Car Recycling Research Articles

Enhancing pyrolysis of automobile shredder residue through torrefaction: Impact on heavy components formation in oil

Torrefaction of biomass is a well-known pretreatment method that can remarkably influence evolution of property of pyrolytic products in subsequent pyrolysis. Automobile shredder residue (ASR) is an important product in car recycling and it needs to be pretreated before recycling via pyrolysis. Nevertheless, how torrefaction impacts the composition and pyrolysis behaviours of ASR is still unknown, as ASR has a distinct composition from biomass. Thus, this study investigates the effect of torrefaction on the formation of heavy components in pyrolysis oil. ASR samples were torrefied from 240 °C to 330 °C and subsequently pyrolyzed from 600 °C to 800 °C with varied heating rates (ca. 80 °C /s and 0.17 °C /s). Results indicate that compared to raw ASR pyrolysis oil, torrefaction enhances the interaction between the volatile and semi-char, promoting the polymerization to form precursors of heavy components, thus the relative content of heavy components increases by >50% and heavy components containing heteroatoms decrease by >30% in the torrefied ASR pyrolysis oil, with the release of volatile heteroatom-containing compounds during torrefaction. More aliphatic heavy components are generated, reducing the overall aromaticity and degree of unsaturation of heavy components in the pyrolysis oil.

Penerapan Metode Speed Reading Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas V pada Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia SD Negeri 11 Watampone Kecamatan Tanete Riattang Kabupaten Bone

The problem of this research is the low learning outcomes of students in Indonesian subjects. The formulation of the problem in this study is how to apply the Speed Reading Method to improve the learning outcomes of fifth grade students in Indonesian language subjects at SD Negeri 11 Watampone, Tanete Riattang District, Bone Regency? The purpose of this study was to describe the application of the Speed Reading method to improve the learning outcomes of fifth grade students in Indonesian subjects at SD Negeri 11 Watampone, Tanete Riattang District, Bone Regency. The approach in this study is a descriptive qualitative approach. This type of research is CAR recycling. The focus in this research is 1) Application of Speed Reading method, 2) Student learning outcomes. The subjects in the study were fifth grade students at SD Negeri 11 Watampone, Bone Regency. The subjects in this study were 25 students consisting of 12 boys and 13 girls. Data collection techniques used are observation, tests and documentation. Data analysis techniques in this study are data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the study showed an increase. Cycle I achieved the qualification of Good (B) and in the second cycle achieved the qualification of Very Good (A). The conclusion of this study is that applying the Speed Reading method can improve student learning outcomes in Indonesian subjects in Class V SD Negeri 11 Watampone, Tanete Riattang District, Bone Regency.

ZGFWNJ THE STATE OF THE EQUIPMENT RECYCLING SYSTEM IN RUSSIA AND ITS LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

The article presents the state of the equipment recycling system in Russia and the issues of improving its legislative framework. The role of state structures in solving the problems of creating a resource-saving, environmentally-oriented system for the disposal of decommissioned equipment is urgent. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to analyze the papers in the field of recycle management, to reflect the state of the legislative framework of the existing systems in Russia and abroad and to give the recommendations for its improvement. (Materials and methods) Problems with equipment recycling appear when they become unnecessary to their owners; they try to get rid of this object in the most accessible way. According to numerous information, the equipment disposal in Russia is mainly carried out by illegal reclaimers, which control more than 60 percent of the scrap of non-ferrous and ferrous metals. The creation of an effective system for the equipment recycling is becoming not only urgent, but a vital task for our state. (Results and discussion) The scientific community in Russia is constantly conducting research on the creation and implementation of the system for recycling of decommissioned equipment. Scientists of the Moscow Automobile and Road State Technical University have proposed a regional car recycling system, scientists of FNAC VIM have also developed a regional system for recycling machinery "Agricultural recycling". (Conclusions) In order to quickly solve the problem of adjustment of a general strategy for creating an effective recycling system in Russia, taking into account the revision of the legislative framework, it is advisable to “run-in” it at the industry level, for example, in the agro-industrial complex, with subsequent replication in other industries.

ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ УТИЛИЗАЦИОННОГО СБОРА ДЛЯ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Introduction: the issue of increasing car recycling fee accompanied by a concurrent introduction of a compensating subsidy to domestic car producers has been recently widely discussed in Russia. Such a measure might be viewed as a protectionist measure disguised as the need to comply with environmental standards. This raises the question of this policy expedience. Objectives: to analyze the consequences of increasing the car recycling fee in the Russian Federation. Methods: comparative analysis, generalization and extrapolation of results, econometric estimations. Results: data analysis from various sources (Association of European Businesses, Federal Customs Service, Federal State Statistics Service, Federal Tax Service etc.) shows that effective car recycling fee rate have been growing much faster than inflation or real income index. Tax burden of the recycling fee in car prices is sufficiently high (15–30 %). A 25 % increase in recycling fee rate leads to a 4 % car prices increase in the most likely scenario, which, in turn, will foster a 6 % decrease in car demand. Cumulatively, this may lead to a 17 % increase in recycling fee tax revenue, the largest part of which will have to be returned to domestic car producers. Conclusions: despite the presence of the compensating subsidy to domestic car producers, domestic cars prices will also rise by 4 % to maintain price parity with imported cars. The price increase will mostly affect the well-being of low-income households. In addition, taken the current rates structure, an increase in recycling fee will stimulate the use of illegal schemes of importing foreign cars to Russia by individuals. There are significant negative consequences of increasing the car recycling fee in the Russian Federation, and therefore it should be recognized as inappropriate.

The system of disposal of equipment in the agro-industrial complex and issues of the legislative framework

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the state of the equipment recycling system in Russia and the issues of improving the legislative framework that accompanies it. The role of state structures in solving the problems of forming a resource-saving ecooriented system for the disposal of decommissioned equipment is reflected. To analyze the work in the field of waste management, to reflect the state of the legislative framework for the existing system of recycling equipment in Russia and abroad, to make recommendations for its improvement. Problems with waste appear when, in the process of production and consumption of substances, objects (equipment), he/she becomes unnecessary for their owners, their owner tries to get rid of this object in the most accessible way. According to numerous information, the disposal of equipment in Russia is mainly carried out (black waste collectors), which control more than 60 % of the scrap of non-ferrous and ferrous metals, so the solution to the problem of creating an effective system for the disposal of equipment becomes not just relevant, but vital for our state. The scientific community in Russia is constantly conducting research on the creation and implementation of a system for the disposal of decommissioned equipment, so, for example, MADI scientists proposed a regional car recycling system for implementation, the scientists of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution FNAC VIM also developed a regional system for the disposal of agricultural recycling equipment. In order to quickly solve the problem of working out a general strategy for creating an effective system of recycling equipment in Russia, taking into account the revision of the legislative framework, it is advisable to "run-in" it at the industry level, for example, in the agroindustrial complex, with subsequent replication in other industries.

Management of based on public private partnership auto-recycling projects

The article is devoted to the acute problem connected with managing autorecycling projects in accordance with the environmental security requirements and economic effectiveness. Lately, the problem of environmentally-friendly recycling of used automotive components has become very urgent in Russia due to the increasing number of cars in the country. The existing car recycling programs do not solve this problem as they deal with cars and do not recycle separate car components. Environmental fee (or eco fee) existing in our country does not cover all range of used automotive components as well, and the existing organizational and economic autorecycling mechanism makes it impossible to solve environmental problems according to the market approach in full. Therefore, it is essential to develop a mechanism for managing autorecycling projects which would involve both effective market approaches and the state ones. To this end, the authors suggest exploiting public-private partnership (PPP) to increase environmental and economic efficiency in implementing autorecycling projects. The focus is made on such forms of public-private partnership as delegation of control and concession. It is suggested to make concession of infrastructure facilities and areas for stocking used automotive components which are not recyclable. Some government functions in managing automotive components’ sorting can be delegated as well as management of finance. As a result, exploiting PPP tools in managing autorecycling projects will provide the opportunity for maintaining “transparency” of financial flows in handling used automotive components, recyclers will be encouraged to introduce safe and modern recycling technologies and the level of environmental risks in managing autorecycling projects will be reduced.

Household Waste Recycling Technologies

The paper touches upon the environmental issues of the modern civilization and the new technologies of waste recycling. The paper also dwells upon waste-free production where all the raw materials are transformed into products which is, at the same time, optimized in terms of process, economic, social and environmental criteria. There are also given the figures of increase of garbage volume in various countries including Russia. There are stated the most dangerous products of decomposition of plastic. In the article there are also considered the modern technologies of waste recycling which is the most prospective way to solve the issue of urban landfills. There are given the examples of recycling of combustible waste, rotting waste, medical waste and old cars without harming the environment.

Coatings with recycled polyvinyl butyral on polyester and polyamide mono- and multifilament yarns

Polyvinyl butyral is used in safety glass interlayers, mainly in car windshields. Legislative regulations require a recycling of cars after their lifetime and therefore also their safety glass. This causes the availability of recycled polyvinyl butyrate (r-PVB) originated from safety glass interlayers. Due to deteriorated optical properties, such as the transparency, and unknown amounts of plasticizers, it is challenging to reuse the recycled material in new windshields. Therefore, it is of particular interest to find new fields of application for r-PVB, such as the usage as a textile coating. In this research, r-PVB was investigated as a material for yarn coating. Polyester and polyamide mono- and multifilament yarns were coated continuously with solely a polymer dispersion and with mixtures of crosslinking agent and polymer dispersion. Crosslinked r-PVB coatings showed enhanced properties toward abrasion and chemical resistance. Coatings without the crosslinking agent showed a diminished abrasion resistance and could be washed off with ethanol. Mechanical properties of the monofilaments were influenced by the r-PVB coating in general. However, varying concentrations of the crosslinking agent did not affect the mechanical properties.

Peculiarities of the foreign manufactures cars recycling in Russia

The main elements of the vehicle recycling system in Russia are considered on the example of passenger cars. The main problems of decommissioned vehicles recycling in the context of a cyclical economy development are described. The article presents a critique of the current state recycling policy. The strategy for the development of recycling projects that can be implemented both by the state and by private companies entrusted by the state is suggests. The article presents a structural analysis of imported cars, foreign brands of Russian production and domestic cars from the total sales for 2017 and 2018. Data on sales volumes of the best-selling car models in Russia are presented. The main advantages of the production of foreign cars in Russia in terms of the impact on the emerging Russian recycling system for decommissioned vehicles are identified. Recommendations on implementation of projects related to recycling and calculation of recycling fees are offered. The study developed two ways to use recycled material from car recycling, which can recoup some of the costs of recycling, increase the percentage of import substitution of components for the automotive industry and create a closed-cycle economy.

Sensitivity Analysis as a Tool in Environmental Policy for Sustainability: The Case of Waste Recycling Projects in the Republic of Serbia

Modern consumer society uses an increasing number of products to meet its needs, which become waste after use, thus posing a serious problem that threatens sustainable development. Investment in waste recycling, due to a high level of non-financial benefits, is considered sustainable, especially in the End-of-life Vehicles (ELV) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) recycling areas. The research objective of this paper is to test the sensitivity of the model for sustainable management of recycling projects by applying a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to investment projects of car and refrigerator recycling in the Republic of Serbia. By testing the key risk factors of the above investment projects within the sensitivity analysis, the main aim is to determine the critical value of these variables in terms of the financial and social acceptability of these investment alternatives. The results obtained indicate that state subsidies have the greatest influence on defining the model of sustainable investment, especially in the field of e-waste recycling. The impact of other factors, the price of secondary raw materials and the social cost of CO2 emissions, is significantly smaller, but should certainly be taken into account when defining the optimal model of sustainable investment.

Research on Chinese New Energy Vehicles Based on Ecological View

This article studies and discusses the existing problems and future development of Chinese new energy vehicles from the perspective of ecological view proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping. Through data collection and data analysis, this paper summarizes the current problems of short-range mileage, difficult battery recycling, and environmental pollution caused by the current domestic new energy vehicles. Improve domestic new energy vehicle companies from three aspects: car building technology, battery recycling, and service experience, protect the ecological environment, increase economic competitiveness, and promote sustainable economic and social development.

Current challenges and innovations in environmental safety of vehicles

The automobile is one of the mass industrial products. The article analyzes its environmentally harmful effects on the environment. The current environmental safety of vehicles is analyzed and changes in the structure and volumes of harmful emissions caused by innovative design changes are justified. The destructive effect of the wheel propulsion on the soil cover in natural landscapes is described. The current state of the car recycling system is analyzed and some promising technologies for its implementation are described.

Logistics in life cycle of cars on the example of Toyota Motor Corporation. Stage IV – decommissioning

This article is the last of the series dedicated to the logistics in life cycle of cars, based on the materials from Toyota Motor Corporation. The study covered the IV stage of the life cycle of vehicles - the phase of withdrawal out of service. The topic of recycling of Toyota cars and the relationship between these activities and the protection of the environment as well as the issues of resource conservation and their effective re-use are discussed.

Environmental assessment of the production process of internal combustion engines

The aim of this article is to demonstrate using the LCA methodology the environmental effects of material composition changes on Volkswagen Golf passenger cars over the past 30 years. The simplified LCA model of the engine presented in the work shows the energy consumption and total CO2 emissions based on the mass of materials. It was built to investigate general assumptions about material production and car recycling. The results of the research presented in the paper give an image of the modernity of a passenger car engine on the basis of consumption and the degree of recovery of materials used for its construction.

Analiza uštede energije izborom dobijanja materijala tehnologijama reciklaže ELV-a

Reciklaža automobila podrazumeva različite procedure koje omogućavaju dobijanje proizvoda jednorodnih materijala (metali, plastika, guma, staklo), pogodna za proizvodnju novih materijalnih dobara. U radu je analiza reciklaže motornih vozila. Industrijska reciklaže vozila doprinosi održivosti i zaštiti životne sredine i uštedi energije. Korišćenjem recikliranih materijala štedi se energiju i prirodni resursi. Reciklaža troši manje vazduha i vode od primarne proizvodnje sirovina. Reciklaža štedi prostor za skladištenje, stvara nova radna mesta u preduzećima koja se bave sakupljanjem, proizvodnjom i distribucijom sirovina.

Lessons from a century of innovating car recycling value chains

End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) contain materials that may be beneficial to recycle. While metals such as iron, aluminium and platinum are recycled at high rates, materials such plastics and most scarce metals are recycled at low rates or not at all. Insight into how recycling systems form and develop is limited in current research, but may provide a better understanding for how to increase recycling rates. This paper utilises the technological innovation system framework to identify key functions from 1910 to 2010 that enabled ELV iron recycling in Sweden. Initiatives for improving capabilities to recycle other materials are also discussed. Results indicate that early structural changes in the steel industry were crucial. Subsequently, ELV iron could be utilised by this industry through build-up of an increasingly specialised ELV system. We argue that reproducing the key functions that enabled ELV iron recycling may serve to increase recycling rates also of other ELV materials.

Effects of Lead Exposure and Genetic Polymorphisms on ALAD and GPx Activities in Brazilian Battery Workers

Lead (Pb) is a toxic metal that is widely used by metallurgical industries such as car battery recycling. Exposure to the metal may modify the redox status of the cells and consequently result in changes in activities of important enzymes such as delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Similarly, genetic polymorphisms may modulate the activities of enzymes related to detoxification processes of the metal and may modify Pb body burden. Therefore, the aims of the present study were (i) to evaluate the correlation between blood lead levels (BLL) and activities of the enzymes ALAD and GPx, and (ii) to determine whether activities of these enzymes may be influenced by polymorphisms in ALAD and GPx genes in Brazilian automotive battery workers chronically exposed to Pb, as well as the effects of these polymorphisms on BLL. Our study included 257 participants; BLL were determined by inductively couple plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the activities of the enzymes ALAD and GPx were quantified spectrophotometrically; and genotyping of ALAD (rs1800435) and GPx-1 (rs1800668) polymorphisms was performed by TaqMan assays (real-time polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR). Significant negative correlations were found between BLL and ALAD activity. Subjects who carried at least one polymorphic allele for ALAD gene displayed markedly lower ALAD activities, while no significant effect was observed regarding GPx-1 polymorphism and activity of the same enzyme. Further, ALAD and GPx-1 polymorphisms exerted no marked influence on BLL. Taken together, our results showed that BLL affected ALAD but not GPx activities, and these were not modulated by polymorphisms in ALAD and GPx gene. Further, the rs1800435 SNP showed a tendency to modulate ALAD activity, while the rs1800668 SNP did not modulate GPx activity in Brazilian automotive battery workers exposed to Pb.

NoSQL Database Modeling for End-of-Life Vehicle Monitoring System

Korea was legally set to car recycling rate to 95% from 2015. Also EU has enacted the law for car recycling. Accordingly, the monitoring system that stores and manages the data generated by the End of Life Vehicle (ELV) are needed. The parts information of the ELV is quite a lot, the information contained sub-components are very many. When building a monitoring system database on an RDBMS, there are some limitations such as constraint of the storage capacity, wasting space, and complex operations. The aim of this paper is to present and implement a NoSQL Database system using MongoDB in order to deal and manage huge data and information. At the end of the paper, we analyze the performance difference between the proposed database system and the existing database system using the statistical analysis.

The Research of Scrapped Automobiles Recycling and Disassembling Industry Development Based on Auto Industry Chain

2 Torch high technology industry development center of Ministry of science and technology, Beijing 100045, China Abstract. The number of China's scrapped car is on an explosively growing trend, and the development of scrapped car recycling industry has a golden prospect. The current scrapped car recycling system is not perfect in our country, because related industries driven by market develop slowly, and there are some outstanding problems such as potential safety risks, environmental pollution and resource waste. The paper analyzes and studies the existing problems and countermeasures to investigate the development strategy of scrapped car recycling industry according to the whole automobile industry chain construction, technology and equipment conditions, policy guidance, etc. and at last explore the new industrial development pattern of serving automobile reverse design.

Recycling plastics from automotive shredder residues: a review

Automotive shredder residue (ASR) is an inevitable by-product of car recycling, i.e. removal of all liquids and hazardous or valuable components from the car and shredding of the hulk, followed by the recovery of steel, iron, and non-ferrous scrap. The European Union (EU) ELV Directive requires attaining higher recovery and recycling rates, resulting in a reduction of the amount of ASR going to landfill. The most plausible methods to achieve a considerable reduction of ASR are as follows: either recycling of separated materials and dismantled bulky parts, such as bumpers, dashboards, cushions, and front and rear windows, or else systematic sorting of the commingled and size-reduced materials, resulting from shredding. After a brief comparison of the actual situation in the EU, the USA, and Japan, the characteristics of actual ASR are reviewed, as well as some of the most prominent efforts made to separate and recycle specific fractions, such as polyolefins, ABS, or polyurethane. Attention is paid to some major players in the EU and to some of the pitfalls that besiege these ventures.