studies. Finally, targeted scavenging of harmful storage-related phenotypes and molecules, like removal signals, oxidized proteins, and extracellular hemoglobin, while not so studied, also has the potential to benefit both the unit and the patient in need. Omics technologies have aided a lot in these endeavors by revealing biomarkers of superior storability and, thus, potential novel supplementation strategies. Nonetheless, while the so far examined storage modifications show significant promise, there are not many post-transfusion studies (either in vitro, in animal models, or humans) to evaluate RBC efficacy in the transfusion setting. Looking ahead, the future of blood storage and transfusion will likely depend on the optimization of these interventions to extend the shelf-life and quality of stored RBCs, as well as their therapeutic outcome.

Arginine metabolism is a biomarker of red blood cell and human aging.

Increasing global life expectancy motivates investigations of molecular mechanisms of aging and age-related diseases. This study examines age-associated changes in red blood cells (RBCs), the most numerous host cell in humans. Four cohorts, including healthy individuals and patients with sickle cell disease, were analyzed to define age-dependent changes in RBC metabolism. Over 15,700 specimens from 13,757 humans were examined, a major expansion over previous studies of RBCs in aging. Multi-omics approaches identified chronological age-related alterations in the arginine pathway with increased arginine utilization in RBCs from older individuals. These changes were consistent across healthy and sickle cell disease cohorts and were influenced by genetic variation, sex, and body mass index. Integrating multi-omics data and metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL) in humans and 525 diversity outbred mice functionally linked metabolism of arginine during RBC storage to increased vesiculation-a hallmark of RBC aging-and lower post-transfusion hemoglobin increments. Thus, arginine metabolism is a biomarker of RBC and organismal aging, suggesting potential new targets for addressing sequelae of aging.

The Calcium Homeostasis of Human Red Blood Cells in Health and Disease: Interactions of PIEZO1, the Plasma Membrane Calcium Pump, and Gardos Channels.

Calcium ions mediate the volume homeostasis of human red blood cells (RBCs) in the circulation. The mechanism by which calcium ions affect RBC hydration states always follows the same sequence. Deformation of RBCs traversing capillaries briefly activates mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channels, allowing Ca2+ influx down its steep inward gradient transiently overcoming the calcium pump and elevating [Ca2+]i. Elevated [Ca2+]i activates the Ca2+-sensitive Gardos channels, inducing KCl loss and cell dehydration, a sequence operated with infinite variations in vivo and under experimental conditions. The selected health and disease themes for this review focus on landmark experimental results that led to the development of highly constrained models of the circulatory changes in RBCs homeostasis. Based on model predictions, a new perspective emerged, pointing to PIEZO1 dysfunction as the main trigger in the formation of the profoundly dehydrated irreversible sickle cells, the main pathogenic participants in vaso-occlusion, the root cause of sickle cell disease.

Haematological response of starter broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of dried watermelon peel meal

The experiment was carried out to assess the hematological parameters of starter broiler chickens fed feed formulated with dried watermelon peel meal (DWPM). Ninety-six 21-day old broiler chickens were randomly assigned into four (4) treatments of twenty-four (24) birds each containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% DWPM and coded as D1, D2, D3 and D4 respectively in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment groups were further sub-divided into four (4) sub-groups of eight (8) birds to serve as replicate. At the end of the experiment, one bird per replicate was selected for blood analysis. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets concentration (PC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), granulocyte and lymphocyte were measured. Results showed that the DWPM diet had no effect (P>0.05) on PCV, Hb, WBC, RBC, MCV, MCH, PC and MCHC. All mean values for the haematological parameters are above the normal range except WBC and RBC. In conclusion, the lack of significant effect suggests that, DWPM can be safely incorporated up to 12.5% in to the diets of starter broiler chicks without adverse haematological consequences. Nevertheless, careful consideration should be given to ensuring optimal nutritional balance and health status in broiler flocks.

Cerebrospinal fluid red blood cells and total protein are associated with clinical outcome in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Prognostication in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be challenging. The aim of this study was to assess whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) red blood cell (RBC) count and total protein (TP) concentration are associated with SAH prognosis. Patients with SAH treated at the neurological intensive care unit (ICU) in Innsbruck were included in this real-world, observational study. Longitudinal CSF samples were collected as part of routine diagnostics. RBC count and CSF TP at the time of admission (RBCfirst, TPfirst), in Week 1 (RBCDays1-7, TPDays1-7), Week 2 (RBCDays8-14, TPDays8-14), and Week 3 or thereafter (RBCDay>14, TPDay>14), the highest detected value (RBChighest, TPhighest), as well as the RBC count adjusted for disease duration (RBCadjusted) were assessed. Primary outcomes were good functional outcome after 3 months, defined as modified Rankin scale score ≤2 and ICU survival. A total of 183 SAH patients with a female predominance (69%), a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 60 (50-70) years and median (IQR) Hunt and Hess score of 4 (3-5) were included. Multivariable analyses revealed that lower values of RBCfirst, RBCadjusted, RBChighest, TPfirst and TPhighest were associated with good functional outcome and hospital survival. Lower TP concentrations in Weeks 1, 2 and 3 were associated with good functional outcome, and in Weeks 1 and 2 with ICU survival. Early RBC measurements (Week 1) were associated with good functional outcome and ICU survival. Low CSF RBC counts and TP concentrations were associated with good functional outcome and ICU survival in a real-world cohort of SAH patients requiring external ventricular drainage.

Взаємозв’язок між хронічною хворобою нирок та серцево-судинною патологією у хворих на цукровий діабет 2-го типу різного віку

The aim – to analyze the relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular pathology in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) of different ages.Materials and methods. A total of 233 patients with T2D aged 30-80 years were examined. Anthropometric indicators, blood pressure, glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, C-peptide, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, AST, and ALT were measured in all patients. Groups of patients were compared based on the presence of CKD and age using Student’s t-test and Pearson’s chi-squared test.Results and discussion. In patients with T2D and CKD, the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) (OR 1.8; 95 % CI 1.02–3.23; p=0.044), myocardial infarction (OR 2.0; 95 % CI 1.01–3.95; p=0.046), and strokes (OR 2.66; 95 % CI 1.07–6.63; p=0.036) is significantly higher compared to patients with T2D without kidney pathology. When comparing the clinical indicators of patients with T2D combined with CKD and those without it, no significant differences were found in anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, or C-peptide levels. The levels of total cholesterol, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count in the blood were significantly lower (р<0.05), while the levels of creatinine and glomerular filtration rate were significantly higher (р<0.001) in patients with kidney pathology.Conclusion. In patients with T2D, a relationship between CKD and cardiovascular pathology has been established. It can be assumed that the development of kidney pathology in patients with T2D is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

Effect of Iron Deficiency Anemia on HbA1c Levels in a cohort of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care hospital

Introduction: Studies have reported that HbA1c levels can be changed by iron deficiency (ID) which is the commonest nutritional anaemia globally. This study was aimed at determining the effect of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) on HbA1c levels in a cohort of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attending a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. Methods: A retrospective analytical study was performed for a period of six months from January 2021. Laboratory records of 281 adult T2DM patients both, anaemic (n=135) with Hb <12g/dL in females and <13g/dL males and transferrin saturation <16%, and nonanaemic (n=146) with Hb >12g/dL in females and >13g/dL in males were analyzed. Data were analyzed using (SPSS) version 20, descriptive statistical methods, Pearson’s Correlation test, independent sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-Square test were used. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of the total 281 patients diagnosed with T2DM, 150 were female, and 131 were male, spanning an age range of 22 to 96 years. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) values for HbA1c in both anaemic and non-anemic groups were 7.4±2.2% g/dL and 7.3±2.36% g/dL, respectively. Importantly, no statistically significant relationship was observed between the two groups (p=0.889). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between HbA1c levels with serum iron (p=0.617), total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) (p=0.340), and transferrin saturation (p=0.168). Conclusion: The study reveals, HbA1c in T2DM patients with and without IDA show no significant difference. Therefore, HbA1c could be reliably used in monitoring patients with T2DM and IDA. Keywords: T2DM, HbA1c, iron deficiency anaemia, red blood cell indices

Scalable Production and Biophysical Characterization of High-Molecular-Weight Relaxed and Tense Quaternary State Polymerized Human Hemoglobin as Potential Red Blood Cell Substitutes.

High-molecular-weight (HMW) (>500 kDa) glutaraldehyde-polymerized human hemoglobin (PolyhHb) is a promising hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) due to its decreased risk of vasoconstriction and oxidative tissue injury. Previously, HMW tense (T) quaternary state PolyhHb was synthesized at the pilot scale with tangential flow filtration (TFF) for the removal of low-molecular-weight species. However, T-state PolyhHb is limited to specific biomedical applications due to its low oxygen affinity, thus motivating the need to produce high oxygen affinity relaxed (R) quaternary state PolyhHb at the pilot scale. This study explored the pilot-scale synthesis and extensive biophysical characterization of both HMW T- and R-state PolyhHb. The resultant characterization demonstrated the successful synthesis of low and high oxygen affinity PolyhHb with increased molecular weight (∼1000-1500 kDa). Overall, T- and R-state PolyhHb provides a platform for manufacturing oxygen therapeutics with a diverse range of oxygen affinities and potential biomedical applications.

INVESTIGASI KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PASIEN CANCER PAYUDARA PRE DAN POST KEMOTERAPI

Anemia refers to a decrease in serum hemoglobin concentration to pathological levels where hemoglobin level in women is <12 g/dl and in men <14 g/dl. More than 40% of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy are subjected to anemia. As chemotherapy drugs are unable to distinguish between normal and neoplastic cells, their destructive nature results in a reduced number of red blood cells through the hemolysis process. The principles of chemotherapy are required to maintain a number of normal cells to avoid unintended side effects. This study aimed to investigate the hemoglobin levels before and after chemotherapy. The method of this study was qualitative, using a case study approach. The study sample consisted of three individuals, and the hemoglobin levels were assessed using the EasyTouch hemoglobinometer. The data were processed using Colaizzi’s analysis method: reading, meaning formulation, and theming. The results of this study were presented in three themes: (1) anemia occurred due to oxidative stress, (2) a decrease in the number of red blood cells caused by lysis; and (3) PRC transfusion as a way to overcome anemia. It can be concluded that a decrease in the number of red blood cells is inevitable. Therefore, patients are advised to get sufficient rest, increase their intake of nutritious food, and consume iron vitamins.

Low Iron Diet Improves Clinical Arthritis in the Mouse Model of Collagen-Induced Arthritis.

Background: In response to inflammation, the absorption of nutritional iron is restricted. Since the pathophysiological significance of the presence and uptake of iron in chronic inflammation is still unknown, we tested the effect of a low iron diet on the clinical course of arthritis in the mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Six- to eight-week-old male DBA/1 mice were fed either a normal (51 mg/kg) or a low iron diet (5 mg/kg) starting four weeks before the first immunization. From day 4 after the second collagen booster made on day 25, the development of arthritis was regularly monitored until the end of the experiment (day 34), using a standard clinical arthritis score. Concentrations of mouse anti-bovine and anti-mouse collagen type 2 IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA; blood cell counts were performed and mediators of inflammation, tissue matrix degradation, oxygenation and oxidative stress were measured in the mouse sera of both diet groups at the end of the experiment by bead-based multiplex assay. Fe2+, Fe3+, oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSH and GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were quantified in whole paw tissue by ELISA. Quantitative PCR was performed in the tissues for glutathione peroxidase 4 and other key regulator genes of iron metabolism and ferroptosis. We used nonparametric tests to compare cross-sectional data. Nonlinear regression models were used for longitudinal data of the arthritis scores. Results: Mice fed a low iron diet showed a significantly less severe course of arthritis compared to mice fed a normal iron diet (p < 0.001). The immune response against bovine and mouse type 2 collagen did not differ between the two diet groups. Mice fed a low iron diet exhibited significantly lower serum levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), a central regulator of inflammation and tissue matrix degradation (p < 0.05). In addition, a low iron diet led to a significant reduction in red blood cell indices, indicating restricted iron uptake and latent iron deficiency, but had no effect on hemoglobin concentrations or red blood cell counts. There were no differences between the dietary groups in Fe2+ or Fe3+ content in the paws. Based on calculation of the GSH/GSSG ratio and high MDA levels, high oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation were likewise detected in the paws of both diet groups of mice. Consequently, no differences associated with gene expression of key regulators of iron metabolism and ferroptosis could be detected between the paws of both diet groups. Conclusions: Restricted dietary iron intake alleviates immune-mediated inflammation in CIA without causing anemia. This finding suggests a promising option for dietary treatment of arthritis in inflammation. The underlying mechanism causing reduced arthritis may be linked to the complex regulatory network of TIMP-1 and appears to be independent from the local iron levels, oxidative stress and ferroptosis in the synovial tissues.

Evaluation of the effect of viscosity on blood flow using viscosity models

The study of blood hemodynamics and rheological properties, particularly blood viscosity, is essential for understanding and treating certain cardiovascular conditions. Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, meaning its viscosity varies with shear rate, a behavior driven by the aggregation and deformation of red blood cells (RBCs). Accurate modeling of blood viscosity is therefore critical for simulating blood flow in both physiological and pathological states. In this work, various viscosity models were assessed to identify the most suitable that represents the blood’s behavior in relation to shear rate. Although the Newtonian model is simple, it fails to capture the non-Newtonian characteristics of blood, particularly at varying shear rates. In comparison, the Power Law, Walburn-Schneck, and Carreau-Yasuda models offer more detailed and complex approaches to modeling blood viscosity. The Effect of blood viscosity on the overall blood flow was evaluated based on the four viscosity models. The work was carried out in a MATLAB Simulation Environment. The Volumetric blood flow rate was evaluated from the Poiseuille’s equation using three viscosity models whose values were defined by shear rates ranging from (217.5 – 226.5)s−1 . The percentage change in the blood volume resulting from changes in the viscosity was examined for each model. The two viscosity models (Power and Carreau models) concurrently reported equal percentage change of blood flux variation with the corresponding variation of the viscosity due to change in shear rate. This shows that any of the two models can be used to study the variation of blood flow to the viscosity with respect to cardiovascular complications.

Evaluation of some haematological and coagulation profiles of occupationally heat stress individuals of bakery industries in Kano, Nigeria

Bakers are exposed to heat stress in their work places, which can result in a variety of outcomes ranging from mild heat cramps to heat stroke. There is paucity of published data on the wallop of heat stress on haematologic and haemostatic parameters of individuals occupationally exposed to heat stress from bakery industries. This study attempted to evaluates some haematological and coagulation parameters of bakery workers who are occupationally exposed to heat stress in the baking industries. One hundred (100) individuals who consented to participate among which are: 70 bakers and 30 non-bakers were enrolled into the study. Blood samples were obtained using aseptic venepuncture and assessed for haematologic and haemostatic parameters by Haematology-analyser for full blood count parameters and manual standard coagulation method for Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) respectively. The data obtained was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. The results are presented as mean and standard deviation and p-value was set at ≤0.05as statistically significant. Platelets, red and white blood cells counts and their indices were counted along with some coagulation parameters (PT and aPTT). A statistically significant increase (p≤0.05) in platelets counts were observed in bakers compared with controls. Similarly, some coagulation parameters were found to be reduced and was statistically significant (p≤0.05) in bakers compared with non bakers as controls. The findings of the study showed insignificant changes in haematologic parameters coupled with altered coagulation parameters. This may be suggestive that individuals occupationally exposed to heat stress are prone to hypercoagulable state and its attending consequences.

Acute Febrile Illness in India: An Epidemiological Retrospective Study.

Acute febrile illness (AFI) is a frequent occurrence in India, often complicated by a multitude of pathogenic and etiological factors. In this context, it is important to analyze the biochemical, hematological, and epidemiological clinical parameters of AFI patients in the North Indian population. This study included 1,819 patients of various ages who presented with new-onset acute febrile illness (AFI) between 2017 and 2021. Among these patients, 211, with a median age of 40 years (ranging from 2 to 85 years), were selected for further analysis. At enrollment, clinical examination involved collecting respiratory tract specimens, blood, and urine samples for bio-chemical analysis, with subsequent data analysis conducted using statistical methods. The following biochemical parameters were analyzed: C-reactive protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and total protein serum. The hematological parameters included total leukocyte count (TLC), lymphocyte count, monocyte count, eosinophil count, red blood cell count (RBCs), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hematocrit value, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Additionally, clinical parameters such as phosphorus, urea, calcium, sodium, uric acid, bilirubin, and potassium were measured. Specific values observed were: SGPT (~113 IU/L in 2018), SGOT (~81 U/L in 2019), GGT (~148 g/L in 2018), and total protein serum (~7 g/L in 2020). The hematological parameters (TLC, lymphocyte, monocyte, RBCs, PCV, ESR, MCV, and MCH). The regression analysis was conducted to explore the temperature recorded at the time of admission, the duration of hospital stays, and biochemical as well as hematological variables of patients suffering from AFI. Karl-Pearson's correlation coefficient and variance inflation factor for each variable mentioned above. Biochemical and hematological parameters were analyzed over different years of intake in patients with Acute Febrile Illness (AFI). Further investigation is required to explore the mechanistic pathways of infection, and preventive measures will be implemented using natural products and other therapeutic interventions. Our data will offer the first systematic assessment of the etiological factors, along with regression analysis and the Karl-Pearson correlation coefficient for each variable in AFI patients.