Recycling Activities Research Articles

Investigation of the Effect of Recycling Activities on the Awareness Levels of Pre-School Students

Bu çalışmada amaç, geri dönüşüm ile ilgili yapılan etkinliklerin okulöncesi 5-6 yaş grubu çocuklarının geri dönüşüm farkındalıklarına etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışma, 2020-2021 akademik yılında Bitlis ili Tatvan ilçesindeki bir anaokulunda 4 kız 5 erkek toplam 9 öğrenci ve aileleri ile yürütülmüştür. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması kullanılarak yapılan araştırmada görüşme ve gözlem tekniği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel analiz tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın öğretme-öğrenme sürecinde, okul öncesi sınıfında bulunan merkezler için atık materyallerden oyun ve oyuncak üretilmiştir. Bu merkezler geçici ilgi merkezi, müzik merkezi, dramatik oyun merkezi, fen merkezi, blok merkezi, kukla merkezidir. Bu merkezlerde kullanmak üzere atık materyallerden oyuncak tasarlanarak, bu oyuncaklarla oynanarak birçok farklı öğretme-öğrenme yolu birlikte kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda genel olarak öğrencilerin okulda yapılan geri dönüşüm etkinlikleri öncesinde geri dönüşüm hakkında bilgileri olmadığı, aileleri ve çevreleri ile bu konuda iletişim kurmadıkları görülmüştür. Okul öncesi eğitim kurumunda planlanan etkinlikler uygulandıktan sonra, öğrencilerin geri dönüşüm ile ilgili farkındalıklarının arttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Informal E-waste Recycling and Related Challenges: Evidence from an Exploratory Survey in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

The informal electronic waste recycling sector is a major contributor to livelihoods for a large population of unemployed people in developing countries. However, informal e-waste collectors operate under precarious environments which expose them to health risks which may have lasting impacts on their wellbeing. This survey has analysed e-waste collection, levels of awareness and operational challenges amongst informal e-waste workers in Jos (Nigeria). The study made use of questionnaire-administered interviews and 103 respondents participated in the survey. Most respondents were predominantly men, and majority had high school and tertiary education. Reclaimed e-wastes included electric irons (59.6%) and cables (57.7%); DVDs (49%); as well as TV and radio sets (42.3%). Furthermore, respondents travelled longer distances to access various collection points and buyback centres where their recovered waste items are sold for income-generating purposes. However, respondents also mentioned several illnesses which afflict them, of which body pains (37%) and headaches (46%) were the most frequent. The survey found no statistically significant relationships between respondents in terms of their willingness to recycle e-wastes, participate in improved recycling activities, and the challenges experienced in their daily activities. To overcome some the operational challenges in the informal ewaste activities, a few recommendations have been mentioned.

:La villa dopo la villa 2: Trasformazione di un sistema insediativo ed economico nell’Italia centrale tra tarda Antichità e Medioevo

:<i>La villa dopo la villa 2: Trasformazione di un sistema insediativo ed economico nell’Italia centrale tra tarda Antichità e Medioevo</i>

Environmental and economic performances of municipal solid waste management strategies based on LCA method: A case study of kinshasa

Like many populated urban agglomerations in Africa, Kinshasa, the capital of Democratic Republic of Congo, faces several challenges to manage its exponentially growing Municipal Solid Waste. With its 12, 000, 000 people daily generating 7800 tons of Municipal Solid waste, the city still struggles with basic services such as waste collection and sanitary landfill. This causes major social, environmental and health related issues. With the aim of contributing to the implementation of a better management system in Kinshasa, this study evaluates the environmental impact and the cost of the existing waste management framework and proposes 6 alternative scenarios. Each scenario attempts to optimize Greenhouse gas emissions and cost, using the Life Cycle Assessment approach. Results show that the current municipal solid waste management in Kinshasa city emits 640,673 tons of CO2 equivalent per year and costs a total of 17, 776, 169.78USD yearly. Focusing on increasing waste collection coverage and recycling activities in the proposed 6 scenarios, scenario 4 where all municipal solid waste is collected, produces 4,042,402 tons of CO2 equivalent per year and costs 143, 296, 983.4 yearly. In scenario 7, considered the most optimized management model for Kinshasa in this study, municipal solid waste is valorized through different treatment processes and atmospheric pollution reaches 2,835,491 tons of CO2 equivalent yearly, with a management cost of 152, 790, 779.4 USD/year. This study finds that the optimization of the Municipal Solid Waste management system in Kinshasa city causes the atmospheric pollution in terms of CO2 equivalent to decrease by half, when all waste is collected. Landfill diversion rate reaches up to 70%, but the overall MSW management cost increases by almost eight times as much as the current operational cost. The optimization of the management system is done by increasing waste collection coverage and implementing diverse streams of waste valorization. Despite the wide use of the Life Cycle Assessment method in waste management and decision making, this method has not yet been, to the best knowledge of the authors, applied in estimating Greenhouse gas emissions and cost of the Municipal Solid Waste in the specific context of Kinshasa city.

Research on Demand Forecasting Information Sharing Strategy of Closed-Loop Supply Chain considering Advertising Effect

Based on the uncertain market demand, this paper studies the sharing strategy of each main body of the closed-loop supply chain for demand prediction information and introduces the variable of advertising effect into the model. Firstly, this paper constructs a manufacturer-led Stackelberg game model based on a two-level closed-loop supply chain. Secondly, the manufacturer advertising mode and the retailer advertising mode are set up, and the influence of information sharing is discussed in each advertising mode. Finally, the conclusion and the proposition are verified by example analysis. The results show that in terms of advertising, manufacturers prefer retailers to undertake, and retailers’ willingness is related to the mode of information sharing. In order to achieve a “win-win” situation by sharing information, certain conditions should be met. The advertising effect is helpful to increase product demand, retail price, advertising investment level, and profits of manufacturers and retailers and also promote recycling activities. However, the impact on wholesale price will vary with different advertising subjects.

Equilibrium analysis of transaction modes and recycling channels in a closed-loop supply chain with an online platform

Due to resource shortages and environmental protection, recycling of used products and remanufacturing have attracted more attention. This paper develops a game-theoretic model to investigate a key question the supply chain members are facing: When should the platform use the agency mode instead of the traditional reselling mode, and when should the manufacturer outsource recycling activities to the platform instead of recycling by himself? The results demonstrated the following: it is better for the manufacturer to outsource the recycling activities (recycle by himself) to the platform if the platform uses the agency mode (reselling mode); for the platform, the best choice is always the agency mode no matter what the recycling channel is; as a result, the equilibrium outcome will be the case where the platform uses the agency mode while the manufacturer chooses to outsource the collection of used products to the platform. This equilibrium leads to the highest recycling ratio, but does not guarantee the supply chain members get the highest but also is not the lowest profits. This study sheds light on how the decisions of transaction modes and recycling channels interact with each other and demonstrates the impact of such interactions on the platform, the manufacturer and the consumers. Furthermore, the results can help one to identify the most appropriate transaction modes and recycling channels for the platform and the manufacturer respectively.

Recycling of Plastic Food Packages: A Case Study with Finnish University Students

Recycling, depositing, and proper discarding of plastics are significant means to reduce plastics in the environment. The purpose of this study was to monitor both the type and amount of plastic food packages recycled, reused, and discarded in Finnish households with at least one university student. The participating students came from various universities of applied sciences. They participated in courses related to sustainable food systems at Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences. In total, 785 approved participants from 363 households took part in one-week monitoring. The focus was to quantify the number of food packages used and specify how the respondents handled the food packages after use. This study shows that the recycling rate of plastic packages in Finnish households was 61%. Bigger households produce less packaging waste per person than one- or two-person households. Furthermore, the recycling activity in single-person households was lower than for two- and three-person households. The Finnish deposit system for drink packages encourages people to recycle packages. This reduces municipal waste. Recycling requires knowledge of the plastic material used in food packages.

E-waste in Vietnam: a narrative review of environmental contaminants and potential health risks.

Informal electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities contribute to releasing hazardous compounds in the environment and potential exposure to humans and their health. These hazardous compounds include persistent organic pollutants (POPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. This review searched papers addressing hazardous compounds emitted from e-waste recycling activities and their health effects in Vietnam. Based on the keywords searched in three electronic databases (PubMed, Psych Info, and Google scholar), we found 21 relevant studies in Vietnam. The review identifies extensive e-waste dismantling activities in Vietnam in the northern region. To measure the environmental exposure to hazardous compounds, samples such as e-waste recycling workshop dust, soil, air, and sediments were assessed, while human exposure levels were measured using participants' hair, serum, or breast milk samples. Studies that compared levels of exposure in e-waste recycling sites and reference sites indicated higher levels of PBDEs, PCBs, and heavy metals were observed in both environmental and human samples from participants in e-waste recycling sites. Among environmental samples, hazardous chemicals were the most detected in dust from e-waste recycling sites. Considering both environmental and human samples, the highest exposure difference observed with PBDE ranged from 2-48-fold higher in e-waste processing sites than in the reference sites. PCBs showed nearly 3-fold higher levels in e-waste processing sites than in reference sites. In the e-waste processing sites, age-specific higher PCB levels were observed in older recycler's serum samples. Among the heavy metals, Pb was highly detected in drinking water, indoor soil and human blood samples. While high detection of Ni in cooked rice, Mn in soil and diet, Zn in dust and As in urine were apparent. Exposure assessment from human biomonitoring showed participants, including children and mothers from the e-waste processing areas, had higher carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks than the reference sites. This review paper highlights the importance of further comprehensive studies on risk assessments of environmentally hazardous substances and their association with health outcomes at e-waste processing sites.

Challenges of implementing extended producer responsibility for plastic-waste management: lessons from India

PurposeIn the transition towards circular economy and sustainable development, effective implementation of extended producer responsibility (EPR) legislation is crucial to prevent plastic-waste generation and promote recycling activities. The purpose of this study is to undertake a qualitative analysis to examine recent EPR policy changes, implementation, barriers and enabling conditions.Design/methodology/approachIn-depth interviews and group discussions with key stakeholders were undertaken to derive the barriers and facilitators of EPR implementation. Based on opinions and insights from a wide range of participants, this study identified a number of key issues faced by various parties in implementing EPR in India.FindingsStakeholders agree on a lack of clarity on various policy aspects, such as mandatory approval of urban local bodies, registration of recyclers/waste processors and consistency in the definition of technical terms. This paper provides useful policy inputs to address these challenges and to develop comprehensive EPR policy systems. More consultation and deliberation across various stakeholders is required to ensure the policies are effective.Practical implicationsIndia’s plastic-waste generation has increased at a rapid pace over the past five years and is expected to grow at a higher rate in the future. This research provides implications for policymakers to formulate coherent policies that align with the interests of brand owners and recyclers. Clear policy suggestions and improvements for effective plastic-waste management in India are also outlined.Originality/valueThis paper, based on a qualitative approach, contributes to research on plastic-waste management by integrating the perspectives of all EPR-policy stakeholders in India.

Hybrid shipyard concept for improving green ship recycling competitiveness

This article presents the concept of a hybrid shipyard, a new idea in shipyard design that integrated ship recycling activity into a conventional shipyard. The essence of this hybrid concept is resource sharing and maximising facility utilisation. This article describes the issues arise in ship recycling yards and related works taken to overcome the problems. It also describes the basic process of each segment and includes the relevant aspects of yard facilities and layout based on the previous literature. Furthermore, the shipyard capacity was analysed to explore the available resources in conventional shipyards to adapt ship recycling. Lastly, this article provides insight into the prospect of the hybrid concept to improve ship recycling yard competitiveness.

Electrospun Co Nanoparticles@PVDF-HFP Nanofibers as Efficient Catalyst for Dehydrogenation of Sodium Borohydride.

Metallic Co NPs@poly(vinylidene fluoride-co- hexafluoropropylene) nanofibers (PVFH NFs) were successfully synthesized with the help of electrospinning and in situ reduction of Co2+ ions onto the surface of PVFH membrane. Synthesis of PVFH NFs containing 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate was achieved. Physiochemical techniques were used to confirm the formation of metallic Co@PVFH NFs. High catalytic activity of Co@PVFH NFs in the dehydrogenation sodium borohydride (SBH) was demonstrated. The formulation with 40 wt% Co proved to have the greatest performance in comparison to the others. Using 1 mmol of SBH and 100 mg of Co@PVFH NFs, 110 mL of H2 was produced in 19 min at a temperature of 25 °C, but only 56, 73, and 89 mL were produced using 10, 20, and 30 wt% Co, respectively. With the rise of catalyst concentration and reaction temperature, the amount of hydrogen generated increased. By raising the temperature from 25 to 55 °C, the activation energy was lowered to be 35.21 kJ mol-1 and the yield of H2 generation was raised to 100% in only 6 min. The kinetic study demonstrated that the reaction was pseudo-first order in terms of the amount of catalyst utilized and pseudo-zero order in terms of the SBH concentration. In addition, after six cycles of hydrolysis, the catalyst showed outstanding stability. The suggested catalyst has potential applications in H2 generation through hydrolysis of sodium borohydride due to its high catalytic activity and flexibility of recycling.

Identification of sustainable practices applied to ship recycling

Ship recycling activity plays a significant role for the circular economy by enabling the recovery of materials such as ferrous and non-ferrous scrap. However, the absence of efficient hazardous waste management and good health and safety conditions in some places has triggered action from the international community. Thus, regulations were created to establish requirements for operational safety and environmental protection. However, there is a lack of studies that identify the main sustainable practices applied in this sector, which can guide countries interested in operating in this segment. This study aims to identify the sustainable practices of the ship recycling supply chain to be developed in Brazil and analyze their relationships. Through the literature review, 27 sustainable practices were identified. A questionnaire was applied with the participation of 128 specialists from the maritime, naval, and oil sectors. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were applied to identify sustainable practices and validate the structure of the theoretical model, respectively. The results showed that management practices have the most relevance for the establishment of the ship recycling supply chain, followed by collaborative practices. The strong positive relationship between these two groups of sustainable practices shows that as recycling companies and facilities are gearing up for this activity, collaborations and interactions between stakeholders will emerge. This research contributes to the limited literature regarding studies that address sustainable supply chain management in developing countries with a focus on ship recycling. In addition, it highlights aspects that can help in the formulation of regulations, awareness, and the development of strategies to implement good practices in Brazil and around the world.

A lifelong journey of lead in soil profiles at an abandoned e-waste recycling site: Past, present, and future

Heavy metal pollutants resulting from human activities consistently move from the topsoil to the subsoil profiles under the influence of rainfall leaching. This study intends to predict the long-term transport of heavy metals at an abandoned e-waste recycling site with respect to historical pollution activities, land use, and metal pollutant dynamics. Our results showed that the site was seriously contaminated with heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the soil profiles. More specifically, Cu and Zn accumulated primarily in the upper layers of the soil profile owing to their weak mobility, while significant migration of Cd and Pb was observed in the deeper soil layers. Furthermore, to clarify the fate of Pb in soil profiles, Pb isotopes and the Hydrus model were used to trace the sources of Pb contamination and predict its long-term distribution. The Pb isotope results suggest that past e-waste recycling activities significantly contributed to the heavy metal concentration in the soil profiles; however, other anthropogenic sources such as vehicle exhaust had smaller impacts. Moreover, our model findings predicted that within the next 30 years, 60% of Pb contaminants will be concentrated in the surface soil. Together these results provide a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for evaluating, controlling, and remediating abandoned e-waste recycling sites.

Occurrence and distribution characteristics of PCBs and PBDEs in farmland soils adjacent to electronic circuit board dismantling ruins

The Nanwan village, a green ecological village in Taizhou city, is used as a recycling area (recycling for heavy metal) for electronic circuit boards and as crushing and stacking sites of waste circuit boards for nearly 20 years from 1980s to 2000s. At present, although the e-waste recycling activities in Taizhou city have been effectively controlled, and many areas polluted by the e-dismantling activities have been gradually remediated except Nanwan village. Nanwan village seems to have been forgotten for its special geographical location, which has attracted our attention because of its ecological and food safety issues. Accordingly, the content of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the surface soil around the ruins and four edible agricultural crops were investigated. The main conclusions are as follows: among the four dismantling ruins and surrounding soil samples investigated, the content of Σ20PCBs in vegetable field topsoil of 2(20) is 1,321.3 ± 132.1 μg kg−1; the content of Σ8PBDEs in the paddy soil of 3(1S) is 7,216.9 ± 232.0 μg kg−1; biological toxicity events are likely to occur frequently in 2(20) and 3(1S). PCBs and PBDEs have both horizontal diffusion in distance and vertical diffusion in depth. The lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of PCBs and PBDEs are at a low risk level, except for the non-carcinogenic risk of PCBs for children in 3(1S). The lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of PCBs and PBDEs in the edible parts of garlic, ginger, mung beans, and oranges were all at acceptable or negligible levels.

Ecological Role of &lt;i&gt;Onthophagus taurus&lt;/i&gt; (Schreber) in Soil Nutrient Mobilization

Dung beetles play a major role in the pasture ecosystem. The manure recycling activity of dung beetles is linked to their tunneling behavior. The present study was designed to analyze the tunnel pattern and nutrient mobilization by dung beetles, Onthophagus taurus (Schereber, 1759) in different soil types. A simple type of tunnel pattern was observed in all the four types of soil after 30th day of their introduction (10 pairs of male and female) into the experimental setup. However, the maximum number of tunnels was observed in the sandy and sandy clay loam (no. of openings - 15), followed by loamy soil (no. of openings -13). The physical (texture, water holding capacity, porosity, moisture content) and chemical parameters (pH and nutrients) of all the four types of soils were evaluated. Soil texture analysis revealed the texture to be of sandy (yellow soil), sandy clay loam (red and black soil), and loamy sand (brown soil) types. Water holding capacity and the soil porosity were recorded highest in the sandy soil, whereas moisture content was found maximum in the sandy clay loam. Soil nutrient analysis illustrated a significant increase in the amount of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), potassium (K), organic carbon and organic matter. Thus, the present study confirms that tunneling activity of O. taurus enhances the soil nutrients by carrying out dung decomposition.

Technological and market aspects of vegetable production on a farm

Purpose: The article analyzes the market for technologies used to support production processes in directed agriculture. The state of vegetable farming in Poland was analyzed and references were made to the country’s market and economic potential in relation to vegetable cultivation. Also analyzed were the directions of distribution of vegetables on a national and international scale. The vegetable farm surveyed in the case study has been cooperating with a chain of super and hyper markets for several decades. Design/methodology/approach: The subject of observation and profitability assessment included industry reports, technological flowcharts and price calculation using methods of calculating the arithmetic mean based on VAT invoices provided by the surveyed business entity. The presentation and detailed examination of available data took the form of tables and bar charts which were justified descriptively. The source of information for this paper was the subject literature, statistical data and many studies of the Central Statistical Office and Eurostat, reports in the industry section, an interview with the owner of a vegetable farm, an analysis of financial documents made available by the business in question as well as the author’s own observation. The business’s characteristics, revenues, costs and sales market were examined. Also, the machine park of the surveyed business and the level of employment therein were analyzed over the years. Findings: The surveyed farm produces goods for over 10 months a year, which significantly affects the continuity of supplying the customer with fresh vegetables. The article presents the characteristics of the farm and analyzes the production possibilities for individual vegetables. Manufacturing large quantities of goods requires an adequate supply of warehouse space, vegetable processing halls and the necessary human resources. The surveyed farm has been recording a steady increase in investment opportunities as well as introduction and improvement of recycling and ecological activities. Research limitations/implications: The analysis was limited to one vegetable farm. Keywords: cost, production, agricultural machinery, cultivation, tractor. Category of the paper: research paper.

Food companies' innovations in creating sustainable product packaging on the Polish market

The emergence of the problem of creating and implementing sustainable food packaging is forcing companies to implement innovations in this area. Changes in the approach to the production of sustainable packaging should take into account environmental, social and financial aspects. The introduction of modern technologies is becoming a natural part of companies' production processes. Awareness of ongoing changes in the spheres of production innovation, technology, IT and communication can contribute to the creation and implementation of sustainable food packaging. The aim of this article is to identify and define innovative activities of food companies in the creation and implementation of sustainable product packaging. The objective included refers to one of the United Nations' objectives - Goal 9: 9.B - Support technological development, research and innovation in developing countries through enabling policies. In addition to the objective, a research hypothesis was included and a research problem was defined. The research used the CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) interview method, and the CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) method. The research tool used was a survey questionnaire. The research addressed, among other issues, the use of raw materials and materials used in the production of packaging, the impact of packaging on transport costs, packaging recycling activities and ways of placing information on packaging. The final section of the article discusses the results of the research and identifies recommendations for future research directions.

Circular economy without chemicals controls? Evidence of recirculated toxic plasticizers in flexible PVC products

The global push towards a circular economy (CE) has led to increasing efforts to improve resource utilization efficiency, including plastics recycling. However, the presence of additives, especially those that are toxic, complicates plastics recycling in several ways. Without sufficient controls, the spread of hazardous additives via recycling activities represents a significant public health challenge, particularly among developing nations. This study demonstrates evidence of such uncontrolled recycling, based on an investigation of four household flexible PVC product groups available in Thailand. A versatile pyrolysis/thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py/TD-GC-MS) method was employed to simultaneously screen 18 target plasticizers in these products. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) are the most frequently detected primary plasticizers. DEHP is dominant in vinyl boots, flooring sheets, and hoses, while DINP is dominant in cable sheaths, likely due to a spill-over effect from the EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive. Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are secondary plasticizers that are also detected in most samples, except for boots. The other plasticizers detected include other ortho-phthalates and non-phthalates. These results provide insight into combinatory patterns of plasticizer ‘cocktails’, that comprise restricted, as-yet-unrestricted, and non-restricted plasticizers, embedded in the same individual samples, with a maximum of seven plasticizers found in a single cable sheath. These findings indicate the existence of potentially risky recycling practices that target embedded plasticizers to save cost, without due consideration of their inherent toxicity. Proper interventions are necessary to ensure that CE and chemical safety can be synergized.

A Deep Trash Classification Model on Raspberry Pi 4

Environmental pollution has had substantial impacts on human life, and trash is one of the main sources of such pollution in most countries. Trash classification from a collection of trash images can limit the overloading of garbage disposal systems and efficiently promote recycling activities; thus, development of such a classification system is topical and urgent. This paper proposed an effective trash classification system that relies on a classification module embedded in a hard-ware setup to classify trash in real time. An image dataset is first augmented to enhance the images before classifying them as either inorganic or organic trash. The deep learning–based ResNet-50 model, an improved version of the ResNet model, is used to classify trash from the dataset of trash images. The experimental results, which are tested both on the dataset and in real time, show that ResNet-50 had an average accuracy of 96%, higher than that of related models. Moreover, integrating the classification module into a Raspberry Pi computer, which controlled the trash bin slide so that garbage fell into the appropriate bin for inorganic or organic waste, created a complete trash classification system. This proves the efficiency and high applicability of the proposed system.

Pemanfaatan Barang Bekas dalam Pembuatan Media Pembelajaran

Learning media plays an important part in teachings. However, if there is no learning media, the teaching activity will still continue to run but the results will be less than the maximum. The less maximum teaching activity that goes without learning media result from the limits of educationalists' delivery of information. For that reason, learning media is better to use in teaching activity for maximum results. Learning media has a various form and function. Learning media could be anything that can be used to help educationalists in presenting study materials or knowledge. In this study the research talks about the utilization of used items in the manufacture of learning media. in the manufacture of learning media, there is 2 process, The reuse of used items and scrap recycling. The recycling activity in order manufacturing of learning media can be costumized according to the learning's needs. The needs are teacher's ability, student's ability, and also the conformance to the study materials. Learning media that made by used items are made in such a way to meet the requirements to become the worth using learning media.