Recycled Asphalt Mixtures Research Articles

Effect of Recycled Asphalt Mixture and Solid Waste-Based Solidification Materials on Performance of Cold-Regenerated Asphalt Mixture

In this study, an aging asphalt mixture was regenerated by a waste-based rejuvenator and cemented by solid waste-based solidification materials (SSMs). A splitting test, wheel tracking test, and three-point bending test were conducted to evaluate the properties of the regenerated asphalt mixture (RAM). The results reveal that the properties of the asphalt mixture were not diminished or were moderately enhanced by the 30% substitution of RAP. With the substitution of RAP to 100%, the splitting tensile strength, dynamic stability, and splitting strength ratio were decreased by 13%, 15%, and 5%, respectively. With the 100% substitution of SSMs for cement, the compressive strength, dynamic stability, flexural strain, and splitting strength ratios of the RAM were increased by 40%, 32%%, 14%, and 8%, respectively. The lightweight components can be supplemented, and low-temperature deformation and interlayer flowability can be improved by the incorporation of the rejuvenator. The generation of hydrated calcium silicate and ettringite for SSMs is greater than those of cement. The massive generation of ettringite has been observed to increase the solid phase volume by 120%, which may facilitate a more complete filling of the remaining pores in the RAM due to water evaporation. The regeneration and cement on green and the high performance of the rejuvenator and the SSM markedly enhanced RAM performance.

Evaluation on tension-compression anisotropic behavior of recycled asphalt mixture

The utilization of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is the effective way to improve resource conservation and reduce energy consumption. The asphalt mixture is a kind of typical anisotropic pavement materials due to its heterogeneity in composition and microstructure. This could lead to the differences of mechanical response between the tensile and compressive direction. However, there are limited researches to study the effect of RAP on the tension-compression anisotropic behavior of asphalt mixture. The strength, modulus and fatigue resistance tests are carried out and different loading modes are adopted. The results show that the tension-compression anisotropic behavior is more prominent with the increase of RAP content. The regenerant served as a kind of typical additive could alleviate this effect. In addition, the result of dynamic modulus test shows that the tension-compression anisotropic behavior has an increasing trend with the decrease of frequency and the increment of temperature. The ranking of fatigue life is opposite for the direct tensile and compressive loading mode, and the fatigue life ratio of compression to tension also show positive relation with the RAP content. Due to the difference in the stress mode, the fatigue life between the indirect tensile loading and four-point bending loading also show opposite trend, and the indirect tensile fatigue life has a larger discreteness.

Experimental Investigation and Statistical Analysis of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Mixtures Incorporating Nanomaterials

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) materials are used as substitutes for new materials in asphalt pavement construction, leveraging the engineering and commercial benefits of the aged binders and aggregate matrixes in RAP. These asphalt mixtures impart significant variations in volumetric properties and asphalt mixture characteristics. The current study investigates the Marshall properties, moisture susceptibility, and rutting behavior of 24 recycled asphalt mixtures developed with nanosilica and nanoclay. RAP material percent, nanomaterial content, binder grade, and extra binder were considered the factors influencing asphalt mixture performance. The above factors were analyzed using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to predict the Marshall and volumetric properties. Also, this investigation covers the moisture susceptibility and rut characteristics of recycled nanomaterial-modified Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) mixes developed with Viscosity Grade 30 (VG-30) and Polymer-Modified Bitumen-40 (PMB-40). The chemical additive Zycotherm was used to develop WMA mixes. The test results indicate that adding RAP material at higher percentages and modifying the binder with nanomaterials affected moisture susceptibility with reduced moisture damage. Recycled nanosilica-modified HMA mixes developed with PMB-40 at higher RAP percentages reported higher tensile strength ratio (TSR) values in contrast with VG-30 mixes, indicating their greater susceptibility toward moisture-induced damage. The rutting potential of all of the recycled asphalt mixture combinations was enhanced by densely packed aggregate structures optimized with nanomaterials, total binder content, and RAP materials developed using the Marshall method. Overall, the nanosilica-modified recycled asphalt mixes developed with PMB40 at higher RAP percentages showed better performance in terms of strength and durability.

Study on the correlation between homogeneity of mastic and aggregate skeleton on cracking resistance of recycled asphalt mixtures

ABSTRACT The heterogeneous distribution of mastics and aggregates affects the durability of recycled asphalt pavements through cracking and failure behaviour. This study used force chain network analysis to quantify the homogeneity index of stress transfer and established correlations between this homogeneity and the cracking resistance of recycled asphalt mixtures. The results showed a good correlation of 0.8288 between the horizontal homogeneity index DH2, based on the area ratio of RAP and virgin aggregates, and fracture energy Gf. Additionally, the stress transfer efficiency index DH had a significant correlation of 0.7975 with Gf. Bending Beam Rheological tests revealed a high correlation of 0.9507 between the low-temperature performance index S/m and Gf, and a moderate correlation of 0.6115 between the homogeneity index Dm of blended mastics and the coefficient of variation of Gf. Thus, this study established a model that correlated the homogeneity of blended mastic and mixtures with the crack resistance of recycled asphalt mixtures, achieving a correlation coefficient of 0.8492 between the predicted and actual results. These findings enhance the understanding of the relationship between mixture homogeneity and mechanical properties, advancing virtual design technologies for recycled asphalt mixture design.

Fabrication of High-Performance Asphalt Mixture Using Waterborne Epoxy-Acrylate Resin Modified Emulsified Asphalt (WEREA)

Existing research shows that using waterborne epoxy resin (WER) instead of emulsified asphalt as the binder for cold mix asphalt (CMA) can enhance the rutting resistance, high-temperature performance, fracture performance, and early performance of CMA. In order to eliminate the potential drawbacks such as insufficient strength and low-temperature performance of CMA during application, a novel method was proposed in this study for the preparation of waterborne epoxy-acrylate resin (WER), specifically tailored to modify emulsified asphalt, resulting in waterborne epoxy-acrylate resin emulsified asphalt (WEREA). The modification effect of WER on emulsified asphalt was evaluated through rheological tests and direct tensile tests. A modified design method based on the conventional Marshall design method was proposed to determine the optimal mix proportions, including the key parameters of specimen compaction and curing. The results revealed that the incorporation of WER led to a substantial improvement in the complex shear modulus and a concurrent decrease in the phase angle. When the temperature exceeded 60 °C, the phase angle exhibited a diminishing trend, indicative of a reduced viscosity as temperatures escalated. As the WER content increased, a decrease in the direct tensile strain rate was observed, accompanied by a substantial elevation in direct tensile strength. At various stress levels, the shear strain of WEREA decreases with increased content of WER, indicating that the incorporation of WER can enhance the hardness of emulsified asphalt and improve its deformation resistance. The results from MSCR tests indicate that WER could significantly improve the elasticity and hardness of emulsified asphalt, transitioning it from a viscoelastic material to an elastic material, thereby improving its deformation resistance, resistance to rutting, and high-temperature performance. The results of fatigue life are consistent with those of the amplitude sweep, both reflecting the improvement of resistance to deformation of emulsified asphalt by WER. This indicates that WER has a significant improving effect on the fatigue resistance of emulsified asphalt. Furthermore, the Marshall design tests further confirmed the advantages of WEREA in asphalt mixtures. The optimal preparation for the WEREA mixture was proposed as follows: double-sided compaction for 50 times each, aging at 60 °C for 48 h, optimal moisture content of 5.14%, cement content of 2.5%, and emulsion content of 8.4%. The optimal mix proportions identified through these tests yielded asphalt mixtures with significantly improved stability, reduced flow value, and enhanced rutting resistance compared to the hot-mix asphalt mixture (HMA) of AC-16. These findings suggest that WEREA has the potential to significantly enhance the durability and longevity of asphalt pavements. For future applications, it can be explored for use in producing cold recycled asphalt mixtures. In addition to designing the WEREA mixture according to AC-16 gradation, consideration can also be given to using a gradation with a smaller nominal maximum aggregate size for the application in the surface layer or ultra-thin wearing course.

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Low-Temperature Behavior of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures in Seasonal Freeze-Thaw Regions

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Low-Temperature Behavior of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures in Seasonal Freeze-Thaw Regions

Research on Gradation Optimization of AC-16 Recycled Asphalt Mixture Based on Embedded Extrusion Principle

Research on Gradation Optimization of AC-16 Recycled Asphalt Mixture Based on Embedded Extrusion Principle

Enhancing waste asphalt durability through cold recycling and additive integration

The longevity of waste asphalt can be considerably improved through cold recycling techniques combined with various additives. This research investigates the cold regeneration of aged asphalt concrete using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Portland cement, cationic bitumen emulsion, and additional aggregates. The primary goal is to evaluate the performance enhancements in terms of average density, compressive strength, water resistance, and swelling across different mix compositions. Three distinct mixtures were formulated and assessed. Mix No. 1, composed solely of RAP, showed the lowest average density and highest swelling, indicating poor performance due to the lack of binding agents. Mix No. 2, which incorporated RAP, Portland cement, and water, exhibited the highest density and compressive strength, highlighting the crucial role of Portland cement in improving structural integrity. Mix No. 3, a more complex mixture including RAP, aggregates, Portland cement, water, and bitumen emulsion, displayed balanced properties with enhanced moisture resistance and reduced swelling. The experimental findings emphasize the effectiveness of adding Portland cement and bitumen emulsion to improve the mechanical and durability characteristics of recycled asphalt mixtures. Specifically, Mix No. 2 and Mix No. 3 demonstrated significant performance improvements, making them suitable for road maintenance applications. This study advocates for the widespread use of cold recycling methods with additive integration to achieve sustainable and cost-effective pavement restoration solutions.

Maximizing the Utilization of the Treated RAP by a Two-Step Enhancement Method in Recycled Asphalt Mixtures

Abstract In a circular economy toward zero waste, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) as a secondary resource into new asphalt pavement is one of the important waste management strategies for circularity. In view of the issues of low RAP usage and performance variation of recycled asphalt mixtures (RAM), this paper developed a two-step treatment method to enhance the properties of the coarse RAP as aggregates by removing old mortar and to restore the properties of old mortar/fine RAP by using a rejuvenating agent. First, the aged asphalt was extracted from RAP to evaluate its aging degree. The recycled asphalt mortar was prepared with fine RAP. The changes in surface morphology of recycled asphalt mortars were characterized by a computerized tomography scan, and the influence of the rejuvenating agent on the performance of recycled asphalt mortars was evaluated by a dynamic shear rheological test and a Bending Beam Rheometer test. Finally, RAM were prepared with 60 % of the treated RAP, and their properties were evaluated, including the water stability, low-temperature, and fatigue performance. Experimental results demonstrated that the rheological behavior and low-temperature performance of the recycled asphalt mortar can be effectively recovered by incorporating an appropriate rejuvenating agent with related parameters even better than that of the new asphalt mortar. Regarding RAM that incorporated a high dosage of the treated RAP, its pavement performance can be improved, and this proves the feasibility of using a high percentage of RAP in recycled asphalt pavements.

High-quality utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixture with the enhancement of steel slag and epoxy asphalt

Achieving high-quality utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is challenging due to the subpar technical performance of aggregates and the aging of asphalt within RAP. This study investigates the use of epoxy asphalt (EA) and steel slag to enhance recycled asphalt mixtures (RAM) for superior performance and increased RAP content. The rheological performance of epoxy asphalt (EA) was evaluated using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and its curing process was analyzed. Steel slag-epoxy recycled asphalt mixtures (SRAM) with 40 %, 80 %, and 100 % RAP were prepared, and their road performance was assessed through Marshall, wheel tracking, and semi-circular bending tests. Additionally, the effects of steel slag’s surface morphology and element distribution on moisture and skid resistance were examined. The volatile organic compound (VOC) emission characteristics were also studied. The results show that EA forms a uniformly dispersed structure, providing excellent high-temperature deformation resistance. EA and steel slag significantly enhanced the road performance of SRAM, with SRAM-80 (80 % RAP, 20 % steel slag) achieving a dynamic stability of 15027 times/mm. Steel slag improved SRAM-80’s skid resistance, with a British pendulum number (BPN) of 68 and a texture depth (TD) of 0.5889 mm. Compared to 60/80 asphalt, EA reduced VOC emissions by over 75 %. Incorporating 80 % RAP and 20 % steel slag into RAM effectively utilizes RAP while enhancing performance.

Insight into the salt damage mechanism to the asphalt-aggregate interface in recycled asphalt mixtures at different salt environments using molecular dynamics and DFT simulations

In coastal areas, the complex salt environment poses new challenges to the interfacial stability and service durability of hot recycled asphalt pavements. To investigate the influence mechanism of salt environment on the adhesion properties of asphalt-aggregate interface, this study employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) to analyze the interfacial interaction energy, molecular diffusion behavior, component distribution, and molecular electrostatic property at asphalt-aggregate interface. The results show that as the content of aged asphalt increased, the interaction between asphalt and anions (Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻) is weaker than that with cations (Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺). H₂O causes the aromatics, saturates and resins to move away from the interface. Cl⁻ causes the saturates to further move away from the interface, while Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ bring the aromatics closer to the interface. Due to the greater polarity of SO₄²⁻, it moves the resins closer to the interface. With increasing aged asphalt content, the number of hydrogen bonds between asphalt and SiO₂ increases from none to some, thus enhancing the interfacial adhesion. However, this adhesion becomes more susceptible to salts. The aging effect redistributes the charge of asphalt molecules, concentrating negative potentials on the carbonyl and sulfoxide functional groups located on the outside of molecules. This increases the polarity of the asphalt molecules, making them more susceptible to salt ion attack. These findings contribute to the understanding of the adhesion properties of recycled asphalt mixtures in extreme salt environments.

Aggregate uniformity of recycled asphalt mixtures with RAP from refined decomposition process: Comparison with routine crushing method

In consideration of skyrocketing price in pavement materials and ever-increasing attention to environment preservation, the utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) into asphalt mixtures has gained more and more favor. However, the uniformity of virgin and RAP aggregate in recycled asphalt mixtures (RAM) has not yet been studied due to the difficulty in informational extraction of multi-structures. To address this, white dolomite was used as virgin aggregate to be distinguished from RAP aggregate based on their color difference. The shear gyratory compactor specimens of RAM were prepared and saw-cut, and then meso-structures including virgin aggregate, RAP aggregate and asphalt mortar were extracted using digital image processing (DIP) technology. The DIP processes mainly involved retention of blue channel for image graying, newly proposed double-threshold OTSU method for image segmentation and image morphology processing. The aggregate uniformity index (AUI) was proposed based on the coefficient of variation of aggregate area ratio. The influences of RAP that were pre-processed by refined decomposition (RD) and routine crushing (RC) and its content on the aggregate uniformity were evaluated. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the improved DIP approach, as evidenced by the maximum mean absolute error between laboratory-measured and image-estimated gradation that is lower than 7.8 %. The addition of RAP into asphalt mixtures is adverse to the aggregate uniformity. The higher the RAP content, the inferior the aggregate uniformity of RAM, which attributes to the agglomeration of RAP materials. RAP agglomeration leads to the heterogeneity of RAP aggregate and thus dominates the heterogeneity of the whole aggregate. Therefore, the aggregate uniformity of RAM produced by RD-RAP is superior to that produced by RC-RAP. The superior degree is 9 %.

Investigating agglomeration behavior of recycled asphalt mixtures in mixing stage using discrete element method

The inclusion of clusters in recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) materials has a substantial negative impact on the mechanical properties, particularly affecting the homogeneity formation in recycled asphalt mixtures. Hence, it is imperative to gain insight into the agglomeration and dispersion of RAP materials during the mixing stage. Due to experimental limitations, this study opted for the discrete element method (DEM) as an alternative approach to simulate the mixing process of hot recycled asphalt mixtures containing RAP clusters. The impact of RAP cluster sizes and aging degree was examined. Parameters for the parallel bond model were determined through static loading and stacking angle tests, while contact bond number and dispersion coefficients were calculated to assess the agglomeration and dispersion behaviors of hot recycled asphalt mixtures. The results indicated that an increase in total bond number and a decrease in RAP-RAP bonds demonstrated the formation of new clusters during the mixing process. A critical cluster size (7.1 mm in this study) was identified, requiring more mixing effort for dispersion. Although following the same principle, the influence of aging degree on RAP materials was found to be significant.

Study on the Road Performance and Compaction Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced High-RAP Plant-Mixed Hot Recycled Asphalt Mixtures.

Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) mixtures are widely adopted due to their significant economic and social benefits from utilizing pavement recycling materials. This study incorporates basalt fibers (BF) and polyester fibers (PF) into plant-mixed hot recycled asphalt mixtures to analyze their enhancement effects on the high-temperature, low-temperature, and fatigue performance at different RAP content levels. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of fiber and RAP additions on the compaction characteristics of the mixtures using gyratory compaction tests, aiming to increase the RAP content of plant-mixed hot recycled asphalt mixtures. Experimental results demonstrate that at 30% and 50% RAP content levels, basalt fibers exhibit more pronounced enhancement effects on the performance of recycled asphalt mixtures compared to polyester fibers. Incorporating basalt fibers increases the fracture energy of recycled asphalt mixtures by 8.63% and 13.9%, and improves fatigue life by 154% and 135%, respectively. Moreover, the addition of both types of fibers increases compaction difficulty, with polyester fibers showing a more significant influence on the compaction energy index (CEI).

Experimental study on creep-fatigue damage of hot central plant recycling asphalt mixture containing high RAP

The objective of this study is to delve into the nonlinear damage evolution mechanism of hot central plant recycling asphalt mixture under the influence of creep-fatigue interaction. A predictive model for lifespan, considering the interaction of temperature and load, was developed. Dynamic creep tests were conducted at different temperatures to assess the creep effect of the asphalt mixture under actual road temperature conditions. The investigation began by acknowledging the material's viscoelastic properties, thereby deriving the loss compliance value - a key indicator of temperature effects - using an equivalent conversion factor and a viscoelastic mechanics model. This allowed for the incorporation of creep behavior into the load system. Furthermore, to analyze the nonlinear damage mechanism and fatigue prediction mechanism, direct tensile fatigue tests were performed at different temperatures and different stress levels. The fatigue damage evolution law of hot central plant recycling asphalt mixture containing high RAP considering the creep effect was revealed, and the fatigue life evaluation method under the combined action of temperature and stress level was proposed. The results show that the fitting degree of the time-temperature conversion equation and the viscoelastic mechanics model to the test data is more than 0.9, and the derived loss compliance value better captures the creep effect. Based on the nonlinear creep-fatigue damage model, the damage law of high-RAP hot central plant recycling asphalt mixture was identified. The optimized fatigue life prediction model fully considers the combined effect of temperature and stress level and analyzes the influence parameters of the real state of pavement fatigue. The prediction accuracy is within the requirements of engineering applications. The model's predictive accuracy meets the criteria for engineering applications, enhancing the multifaceted damage coupling analysis approach for hot central plant recycling asphalt mixture and predict the service life of recycled pavements under complex conditions, establishing a groundwork for the prediction and assessment of long-lasting recycled pavements.

Enhancing self-healing of asphalt mixtures containing recycled concrete aggregates and reclaimed asphalt pavement using induction heating

Given the growing demand for sustainable road construction materials, this research aims to evaluate the synergistic effects of incorporating recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures. Induction heating was also utilized to enhance the self-healing ability of asphalt mixtures, with the intention of prolonging their lifespan and mitigating environmental impacts. This research assessed the pavement performance of recycled asphalt mixtures (RAM) with different RCA and RAP dosages. The induction heating performance, cooling performance, and effective heating depth of RAM were tested. Lastly, the cumulative healing efficiency of the RAM was evaluated under multiple "fracture-healing" conditions. Findings indicated that the inclusion of RCA and RAP negatively influenced the water stability, high-temperature deformation resistance, and crack resistance at low temperatures of the RAM. However, when the RCA content was 20 % and the RAP content did not exceed 20 %, the road performance of the RAM met the requirements. The contents of the RCA and RAP had no discernible effect on the RAM's induction heating capability. Moreover, when the RCA content was 20 % and the RAP content did not exceed 10 %, the effective heating depth of the RAM could reach 50 mm. Using fracture energy recovery rate as the healing index, after three cycles of "fracture-healing", the RAM with 20 % RCA achieved the highest cumulative healing efficiency of 291 %. The cumulative healing efficiency of recycled asphalt mixtures with 20 % RCA and 10 % RAP was close to that of normal asphalt mixtures. This research contributes to reducing the consumption of non-renewable resources, minimizing environmental impact, and maintaining or even improving the performance of asphalt pavements by optimizing the use of RCA and RAP.

Research on the Preparation and Performance of Biomimetic Warm-Mix Regeneration for Asphalt Mixtures

To determine the formula for biomimetic warm-mix regeneration and fulfill the requirements of a “high waste asphalt mixture content, high quality, and high level” for its usage in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), this paper first determined the suitable preparation process and formula for biomimetic warm-mix regeneration based on orthogonal experiments and a gray correlation analysis. Then, the optimum dosage of the warm-mix regenerant was determined by a uniaxial penetration test, low-temperature splitting test, and freeze–thaw penetration test. The rutting test was conducted to characterize the high-temperature performance of the asphalt mixture. The Immersion Marshall Test and the freeze–thaw splitting test were used to characterize the water stability of the recycled asphalt mixture. The low-temperature small beam test was employed to study the low-temperature performance of the recycled asphalt mixture. The asphalt’s short-term and long-term aging processes were simulated using the rotary thin-film oven test (RTFOT) and the pressure aging test (PAV). The action mechanism of biomimetic warm-mix regeneration was revealed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, a comprehensive thermal performance test was conducted on the aged asphalt after biomimetic warm-mix regeneration. The results showed that the self-made biomimetic warm-mix regeneration agent exhibited an excellent regenerative effect on RAP and significantly reduced the mixing temperature of the styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt mixture. In addition, the self-made biomimetic warm-mix regeneration agent effectively improved the high- and low-temperature performance of the recycled asphalt mixture, but had no noticeable effect on the water stability. The suggested dosage of the biomimetic warm-mix regeneration agent was 6%, and the mixing temperature was 130 °C. The microscopic chemical analysis revealed that biomimetic warm-mix regeneration restored the performance of aged asphalt by supplementing the light component. The change rules of the chemical functional groups and the comprehensive thermal properties of the recycled mixture showed a good correlation with the change rules of its high- and low-temperature performance.

Investigation of damage and crack characteristics of epoxy modified recycled asphalt mixtures based on a three-dimensional meso-heterogeneous model

Epoxy asphalt has excellent fatigue resistance, making it a valuable addition to recycled asphalt mixtures. However, the lack of sufficient understanding of the cracking mechanism in epoxy-modified recycled asphalt mixtures (EMRAM) hinders its widespread application. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the damage and crack characteristics of EMRAM based on a three-dimensional meso-heterogeneous model. The coarse aggregates were first randomly generated using the secondary Delaunay algorithm. Meanwhile, the fracture parameters of each component material and asphalt-aggregate interface in EMRAM were tested through three-point bending tests and direct shear tests, respectively. Cohesive zone model elements were then inserted at the aggregates, asphalt mastic, and interfaces between different materials to establish a three-dimensional meso-heterogeneous model of EMRAM. Finally, based on the established model, the damage degree of each composition material in EMRAM was quantitatively analyzed to identify the vulnerable aspects of EMRAM during the crack propagation stage. Optimization strategies were proposed accordingly. The results demonstrated that the model established in this study can accurately represent the meso-heterogeneous of EMRAM and effectively simulate its cracking behavior. EMRAM was more susceptible to developing internal damage within the aggregates, followed by relatively noticeable damage at the interface and the internal regions epoxy-modified fine aggregate mastic. The cracking resistance of EMRAM showed a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing with an increase in the volume fraction of coarse aggregates with a size above 4.75 mm. The optimal range for the volume fraction of coarse aggregates in EMRAM was within 35–44 %. The fracture energy of EMRAM was improved by more than 30 % after gradation optimization compared to EMRAM with gradation at the median value of AC20. Within the designed service life, EMRAM durable pavement can save at least 30 % more in economic costs compared to ordinary asphalt concrete pavement.

Enhancing low-temperature crack resistance: A method for establishing meso-models and evaluating steel fiber-reinforced hot recycled asphalt mixtures

In recent years, there has been a growing trend in utilizing fibers to improve the crack resistance of asphalt mixtures. However, the examination of steel fiber’s impact on the crack resistance mechanism of hot recycled asphalt mixture remains limited. Steel fibers, characterized by its high strength, toughness, and robust self-healing properties, presents a promising avenue for enhancing the low-temperature performance of hot recycled asphalt mixture. This study investigates the macro- and micro-mechanisms underlying the low-temperature crack resistance of steel fiber-reinforced hot recycled asphalt mixture, to address significant deficiencies in their crack resistance at low temperatures. Five different schemes of steel fiber content (0.1 %, 0.2 %, 0.3 %, 0.4 %, and 0.5 %) were examined, and a three-dimensional numerical model of semi-circular bending (SCB) was constructed utilizing PFC3D (three-dimensional particle flow software). By converting and calibrating macro and micro parameters, meso parameters were defined within the model, yielding SCB simulation results for AC-16 and SMA-16 steel fiber hot recycled asphalt mixture. To evaluate the influence of steel fiber content on the low-temperature crack resistance of the hot recycled asphalt mixtures, fracture energy (Gf), crack resistance index (CRI), and balanced cracking index (BCI) were introduced as evaluation criteria. The simulation outcomes affirm that the disparity between the results of the three-dimensional virtual strength test and those of the indoor strength test remains within 6 %, thus validating the model’s viability. Notably, the failure cracks observed in AC-16 and SMA-16 hot recycled asphalt mixtures predominantly manifest at the interface between the asphalt mortar and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP). After the addition of steel fibers to these mixtures, the fracture energy (Gf) peaks at a steel fiber content of 0.3 %, showing increases of 41.46 % for AC-16 and 32.38 % for SMA-16, respectively. The optimal steel fiber content for both AC-16 and SMA-16 hot recycled asphalt mixtures, as determined by CRI and BCI, was found to be 0.3 %. Beyond the threshold of 0.3 %, the crack resistance diminishes. These findings may enhance the cracking performance of hot recycled asphalt mixture.

Study on the strength composition mechanism and interface microscopic characteristics of cold recycling asphalt mixture

Study on the strength composition mechanism and interface microscopic characteristics of cold recycling asphalt mixture