Recyclable Liquid Research Articles

Thermodynamic and exergy evaluation of a novel integrated hydrogen liquefaction structure using liquid air cold energy recovery, solid oxide fuel cell and photovoltaic panels

High specific energy consumption (SEC) and its high cost of manufacturing are among the main problems in the hydrogen liquefaction industry. In this paper, an integrated structure for liquid hydrogen production using liquid air energy recycling, fuel cells, carbon dioxide power generation cycle, and photovoltaic (PV) panels is developed and exergetically assessed. To liquefy the hydrogen gas are utilized six compression refrigeration cycles with hydrogen and helium refrigerants. The compressed liquid air is used for the precooling of the hydrogen liquefaction process. After the cold energy recovery from liquid air, it is heated by the waste heat load of the refrigeration cycle and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and then enters the gas turbine and fuel cell, respectively. The fuel cell output hot stream is used to supply heat to the power generation cycle and preheat the fuel cell inlet stream. This integrated structure generates 1,028 kg/h liquid hydrogen by receiving 60.79 kg/h natural gas and 5.559 MW power from solar panels under the climatic conditions of Yazd, Iran. The specific energy consumption of the hydrogen liquefaction process, SOFC efficiency, and carbon dioxide power generation cycle efficiency are obtained as 5.955 kWh/kgLH2, 62.96%, and 44.06%, respectively. Integrating the refrigeration structure with the process core is performed in the form of hot and cold composite diagrams. The exergy assessment indicates that the highest exergy destruction occurs in solar panels (81.37%), heat exchangers (7.60%), and turbines (4.73%), respectively. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the integrated structure exergy and SOFC efficiencies decrease to 52.9% and 62.3%, respectively when the inlet liquid air mass flow rate increases from 7,400 kg/h to 10,200 kg/h. The power supplied by solar panels and SEC of hydrogen liquefaction process increase up to 5,599 kW and 6.1 kWh/kg LH2, respectively with a decrease of pumped liquid air pressure from 80 bar to 40 bar.

Metal- and Solvent-Free Transesterification and Aldol Condensation Reactions by a Homogenous Recyclable Basic Ionic Liquid Based on the 1,3,5-Triazine Framework.

A new recyclable basic ionic liquid was introduced as an efficient catalyst for aldol condensation and transesterification reactions under environmentally friendly conditions. The catalyst was prepared based on methyl imidazolium moieties bearing hydroxide counter anions via the Hofmann elimination on a 1,3,5‐triazine framework. The ionic liquid with two functionalities including anion stabilizer and high basicity, was used as an efficient catalyst for aldol condensation as well as transesterification reaction of a variety of alkyl benzoates. All reactions were performed in the absence of any external reagent, co‐catalyst, or solvent, in line with environmental protection. The kinetics isotope effect (KIE) was conducted for the transesterification reaction to elucidate the mechanism and rate determining step (RDS). It worth noted that, the homogeneous catalyst could be recycled from the reaction mixture and reused for several consecutive runs with insignificant drop of basicity and conversion.

Switchable carbamate coagulants to improve recycling ionic liquid from biomass solutions

A reversible amine-carbamate approach has been developed to reduce the use of antisolvents such as water in the coagulation of biopolymers from ionic liquid (IL) solution and thus improve the economy of IL recycle. Cellulose and chitin were recovered from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) solution by introducing the miscible amines triethanolamine (TEA), ethylenediamine (EDA), or butylamine (BA) and bubbling CO2 at 40 °C and atmospheric pressure through the solutions to form carbamate salts in situ which resulted in biopolymer coagulation. BA gave the best results because of its low boiling point and low viscosity, which benefited both biopolymer recovery and IL recycle. Cellulose films and fibers could be formed by extrusion of an MCC/[C2mim]‐[OAc] solution into a coagulating bath comprised of a 1:1 M mixture of [C2mim][OAc] and butylammonium butylcarbamate (BA-carbamate). The cellulose, IL, amine, and CO2 were easily separated, although the cellulose recovered required some water washings to remove traces of IL. Up to 96.4% of the [C2mim][OAc] could be recovered, 76.2% from the coagulation bath and 20.2% from the water washings. The recycled IL was suitable for another cycle of cellulose dissolution and extrusion and 84.6% of the IL used for the second cycle was recovered. Although further work is needed, not the least of which will be reducing the amount of water needed for washing steps, some promising features of this process point the way for new directions for more economically viable IL recycling processes in biomass treatment with ILs.

Fabrication of thin-film composite membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration by mixed monomeric polymerization on ionic liquid/water interfaces

In this study, we developed a novel ionic liquid (IL) assisted method to fabricate polyamide/poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) thin-film composite (TFC) membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). The porous PMIA membrane substrates with a pore size range of 7–11 nm were cast from dope solutions prepared by an environmentally benign IL [EMIm][OAc]. While the selective layer was synthesized on the PMIA surface via interfacial polymerization (IP) between amine monomers (i.e., piperazine and polyethyleneimine) in the aqueous phase and aromatic acyl chlorides (i.e., phthaloyl chloride and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic chloride) in the IL [BMIm][Tf2N] phase. The effects of the concentrations of each monomer on the separation performance of the TFC membranes were investigated. Results showed that a suitable selection of mixed monomers in IP dramatically boosted the total permeance (0.6 vs. 2.15 L m−2h−1bar−1) without sacrificing a high rejection to congo red (99.4% vs. 99.9%). Importantly, the TFC membrane prepared with ILs showed nearly 3 times improvement of the permeance than that prepared with n-hexane as the organic phase solvent and maintained high rejections (>99%) for both congo red and vitamin B12. This improvement is probably due to the high viscosity of the IL reduced the diffusion rate of the monomers in the organic phase and thus slowed down the interfacial reaction, making the selective layer much thinner and less cross-linked. The optimal membranes also exhibited strong tolerance to various organic solvents with good stability during the 54-h OSN tests. Positron annihilation spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were also used to shed light on the enhanced separation performance due to ILs. Furthermore, the TFC membranes prepared by using recycled IL phase still exhibited a good separation performance. Accordingly, our results manifested the great potential and sustainability of the IL-assisted method to fabricate TFC membranes for practical OSN application.

Preferential Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash Using a Recyclable Ionic Liquid.

Recent global geopolitical tensions have exacerbated the scarcity of rare-earth elements (REEs), which are critical across many industries. REE-rich coal fly ash (CFA), a coal combustion residual, has been proposed as a potential source. Conventional REE-CFA recovery methods are energy- and material-intensive and leach elements indiscriminately. This study has developed a new valorization process based on the ionic liquid (IL) betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Hbet][Tf2N]) for preferential extraction of REEs from different CFAs. Efficient extraction relies on [Hbet][Tf2N]'s thermomorphic behavior with water: upon heating, water and the IL form a single liquid phase, and REEs are leached from CFA via a proton-exchange mechanism. Upon cooling, the water and IL separate, and leached elements partition between the two phases. REEs were preferentially extracted over bulk elements from CFAs into the IL phase and then recovered in a subsequent mild-acid stripping step, regenerating the IL. Alkaline pretreatment significantly improved REE leaching efficiency from recalcitrant Class-F CFAs, and additional betaine improved REE and bulk element separation. Weathered CFA showed slightly higher REE leaching efficiency than unweathered CFA, and Class-C CFA demonstrated higher leaching efficiency but less selective partitioning than Class-F CFAs. Significantly, this method consistently exhibits a particularly high extraction efficiency for scandium across different CFAs.

Recyclable Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticle-Supported Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids for Heterogeneous Lewis Acid Catalysis

Recyclable Magnetic Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticle-Supported Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids for Heterogeneous Lewis Acid Catalysis

Liquid level control in a recycle loop

A liquid tanks-in-series recycle process is analysed for the effect of the material balance (or inventory) control system (structure and tuning) on dynamics and stability. Two control structures, CS1 and CS2, differing only in the throughput manipulator (TPM) location, are systematically analysed. CS1 has a conventional TPM at the fresh feed flow while CS2 has the TPM at the total (fresh + recycle) flow. Analysis shows that CS2 dynamics can be an order-of-magnitude faster than CS1 for a high recycle fraction (R) and a large number of tanks (N). PI level control (LC) in CS1 may result in high frequency ‘ringing’ and potential instability even with conservative individual LC tuning. CS2, on the other hand, is always stable. Furthermore, all control structures with the TPM inside the recycle loop are dynamically agile and stable, similar to CS2. The work clearly illustrates that slow (or even unstable) dynamics in CS1 due to the positive feedback introduced by liquid recycle can be avoided by moving the TPM inside the recycle loop and bringing in the fresh feed as a make-up stream, as in CS2. This is further corroborated through dynamic results for a realistic reactor–separator–recycle process where the plantwide response with the TPM inside the recycle loop is about 5 times faster than a conventional TPM at the fresh feed.

Low-temperature synthesis of kerosene- and diesel-range fuels from waste plastics using natural potash catalyst

The current study tested the hypothesis of whether the low-temperature catalytic cracking of waste plastics would generate carbon fules using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer by potash as a novel catalyst for both energy recovery and carbon recycling. We applied a one-stage pyrolysis reactor system with a 75 min reaction time to observe the highest yield at a low temperature range of 70–170 °C. The effects of the potash and zeolite catalysts, temperature, and catalyst–polymer ratio on the pyrolysis liquid yield and hydrocarbon contents were determined. The mineral concentration of potash was analyzed semiquantitatively using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The ICP-OES demonstrated that nine metals, in the order of K > Na > Fe > Si > Mg > Al > Cu > Ca > Ni, were predominant in the potash. GC–MS analysis of the liquid products showed that major catalytic cracking molecules are C11 to C20 as kerosene- to diesel-range liquid. Potash catalyst produced an average liquid conversion of 34.7% at a catalyst ratio of 30 wt% over a distillate temperature range of 76–140 °C, whereas zeolite generated 19.5% at the same catalyst ratio over 90–120 °C. Although the two catalysts favored mainly olefinic products, a higher potash ratio promoted a smaller carbon products with a purer composition. Our experiments demonstrated that the new natural potash catalyst could convert waste plastics into kerosene to diesel range of valuable and recyclable liquid products as potential renewable fuel sources for carbon recycling.

Effect of pH on the performance of an acidic biotrickling filter for simultaneous removal of H2S and siloxane from biogas.

Acidic biotrickling filters (BTF) can be used for simultaneous removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and siloxane from biogas. In this study, the performance of a BTF under different acidic pH conditions was investigated. The removal profile of H2S showed that 90% of H2S removal was achieved during the first 0.4 m of BTF height with down-flow biogas. Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) removal decreased from 34.5% to 15.6% when the pH increased from 0.88 to 3.98. Furthermore, the high partition coefficient of D5 obtained in under higher pH condition was attributed to the higher total ionic strength resulting from the addition of sodium hydroxide solution and mineral medium. The linear increase in D5 removal with the mass transfer coefficient (kL) indicated that the acidic recycling liquid accelerated the mass transfer of D5 in the BTF. Therefore, the lower partition coefficient and higher kL under acidic pH conditions lead to the efficient removal of D5. However, the highly acidic pH 0.9 blocked mass transfer of H2S and O2 gases to the recycling liquid. Low sulfur oxidation activity and low Acidithiobacillus sp. content also deteriorated the biodegradation of H2S. Operating the BTF at pH 1.2 was optimal for simultaneously removing H2S and siloxane.

Utilizing Recyclable Task-Specific Ionic Liquid for Selective Leaching and Refining of Scandium from Bauxite Residue.

Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted great interest in the field of extractive metallurgy mainly because they can be utilized in low temperature leaching processes where they exhibit selectivity and recyclability. A major drawback in mixed aqueous-IL systems, is IL dissolution in the aqueous phase, which leads to IL losses, increasing the overall processing cost. This study advances the method for recovering scandium (Sc) from bauxite residue (BR) using as leaching agent the IL betainium bistriflimide, [Hbet][Tf2N] mixed with water, which has been reported in previous publications. Ionic liquid leachate (IL-PLS) was prepared by leaching BR with a mixture of [Hbet][Tf2N]-H2O and subjected to different stripping experiments using hydrochloric acid. The advancement, presented in this work, is related with the optimization of the metal extraction (stripping) from the IL-PLS, where an aqueous solution with high Sc concentration and minimum metal impurities and minimum IL co-extraction is produced. It is further proven that the metal cation extraction is defined by the stoichiometry of the acidic solution and the dissolution (losses) of the IL in the aqueous phase can be minimized by adjusting the volume ratio and the acid concentration. A two-step stripping process described, achieves the selective increase of Sc concentration by 8 times in the aqueous solution, while maintaining cumulative IL losses to similar levels as the optimum 1 step non-Sc selective stripping process.

Phase separation of an ionic liquid mixture assisted by a temperature gradient

To aid in the recycling of ionic liquids, a method that takes advantage of capillary phenomena at small scales is presented. The phase separation is performed in a temperature gradient by the joint effects of sedimentation and thermocapillary actuation. This gives rise to a complex three-dimensional flow structure, which is quantitatively captured by our model.

Ionothermal synthesis of AlPO-34 membranes on macroporous α-Al2O3 supports without using organic template

Continuous and compact AlPO-34 molecular sieve membranes were successfully synthesized on the outer surface of macroprous tube α-Al2O3 supports under secondary ionothermal growth with the proposed wetting seed layer. The recyclable ionic liquids (ILs) can both act as solvent media and the structure-directing agent (SDA) of the aiming topological structure of CHA, largely reducing the wastewater. Wetting the seed layer could accelerate the diffusion of ILs to the surface of the support and further increase the binding force between the membrane and the support. Compared with the open system, the closed system led to the achievement of the high-quality AlPO-34 membrane. The H2 permeance of the resulting membrane was 9.74 × 10−8 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 and the ideal selectivities of H2/CO2, H2/N2, H2/CH4, H2/C3H8 and H2/i-C4H10 were 7.48, 8.54, 14.67, 39.25 and 65.83, respectively, which were higher than Knudsen diffusion ratios. The obtained membrane was firstly explored for the PV dehydration of isopropyl alcohol (90 wt%)/water mixtures, exhibiting good performance with the separation factor of 147 and high water flux of 1.09 kg m−2 h−1.

Permeabilization of Haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids

Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) microalgae are well known for their high content of astaxanthin, which is a super potent antioxidant with various remedial effects. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proposed as a promising solvent to permeabilize the robust microalgal cell wall for an effective extraction of bioactive compounds. Nonetheless, the removal of ILs from the extracted compounds requires the additional treatment steps that complicate the overall extraction process and the recycling of ILs. To address these shortcomings, we demonstrated a sustainable extraction system that utilizes CO2-based alkyl carbamate ILs to permeate H. pluvialis cells and extract astaxanthin. This class of ILs is readily distillable for an easy recovery of ILs from the extraction medium. Among the tested CO2-based alkyl carbamate ILs [dimethylammonium dimethylcarbamate (DIMCARB), dipropylammonium dipropylcarbamate (DPCARB), dibutylammonium dibutylcarbamate (DBCARB) and diallyammonium diallycarbamate (DACARB)], DIMCARB gave the best performance of astaxanthin extraction. The optimized extraction conditions [100% (w/w) of DIMCARB, 75 min and 45 °C] resulted in the high yield of astaxanthin (27.99 mg/g). The capability of DIMCARB to permeabilize the amorphous trilayered structure of cell wall was verified by the presence of pores on the cell surface of H. pluvialis as shown in the microscope images. The performance and recyclability of DIMCARB extraction system were also evaluated by conducting three successive rounds of astaxanthin extraction with the recycled DIMCARB solutions. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of the extracted astaxanthin was well retained, showing that this type of distillable IL was suitable for the extraction of phytonutrients from algal source.

Miniaturized application of 3D‐printed large‐flow microreactor in extraction and separation of platinum, palladium and rhodium

AbstractProblems of long extraction time, large footprint, low single‐stage extraction efficiency, and complicated production processes in solvent extraction equipment in recycling of modern industrial precious metal waste liquids are addressed and application of miniaturized equipment to hydrometallurgy is proposed in this study. A 3D‐printed multichannel microfluidic reactor will likely replace traditional extraction equipment. The reactor was applied to experiments concerning tributyl phosphate extraction and separation of platinum, palladium and rhodium precious metal ions in a hydrochloric acid system. Results showed that, under the conditions of a ratio of 1:1 and a flow rate of 192.5 mL min‐1 (processing capacity of 1.5L h‐1), the extraction rates of platinum and palladium are 84.26% and 96%, and the separation coefficient is βPt/Rh and βPd /Rh is 132.35 and 753.5,moreover, the optimized extraction rate of platinum and palladium in the reactor increases by 2% and 1%, respectively. Hence, the extraction effect of this reactor is better than conventional industrial single‐stage extraction (extraction time 12min, platinum extraction rate 87.43%, palladium extraction rate 90.86%, separation coefficients βPd/Rh and βPt/Rh are only 65.3 and 45.7). In summary, compared with conventional extraction, microreactor extraction can increase the separation coefficient, shorten the extraction time, and the total processing capacity can reach the industrial production level. In addition, this study also discussed the influence of microreactor structure optimization on the extraction effect. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

Design and evaluation of a novel system for the flue gas compression and purification from the oxy-fuel combustion process

The process of flue gas compression and purification is essential for oxy-fuel combustion, because of its significance in determining the quality of the CO2 product. Based on the difference of dew points between CO2 and acid contaminants, a novel system, which integrated the partial CO2 recirculation with the flue gas purification, was proposed and evaluated in this study. The simulation results confirmed that a CO2 stream with a purity of 99.9% could be achieved, and the distillate after treatment in SO2 and NO absorbers could be directly recycled back to the boiler. The performance of CO2 recovery was enhanced by elevating the condensing pressure to 3.0–4.0 MPa. Besides, there was a critical ratio between the recycled CO2 liquid and the raw flue gas for the abatement of contaminants, which was 11.0 L/m3. Furthermore, the performances of SO2 and NO removal were investigated. The efficiencies of SO2 and NO abatement could be more than 99% when the reaction pressures were 0.5 MPa and 1.5 MPa separately. Besides, a critical molar ratio of SO2 to NO in the raw feeding flue gas was determined, and the removal of SO2 was restrained when the SO2/NO molar ratio increased over the critical point. As for the NO abatement, the continuous re-oxidation of NO released from the dissociation of HNO2 was dominant in the NO absorber, and the performance of NO removal was dramatically enhanced with the presence of NO pre-oxidation at low reaction pressures.

A novel sequential ultrasound-rhamnolipid assisted [EMIM]OAc pretreatment for enhanced valorization of invasive Cogongrass to bioethanol

Cogongrass, one of the most invasive pest species worldwide, was considered as a promising bioresource for second-generation ethanol production. For the first time, it was successfully valorized to bioethanol using a novel sequential ionic liquid pretreatment assisted by synergistic effects of ultrasound irradiation and biosurfactant impregnation. The biomass was sonicated (50 and 100 W, 20 kHz) for 15 and 30 min, suspended in rhamnolipid solution (1, 2, and 3% w/w), and finally pretreated with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole acetate at 120 °C. Enzymatic digestibility of the regenerated biomass substantially enhanced by ~ 1.2-fold, upon a fast and low-intensity sonication (15 min, 50 W) followed by impregnation with the diluted rhamnolipid solution (2% w/w). Accordingly, non-isothermal simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the pretreated Cogongrass by fungus M. hiemalis led to a maximum ethanol yield of ~ 195 (g/kg dry substrate), which was almost 1.6-fold higher than that obtained from the conventionally ionic liquid pretreated biomass. Comprehensive semi-quantitative analyses of the biomass together with FTIR and FESEM measurements revealed major improvements in surface area, surface hydrophilicity, pore sizes and volumes, cellulose crystallinity, and morphological features following the pretreatment. The findings may also provide a promising approach for enhanced recycling of the expensive ionic liquid and lignin in a biorefinery framework; however, more investigation should be dedicated to this subject.

Facile depolymerization of microcrystalline cellulose in ionic liquid medium catalyzed by carbon materials as catalysts

This study highlights novel approach for complete utilization of cellulose using metal immobilized modified activated carbon M-ACS and metal immobilized cellulose composite M ​− ​C in ionic liquid medium. Catalytic activity of the system was improved using metal immobilized modified activated carbon with varying impregnation ratios (0.5–25 ​wt%) respectively. Maximum yield of Total reducing sugars (TRS) was 64.68% and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) was 54.76% using Chromium immobilized modified activated carbon catalyst (15 ​wt%) in a reaction time of 60 ​min ​at 120 ​°C. Also, Chromium immobilized cellulose composite i.e. Cr–C: 20 ​wt% gave maximum 48.78% (TRS) and 39.67% (5-HMF) yield under similar operating conditions. Results revealed that metal immobilized cellulose composite M ​− ​C also gave appreciable product yield but at a lower rate than M-ACS. Also, the efficacy of cellulose pretreatment was evaluated using acids and results were found to be significant and effective. To understand hydrolysis rate during isomerization and dehydration steps, synthetic glucose and fructose solutions of varying concentration (3–45 ​wt%) were used. Complete utilization of cellulose with suitable acidity of the process has been proposed i.e cellulose solubilization without compromising with 5-HMF yield. Recyclability of catalyst, composite and ionic liquid at 1 ​atm pressure facilitate the economical and feasible production of TRS and 5-HMF. Development of environment friendly and economical ionic liquid/catalyst system can be considered as a potential alternative for the conversion of cellulose to bio-based products.

Alcohol Production from Carbon Dioxide: Methanol as a Fuel and Chemical Feedstock

Summary Production of renewable alcohols from air, water, and sunlight present an avenue to utilize captured carbon dioxide for the production of basic chemicals and store renewable energy in the chemical bonds of liquid fuels. Of the technologies that utilize CO2 directly, CO2 electrolysis, as well as CO2 hydrogenation coupled with H2O electrolysis, have the benefit of requiring only CO2, H2O, and renewable electricity as inputs with O2 as a sole byproduct. Among alcohols, renewable methanol has seen the most development and analysis in the chemical industry because it is currently a syngas-derived product that could be adapted for direct CO2 utilization. In this perspective, we compare renewably powered CO2 electrolysis and CO2 hydrogenation with the incumbent methanol production method from syngas from a cost and CO2 life cycle perspective by analyzing recent literature to identify the research goals that enable further scale-up. Survey of the industry shows that CO2 hydrogenation is among the closest CO2 utilization technologies to large-scale deployment. We further discuss these CO2 hydrogenation systems and the catalysts that drive them, with recommendations to drive further development and scale-up.

Ionic liquid-based salting-out extraction of bio-chemicals

Ionic liquids (ILs) are known as green solvents, and have been widely used in the dissolution and transformation of biopolymers, the extraction of bioactive compounds and metal ions, and the capture of SO2 or CO2. However, less attention was given to the separation of bio-based chemicals, such as diols and organic acids. Bio-based chemicals can be efficiently separated by organic solvent-based salting-out extraction (SOE) from fermentation broths, while organic solvents are normally unfriendly to environment and process safety in commercialized production due to their toxicity or/and flammability. In recent years, the IL-based SOE system has been explored in the separation of bio-based chemicals as an alternative of organic solvent-based SOE system. In this review, the progress of IL-based SOE of bio-based chemicals has been summarized, including the effect of ILs structure on the formation of aqueous two phases, and the influences of ILs structure and concentration, temperature and pH on the partition behaviors of target products and ILs as well as removal of impurities. Most of bio-based chemicals could be distributed into the IL-rich phase with high recovery, while the partition behaviors of bio-based chemicals are sometimes different from that in organic solvent-based SOE systems. Although the results of IL-based SOE are promising, further studies are still required in the increased selectivity of target products over by-products, recovery and recycling of ILs, and the separation between ILs and bio-based chemicals. Additionally, three kinds of integrated bioprocesses would be developed on basis of utilization of ILs as extractant for SOE, catalyst for condensation reaction and solvent for pretreatment of lignocellulose.

One-Pot Synthesis of the Cu-SAPO-18 Catalyst Using Waste Mother Liquid and its Application in the SCR of NOx with NH3

A green and efficient way of synthesizing Cu-SAPO-18 was developed, which is characterized by the one-pot method and recycling of the mother liquid. All fresh samples synthesized with or without th...