Electronic Waste Recycling Research Articles

Electronic Waste Recycling Business: Solution, Choice, Survival

This study aimed to investigate factors impacting the electronic waste management in Thailand and recommend guidelines to drive the electronic waste recycling business in the country. The study used the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a conceptual framework. The in-depth interview was carried out using the semi-structured interview with the target agencies including government agencies, local administrative organizations, establishments related to electronic waste management (Factories in categories 105 and 106) as well as community junk shops in Chatuchak District, Bangkok. The study findings revealed that in considering the volume of electronic waste generated in Thailand and the share of important basic metals and plastics as components in electrical and electronic equipment to be used as secondary raw materials, the potential value from electronic waste recycling (household electrical appliances) could reach over 9,000,000,000 baht (9,165,701,106 baht) with the increasing trend following the increased volume of electronic waste. The market of the electronic waste recycling business in Thailand had the potential to grow. Upgrading of the electronic waste management system in Thailand was required for more efficiency, in particular, the process of collection, buy-back of product waste, reuse, and increased technological potential. Advanced technology needed to be developed to extract metals from electronic waste in order to obtain more varied metals.

Micronutrient intake is associated with reductions in chemical exposure effects on blood pressure of electronic waste recyclers at Agbogbloshie, Ghana

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Increasing evidence suggests that chemical exposures may influence micronutrient status and further induce certain disease outcomes like hypertension- even at lower levels of exposure. This study, therefore, investigated whether micronutrient-rich diet intake may reduce the adverse effects of heavy metals and rare earth elements released during informal recycling of e-waste on blood pressure (BP) of e-waste recyclers in Ghana. METHODS: Blood and urine samples were collected from 100 e-waste recyclers and 51 controls in March 2017 and analyzed for chemicals (cadmium, lead (Pb), arsenic (As), Terbium, Thallium (Tl), and Cerium) and micronutrients (calcium, magnesium, iron, selenium, zinc, and copper) using the ICP-MS. Dietary micronutrient intake was assessed using a 2-day-24-hour-dietary-recall. Cardiovascular indices (systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and arterial pressure (AP)) were measured using a sphygmomanometer. Joint associations between chemicals, micronutrients and BP indices were modelled using simple linear regressions. RESULTS:Urinary As and Pb as well as blood levels of TI were significantly associated with increases in SBP, AP and pulse pressure in both groups and still similar when analyses were limited to only recyclers. Nonetheless, dietary intake of calcium and iron-rich diets were associated with significant reductions in SBP, DBP and AP in both groups. Further in the joint model, consumption of Fe-rich diets were associated with significant reductions in SBP (β= -0.070; 95% CI: -0.131, -0.009; p = 0.026), DBP (β= -0.085; 95% CI: -0.167, -0.004; p = 0.040), and AP (β= -0.080; 95% CI: -0.143, -0.016; p = 0.014), despite the particularly high exposure of e-waste recyclers to Pb. CONCLUSIONS:Although the body burden of Pb, As and Tl seem to be associated with and serve as predictors of hypertension, the consumption of Fe-rich foods were associated with significant reductions in SBP, DBP and AP of e-waste recyclers even at high exposures of these chemicals. KEYWORDS: Chemical exposures, cardiovascular diseases, food/ nutrition

Association between global DNA methylation (LINE-1) and occupational particulate matter exposure among informal electronic-waste recyclers in Ghana

ABSTRACT This study examined the associations between PM (2.5 and 10) and global DNA methylation among 100 e-waste workers and 51 non-e-waste workers serving as controls. Long interspersed nucleotide repetitive elements-1 (LINE-1) was measured by pyrosequencing. Personal PM2.5 and PM10 were measured over a 4-hour work-shift using real-time particulate monitors incorporated into a backpack . Linear regression models were used to assess the association between PM and LINE-1 DNA methylation. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were significantly higher among the e-waste workers than the controls (77.32 vs 34.88, p < 0.001 and 210.21 vs 121.92, p < 0.001, respectively). PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased LINE-1 CpG2 DNA methylation (β = 0.003; 95% CI; 0.001, 0.006; p = 0.022) but not with the average of all 4 CpG sites of LINE-1. In summary, high levels of PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased levels of global DNA methylation in a site-specific manner.

On the Hibernating Electronic Waste in Rio de Janeiro Higher Education Community: An Assessment of Population Behavior Analysis and Economic Potential

Brazil is the second largest producer of electronic waste in the Americas, with a production that grows each year and only 10% of it being treated in its own way. Additionally, given the typical chemical composition of this type of residue, it can be possible to recover valuable metals, such as copper, gold, silver, and platinum. Presently, Brazil does not have an industrial plant devoted to such extractive activity using electronic waste, with most of its treatment carried out abroad. The research hypothesis of this manuscript is that universities and their communities could develop sources of raw materials for such extraction processes and, therefore, deserve attention for the creation of collection points and partnerships. In this context, there is a need to understand this community behavior regarding the acquisition, storage, and disposal of electronic equipment, as well as information about topics related to electronic waste management and recycling. To implement such a study for the higher education community in Rio de Janeiro, a form was created covering several topics on the subject, which was disseminated among the teachers, students, employees, and family members of two main state universities. It was determined that the studied group has more than 16.96 million mobile phones in hibernation, in addition to other equipment, with an estimated stockpile value of USD 67.45 million for the studied group in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. If extrapolated to all of Brazil, this could be as high as USD 797.50 million for the studied group. This information will be used in future projects to assess the economic potential of an industrial plant dedicated to metal recovery in Brazil. However, the present study also identified an important lack of knowledge regarding proper waste disposal and solid waste policies among this well-educated group. It became clear that without appropriate information regarding collection points and knowledge on how to deal with obsolete devices, the access to this source of raw material could be a hinderance to future extraction projects in the area.

Electrochemical Approaches for the Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste: A Critical Review

Electronic waste (e-waste) management and recycling are gaining significant attention due to the presence of precious, critical, or strategic metals combined with the associated environmental burden of recovering metals from natural mines. Metal recovery from e-waste is being prioritized in metallurgical extraction owing to the fast depletion of natural mineral ores and the limited geographical availability of critical and/or strategic metals. Following collection, sorting, and physical pre-treatment of e-waste, electrochemical processes-based metal recovery involves leaching metals in an ionic form in a suitable electrolyte. Electrochemical metal recovery from e-waste uses much less solvent (minimal reagent) and shows convenient and precise control, reduced energy consumption, and low environmental impact. This critical review article covers recent progress in such electrochemical metal recovery from e-waste, emphasizing the comparative significance of electrochemical methods over other methods in the context of an industrial perspective.

HOUSEHOLDS PRACTICE AND AWARENESS DIMENSION ON THE RECYCLING OF ELECTRONIC WASTE IN KANO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

Electronic waste generation has been increasing at a rate three times faster than that of general waste stream. Developing nations like Nigeria bear the consequences as it is estimated that 500 containers, each carrying about 500,000 used computers and other electronic equipment, enter Nigeria’s ports every month from the United States, Europe and Asia. To this effect, The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the Federal Government of Nigeria have announced a $15 million initiative to establish an electronic system in Nigeria, which will pioneer safe e-waste recycling in the country. It is against this background that this study was conducted to determine the households’ awareness and practice towards the recycling of e-waste, as well as the most suitable collection pattern within Kano Metropolis. The data for this study was collected using Open Data Kit (ODK) mobile phone platform, which contained questions on households’ characteristics, current practices regarding disposal and recycling of electronic waste as well as their awareness dimension on the recycling of e-waste. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to estimate the average number of unused households’ appliances and also to analyse household awareness and practice. The awareness dimension of the surveyed households about recycling of electronic waste was determined and 97% of the households are aware of the significance of electronic waste recycling. The positive statements presented about awareness indicates a positive awareness dimension about the significance of recycling electronic waste. Among the sampled households, 23% engage in e-waste recycling, and they all do this by selling their wastes (electronic waste, inclusive) to house-to-house scavengers. Majority of the households (77.4%) do not recycle electronic waste. They either keep them at home for decoration, give them out for free, burn them or dispose them in open dumpsites. The average quantity of e-waste prese

Copper recovery by slurry electrolysis using ionic liquids from waste printed circuit boards

&lt;p&gt;The regulatory framework of heavy metal pollution associated with electronic waste is prevalent all over the world. As a result of technological advancement and change in consumer patterns, the life span of electrical and electronic products has been shortened. This has contributed to the emergence of massive amounts of electronic waste that needs to be handled. With the exponential growth of the telecommunications sector, the recycling of useful resources from electronic waste devices, especially mobile phones, is of great significance. Besides, the presence of valuable metals enables the recycling of electronic waste potentially appealing. In this research, numerous types of ionic liquids like Butyl methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Bmim][PF6], Butyl methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim][Cl], Ethyl methylimidazolium chloride [Emim][Cl] and Butyl methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Bmim][BF4] were used to analyze the copper leaching behavior of electronic mobile handset devices. Several influential aspects on the leaching efficiency of copper including different types of ionic liquid, temperature and leaching time have been examined. The findings showed [Bmim][PF6] and [Emim][Cl] were better ionic liquids in appropriate conditions for high copper leaching rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Preliminary Bioleaching Experiment of E-Waste

Abstract Nowadays, we can hardly imagine our life without the achievements of modern technology, such as refrigerators, televisions, computers, or smartphones. Producers are pushing consumers to buy newer, more modern appliances instead of repairing the original ones. However, all the devices represent a huge amount of waste. E-waste is one of the fastest growing types of waste, and only less than a half of it is recycled. Its disposal poses a great challenge for the population and constitutes a huge burden for the environment. In the research described in this article, we focused on individual techniques for metals recovery from e-waste. In the experimental part, we deal with the recycling of electronic waste by bioleaching, using microorganisms Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Compared to conventional techniques, bioleaching is a more environmentally friendly and economical alternative of metals recovery from e-waste.

Waste bank system improvement for electronic waste recycling in Indonesia: a case study of Padang City

Currently, Indonesia does not practice a formal management system for electronic waste (e-waste). The informal sector mostly conducts e-waste handling with limited concern for the environment and human health. The most challenging issue is establishing a collection system across the nation that is widely accepted by communities. Even though waste bank (WB) system does not practice e-waste collection, it may offer a solution since the system has been emerged as an accepted recycling program by Indonesian citizens. Therefore, this study discusses the WB system in collecting e-waste and proposes a model to connect with producers and/or recycling agents in Padang city. Field surveys and interviews with some key informants were conducted. E-wastes samples were identified to find the composition, recycling potency, market system in current and future management. The recycling potency of e-waste may reach 79% of total weight, while the hazardous content of 63%. WB must adopt a separate sales method to gain higher financial benefit. In order to establish a WB-based system for e-waste collection, the government must issue a national regulation on e-waste management and establish mutual cooperation between the local government, industries/producers, recycling industries, and communities.

Passive Air Sampling of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PAEs, DEHA, and PAHs from Informal Electronic Waste Recycling and Allied Sectors in Indian Megacities.

Xenobiotic chemical emissions from the informal electronic waste recycling (EW) sector are emerging problem for developing countries, with scale and impacts that are yet to be evaluated. We report an intensive polyurethane foam disk passive air sampling study in four megacities in India to investigate atmospheric organic pollutants along five transects viz., EW, information technology (IT), industrial, residential, and dumpsites. Intraurban emission sources were estimated and attributed by trajectory modeling and positive matrix factorization (PMF). ∑17PCDD/Fs, ∑25PCBs, ∑7plasticizers, and ∑15PAHs concentrations ranged from 3.1 to 26 pg/m3 (14 ± 7; Avg ± SD), 0.5-52 ng/m3 (9 ± 12); 7.5-520 ng/m3, (63 ± 107) and 6-33 ng/m3 (17 ± 6), respectively. EW contributed 45% of total PCB concentrations in this study and was evidenced as a major factor by PMF. The dominance of dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), particularly PCB-126, reflects combustion as the possible primary emission source. PCDD/Fs, PCBs and plasticizers were consistently highest at EW transect, while PAHs were maximum in industrial transect followed by EW. Concentrations of marker plasticizers (DnBP and DEHP) released during EW activities were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Bangalore than in other cities. Toxic equivalents (TEQs) due to dl-PCBs was maximum in the EW transect and PCB-126 was the major contributor. For both youth and adult, the highest estimated inhalation risks for dl-PCBs and plasticizers were seen at the EW transect in Bangalore, followed by Chennai and New Delhi.

Comparative Study of Electronic Waste Management in Developed Countries and Indonesia

Electronic waste management in Indonesia is currently not a major concern for various parties and is relatively left behind when compared to developed countries. This study aims to evaluate the existing conditions of electronic waste management in Indonesia and compile recommendations for electronic waste management programs in Indonesia. This research was conducted by collecting primary data from questionnaires and collecting secondary data from the literature on electronic waste management in developed countries (United States, Japan, and Switzerland) and Indonesia. The collected data were compared and analyzed for compiling strategy in the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats). Recommendation programs for electronic waste management in Indonesia were established based on SWOT Matrix. The evaluation results show that the existing conditions of electronic waste management in Indonesia are lagging compared to developed countries. The management recommendation program provided is the 4R programs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Remove) for electronic waste; Dropbox to collect electronic waste; Development of formal electronic waste management infrastructure; Industrial revitalization / private electronic waste recycling facilities; Development of electronic waste landfill; Application of economic instruments for electronic manufacturers; Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for electronic equipment; Trade-in for all electronic products; and cooperate with the informal sector. Keywords: Developed countries, Electronic waste, Program recommendations, SWOT analysis, Waste management.

Heavy Metal Tolerance Genes Associated With Contaminated Sediments From an E-Waste Recycling River in Southern China.

Heavy metal pollution that results from electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities has severe ecological environmental toxicity impacts on recycling areas. The distribution of heavy metals and the impact on the bacteria in these areas have received much attention. However, the diversity and composition of the microbial communities and the characteristics of heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs) in the river sediments after long-term e-waste contamination still remain unclear. In this study, eight river sediment samples along a river in a recycling area were studied for the heavy metal concentration and the microbial community composition. The microbial community consisted of 13 phyla including Firmicutes (ranging from 10.45 to 36.63%), Proteobacteria (11.76 to 32.59%), Actinobacteria (14.81 to 27.45%), and unclassified bacteria. The abundance of Firmicutes increased along with the level of contaminants, while Actinobacteria decreased. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the concentration of mercury was significantly correlated with the microbial community and species distribution, which agreed with an analysis of the potential ecological risk index. Moreover, manually curated HMRGs were established, and the HMRG analysis results according to Illumina high-throughput sequencing showed that the abundance of HMRGs was positively related to the level of contamination, demonstrating a variety of resistance mechanisms to adapt, accommodate, and live under heavy metal-contaminated conditions. These findings increase the understanding of the changes in microbial communities in e-waste recycling areas and extend our knowledge of the HMRGs involved in the recovery of the ecological environment.

The role of communication medium in increasing e-waste recycling awareness among higher educational institutions

Purpose This paper aims to test the effectiveness of communication platforms in conveying the importance of sustainability messages focusing on electronic waste (e-waste) recycling. While corporate communication has been explored well, this research explores the influence of communication medium on the shift in attitude and behavioural intention of higher education students. Design/methodology/approach An experimental design approach was used with quantitative data analysis to address the research questions. Findings The results revealed that the text form of communication was more effective in conveying the e-waste recycling message. Students demonstrated a significant shift in attitude and call for action when they read the sustainability article instead of watching a video with the same message. Practical implications With several universities trying to integrate sustainability in their curriculum, this research provides guidelines on effective communication methods for students. It also sheds light on the choice of platforms that can be used by organisations to reach out to their employees to convey sustainability-related messages. Originality/value The paper addresses sustainability communication in a university by exploring the best method of communication. The results open up new conversations on the media richness theory in the context of sustainability.

A framework for modeling fraud in E-waste management

Despite the adoption of electronic waste recycler certification schemes in the United States, there remain notable instances in which recyclers might engage in dishonest practices. To better understand mechanisms that may encourage honest electronics end-of-life management, we develop a framework to analyze the decision calculus of electronic waste recyclers facing a decision between an honest choice that might be more expensive or a dishonest choice that saves money but has some probability of being caught. Building an analytical decision tree model under which a recycler maximizes expected returns, we explore the influence of supervision on the choices a recycler faces and provide an analytical solution that describes the boundaries that separate those choices. Using our framework, we systematically catalog which interventions may help and which may not. The model suggests that direct unqualified subsidies to recyclers may not be particularly effective, although properly targeted subsidies have promise. We also find that there are substitution effects between increasing the cost of fraud and decreasing the costs of proper electronic waste recycling. That is, increasing the cost of fraud can serve as a policy instrument to produce effects similar to decreasing a recycler’s costs from engaging in honest behavior. We also discuss the role of digital fraud prevention technologies such as blockchain as another mechanism to help achieve sustainability outcomes in e-waste management while lowering the costs of third-party supervision.

Fuzzy clustering of investment projects in Tabriz Municipality Waste Management Organization with ecological approach

Purpose: Clustering of investment projects is an essential step in the process of planning the investment projects of organizations. Choosing the right project portfolio has a direct impact on the profitability and other strategic goals of organizations. Factors affecting the clustering of investment projects are many and the use of traditional methods alone cannot be useful, so it is necessary to use a suitable model for clustering projects and investment plans. The purpose of this research is to analysis investment projects of the Tabriz Municipality Waste Management Organization. Methodology: This research is a descriptive - survey method in terms of its objectives. The method used is Fuzzy clustering (FCM), in which the first large investment projects in waste management using the background of participants in research and investment clusters(3 clusters) using the FCM clustering approach is determined, then the priority of the appropriate investment methods (from 6 methods) of each project was obtained using expert judgment and other aspects. Due to the need for planning and clustering of investment projects, using the opinion of experts (10 experts), the importance of projects with ecological perspective was examined. Findings: The result of the research has been that Recycled tire recycling, Glass recycling, Electronic waste recycling, Plastic recycling and Construction project of a specialized recycling town are important projects that located in the first cluster and under normal circumstances, three investment methods, civil partnership agreements, BOT, and partnership contracts (property from the municipality) can be used for them. Originality/Value: Tabriz Municipality Waste Management is an important and influential organization in the activities of the city, in which the investment methods in its projects are mostly based on common contracts and are performed in the same way for all projects. This research offers new methods for projects and their diversity according to clustering technique.

Biomonitoring of metals in blood and urine of electronic waste (E-waste) recyclers at Agbogbloshie, Ghana

There is growing evidence that e-waste recyclers may be exposed to potentially high levels of metals though associations between such exposures and specific work activities is not well established. In addition, studies have focused on metals traditionally biomonitored and there is no data on the exposure of recyclers to elements increasingly being used in new technologies. In the current study, levels of metals were measured in blood and urine of e-waste recyclers at Agbogbloshie (Ghana) and a control group. Blood and urine samples (from 100 e-waste recyclers and 51 controls) were analyzed for 17 elements (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Ce, Cr, Eu, La, Mn, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Tb, Tl, Y) using the ICP-MS. Most e-waste recyclers reported performing at least 4 different tasks in decreasing order as e-waste dismantling (54%), trading/selling of e-waste (45%), burning wires only (40%), and collecting wires after burning (34%). Mean levels of blood Pb, Sr, Tl, and urinary Pb, Eu, La, Tb, and Tl were significantly higher in recyclers versus controls. In general, the collectors and sorters tended to have higher elemental levels than other work groups. Blood Pb levels (mean 92.4 μg/L) exceeded the U.S. CDC reference level in 84% of the e-waste recyclers. Likewise, blood Cd, Mn, and urinary As levels in recyclers and controls were higher than in reference populations elsewhere. E-waste recyclers are exposed to metals traditionally studied (e.g., Pb, Cd, As) and several other technology-critical and rare earth elements which previously have not been characterized through human biomonitoring.

Environmental Heavy Metal Contamination from Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling Activities Worldwide: A Systematic Review from 2005 to 2017.

The recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) contaminates ecosystems with metals, though a compilation of data from across sites worldwide is lacking, without which evidence-based comparisons and conclusions cannot be realized. As such, here, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify peer-reviewed studies concerning e-waste sites (published between 2005 and 2017) that reported on the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, As, Pb and Cr) in soil, water and sediment. From 3063 papers identified, 59 studies from 11 countries meeting predefined criteria were included. Reported metal concentrations were summarized, and a narrative synthesis was performed. This review summarized 8286 measurements of the aforementioned metals in soils (5836), water (1347) and sediment (1103). More than 70% of the studies were conducted in Asia. In nearly all cases, the average metal concentrations in a particular medium from a given site were above guideline values; suggesting soils, water and sediment at, or near, e-waste recycling sites are contaminated. Across all media, concentrations of Pb were generally highest, followed by Cr, As, Cd and Hg. The synthesized information demonstrates that e-waste sites worldwide are contaminated with metals, that geographic data gaps exist, that the quality of most studies can be improved and that action is needed to help reduce such levels to protect human health and the environment.

Electronic waste generation, recycling and resource recovery: Technological perspectives and trends

The growing population and increased disposal of end-of-life (EoL) electrical and electronic products have caused serious concerns to the environment and human health. Electronic waste (e-waste) is a growing problem because the quantity and the rate at which it is generated has increased exponentially in the last 5 years. The rapid changes or upgradation in technologies, IT requirements for working or learning from home during COVID-19, manufacturers releasing new electronic gadgets and devices that serves the consumers comfort and a declension in services has contributed to an increase in the e-waste or waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) generation rates. The current status of e-waste generation, handling procedures and regulatory directives in USA, EU, China, India, Vietnam and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are presented in this review. The recent developments in e-waste recycling methods/recovery of base and precious metals, the advantages and limitations of hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, biohydrometallurgy and pyrolysis are discussed. Considering the impediments in the present technologies, the extraction of valuable resources, i.e. precious metals, from e-waste using suitable biocatalysts shows promising applications. This review also stresses on the research needs to assess the economic effects of involving different unit operations/process industries for resource recovery, reuse and recycling.

Field study on the soil bacterial associations to combined contamination with heavy metals and organic contaminants.

The understanding of soil microbial associations to combined contamination would substantially benefit the restoration of damaged ecosystems, which is currently limited at the field scale. In this study, we investigated the soil bacterial associations to combined contamination with metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Samples were collected from field sites under five land-use patterns with electronic waste recycling. Results showed that the contents of Cd (0.22-12.86mg/kg), Cu (17-14,136mg/kg), Pb (4.6-77,014mg/kg), Hg (0.28-22mg/kg), Zn (26-42,495mg/kg), PAHs (4.6-1753μg/kg), and PBDEs (1.9-1079μg/kg) varied significantly across sites. We observed positive correlations between catalase activity and heavy metals, indicative of a resistance response to the oxidative stress induced by metals. Furthermore, the bacterial community diversity was found to be determined primarily by PBDEs, whereas acenaphthylene, available phosphorus, and 2,2',3,3',4,5,6-heptabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-183) were the three major drivers affecting community composition. The co-occurrence network constructed for bacterial communities exposed to combined contamination was non-random with scale-free, small-world and modularity features. We further proposed functional roles of the modules including stress resistance, hydrocarbon degradation, and nutrient cycling. Overall, the findings of redundancy analysis, variation partition analysis and the co-occurrence network indicated that soil bacterial community under combined contamination cooperated to survive. Members including Rhodoplanes and Nitrospira were capable of degrading PAHs and PBDEs in various pathways, while others, including Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, and Pseudomonas, reduced the metal toxicity to the community. Our findings provide new insights into the responses of soil bacteria, particularly in terms of inter-specific relationships, under combined contamination at the field scale.

Determinants of Intention of Electronic Waste Recycling: Application of Theory of Planned Behavior

Determinants of Intention of Electronic Waste Recycling: Application of Theory of Planned Behavior