Recycling Rate Research Articles

On the optimally controlled stochastic shallow lake

We consider the stochastic control problem of the shallow lake and continue the work of Kossioris, Loulakis, and Souganidis. First, we generalise the characterisation of the value function as the viscosity solution of a well-posed problem to include more general recycling rates. Then, we prove approximate optimality under bounded controls and we establish quantitative estimates. Finally, we implement a convergent and stable numerical scheme for the computation of the value function to investigate properties of the optimally controlled stochastic shallow lake. This approach permits to derive tails asymptotics for the invariant distribution and to extend results of Grass, Kiseleva and Wagener. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1007570414004754] beyond the small noise limit.

Optimizing recycled asphalt mixtures with zeolite, cottonseed oil, and varied RAP content for enhanced performance and circular economy impact

The pavement industry has been increasingly encouraged to adopt a more circular approach, associating economic development with a more responsible use of natural resources, due to the significant impacts that its activities impose, particularly on the environment and financial resources. One practice aligned with the circular economy trend is the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures. Several methods have been adopted to increase the amount of RAP without compromising the mechanical performance of recycled asphalt mixtures, with particular emphasis on warm mix additives and animal and vegetable oils. In this study, the incorporation of zeolite and cottonseed oil in different proportions in these mixtures was evaluated. Blending charts were used to establish the maximum recycling rates based on the critical temperatures of bio-binders formulated with cottonseed oil. For this research, two sets of recycled asphalt mixtures were analyzed: one with 15 %, 25 %, and 33 % RAP, containing 4 %, 6 %, and 10 % cottonseed oil, respectively, and another with 15 %, 25 %, and 33 % RAP, containing 0.3 % zeolite. The mixtures were evaluated for both mechanical performance and circularity aspects through an integrated analysis of mechanical properties (tensile strength, resilient modulus, moisture damage, Cantabro abrasion, flow number, fatigue life) and the Mixture Circularity Index (MCIRAM). All recycled mixtures, regardless of the type of additive, demonstrated satisfactory mechanical performance in all tests conducted. The integrated analysis of mechanical and circularity dimensions identified that the recycled asphalt mixture containing 0.3 % zeolite and 25 % RAP is the most advantageous, as it met the mechanical criteria and exhibited good environmental performance. Among the mixtures with bio-binder, the combination containing 33 % RAP and 10 % cottonseed oil exhibited superior mechanical performance and demonstrated greater circularity.

Increased recyclability of wet strengthened liquid packaging board, through synergetic effects of combining CMC and PAE – a case study in full scale

Abstract There is an ever-increasing demand for renewable, recyclable and biodegradable packaging solutions, from consumers, producers of goods, and producers of packaging materials. Closing the material loop and increasing recyclability of fiber-based package materials is one of the keys to move forward towards a more sustainable future. While the recyclability rates of fiber-based packaging are high, packaging boards with high wet-strength can pose problems due to problems with repulping. This manuscript investigated the possibilities to reduce the use of polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins (PAE) by supporting the process system with carboxy-methylated cellulose (CMC) through machine trials in mill scale production. The focus of the investigation was on the wet-strength of the board product and the repulpability value. The results given from the full-scale trial were positive, indicating a potential in using CMC while reducing the PAE addition. The results showed that wet tear strength and wet tensile strength of the board were maintained, while higher repulpability rates were given, encouraging better recyclability of the board material. This will be beneficial to the environment both with lower use of non-renewable chemicals and possibilities for higher degrees of recycling of the board products.

Solvent blends for selective elastane dissolution and recovery from mixed polyamide fabrics

The textile industry faces significant challenges in recycling of fibres from clothes due to the complex blends of natural and synthetic polymers that are used in their production. One of the challenges is the inclusion of elastane, that is added in textile constructions to provide stretch and comfort. It is generally present in small proportions, but even in such low amounts it interferes in recycling of the other polymer types in clothing. Thus, the elastane needs to be removed from textile blends to improve fibre recycling rates. The typical solvents for elastane, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMAc), are toxic and not environment friendly, which makes it difficult to handle them in large quantities. This study focuses on the selective separation of elastane from clothing by dissolution/precipitation method. It will be shown that elastane can be separated at room temperature, by mixing two solvents at a specific ratio.

Synthesis of bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate from waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) catalyzed by tin catalysts

The production scale and usage of plastics have generated significant amounts of waste especially in regards of PET which is one of the widely produced polymer worldwide, whose accumulation in the environment has become an issue despite attempts to increase its recycling rate. Herein, we applied a new group of catalysts based on organotin compounds for the depolymerization of PET waste. The obtained results showed the formation of dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), which is a commonly produced plasticizer. For this purpose, a number of organotin catalysts, including tin (II) oxalate, tin (II) bis(2-ethylhexanoate), monobutyltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate), dibutyltin oxide, and dioctyltin oxide (V) were tested. Additionally, common transesterification catalysts, such as zinc acetate and potassium hydroxide, were applied and proved less effective than the tested organotin compounds. Our results showed that among tested compounds monobutyltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate) was the most effective catalyst. Taking into account its good properties an application sample of plasticizer was synthesized on a large scale using monobutyltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate). Furthermore, the physio-chemical and plasticizing properties were determined for two types of plasticizer samples (purified and unpurified). These properties were compared with commercial DOTP, where both plasticizers had similar plasticizing properties towards PVC

Can Paper Waste Be Utilised as an Insulation Material in Response to the Current Crisis

Recently, the climate and landfill crises have raised concerns in the UK as the country is struggling to meet the sustainability goal it set to achieve. One of the major reasons is due to the inadequate recycling rate of waste paper. Therefore, as an alternative solution to the issue, the aim of our research was to exploit the potential of waste paper as an insulating material to see whether it can be feasible to improve the recycling rate of waste paper in the country. Waste paper has already been in the construction industry for a while, and the use of cellulose insulation is a standard in the Passivhaus construction approach. The study examines cellulose’s performance as an insulation material and its potential to combat the climate crisis by creating four separate comparisons and calculations using Life-Cycle Assessment and Standard Assessment Procedures. The study will investigate the benefits and limitations of the material as well as a case study to justify the use of it. A pioneer project in the field is a retrofit and new-built building project—54–58 Akerman Road in London. It utilises cellulose fibre insulation as the main material for the new-built part. The study will use this project as a context to compare whether cellulose fibre insulation is the best solution for the project. Also, the study will compare cellulose insulation with other conventional insulation materials in a more general setting as well as with the traditional paper recycling approach, by providing an indication of the carbon footprint of the insulation, the energy resources involved and the amount of raw material. By conducting the study, we can know whether recycling waste paper into cellulose insulation is the best solution to the crisis we face. This research can guide the UK’s recycling and use of waste paper, reduce paper waste and energy consumption and improve the sustainability of building insulation materials.

The Significance of the Factors Increasing the Asphalt Pavement Recycling Rate in the Country, Determined Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making Methods

Asphalt pavement, a component of transport infrastructure, deteriorates under the influence of destructive factors. The damages which have occurred during its period of use are repaired and the asphalt pavement is recycled when its further rehabilitation is economically and technically irrational. The material from the asphalt pavement layer that has reached its limit state is milled out or broken and crushed and then is repeatedly used in the production of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) or warm-mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures. In this paper, the dynamics of the percentage recycling ratio (RR) of old asphalt pavement material was investigated. RR represents the quantity of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) used in the production of HMA and WMA mixtures in Europe and the USA, divided by the total amount of RAP prepared in the country. Factors and goals affecting it are analyzed. An original system of 10 criteria that increase the RR country has been created. Decision makers do not know which factors have the maximum influence in increasing the use of RAP and this should go in connection with environmental pollution reduction and achieving economic utility. By applying different multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods and using the importance given to these criteria by 14 experts, the normalized subjective weights of the criteria were determined. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), rank correlation, average rank transformation into weight—linear (ARTIW-L) and non-linear (ARTIW-N), and direct percentage weight (DPW) methods were used in the study. The results show that the RAP recycle rate is close to 100% in countries with a sustainable economic background. In the Baltic countries, it is mostly increased by the adequacy of regulatory documents, the strategy promoting asphalt recycling in the country, and the homogeneity and classifying of RAP. The number and capacity of RAP stocks, the number and productivity of asphalt milling equipment and the wear and tear of the asphalt pavement have the least influence on the increase in RR. The opinions of experts in assessing the significance of all criteria are consistent. The averages of the weights of criteria determined by four MCDM methods (AHP, ARTIW-L, ARTIW-N, DPW) made it possible to obtain more reliable results. These results can be used to make strategic decisions and to create a plan of practical actions to increase the RAP recycling rate in the developing countries.

Mathematical modelling of terrorists re-cycle induced with backward bifurcation

In this work, we formulate a deterministic mathematical model that aims at controlling and preventing terrorism in a population. The model incorporates the prevention of the spread of terrorists in the population by imprisoning individuals caught in the act and allows for natural repentance from terrorism. The main aim of the study is to assess the effect of re-cycling terrorists on the bifurcation phenomena of the model. The model exhibits a backward bifurcation phenomenon. These may have serious implications for the design of intervention programs aiming at eradicating the menace of terrorism. When the values of the scaling factor of the re-cycling rate change from 0 to 1, the bifurcation changes from backward to forward. One or more stable endemic equilibria coexist alongside the stable terrorists-free equilibrium (TFE). It is further demonstrated that the recycling of terrorists who have repented from the terrorism act is what triggers the backward bifurcation cycle. This conclusion is important because it shows that eliminating terrorists from the population is no longer dependent on the old precondition of the basic reproduction number being less than one. The parameter of recycling is deleted, and the model is examined, to determine the reason why this model exhibits a backward bifurcation phenomenon. By taking into account the importance of the original model, this was made achievable. When the terrorists aren’t recycled, the second model will demonstrate a forward bifurcation, according to an analysis of the second model’s coefficient of bifurcation, which is negative.

Exploring advanced phycoremediation strategies for resource recovery from secondary wastewater using a large scale photobioreactor

This study aimed to investigate the operation of a 1000L microalgae-based membrane photobioreactor system in a greenhouse for continuous secondary wastewater treatment using Desmodesmus sp., a green microalgae strain originally isolated from a German sewage plant. The research spanned both summer and winter seasons, seeking to comprehend key trends and optimization strategies. Maintaining low cell concentrations in the photobioreactor during periods of light inhibition proved advantageous for nutrient uptake rates. Effective strategies for enhancing algae-based wastewater treatment included cell mass recycling, particularly during periods of high light availability. In comparison to conventional continuous cultivation methods, employing cell recycling and high dilution rates during times of abundant light, alongside using low cell concentrations and dilution rates during light inhibition, resulted in an 80 % and 10 % increase in overall biomass productivity during summer and winter, respectively. Furthermore, nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) removal rates exhibited a 23 % improvement during winter, while remaining unchanged in summer.

Facile synthesis of Co, Fe-bimetallic MIL-88A/microcrystalline cellulose composites for efficient adsorptive and photo-Fenton degradation of RhB dye

Photo-Fenton technology is effective in treatment of dye containing effluents in water under visible light illumination. The present article reports fabrication of a considerably efficient photo-Fenton catalytic system, the Co, Fe-MIL88/MCC composite, by a mild hydrothermal method. The composite containing bimetals Co2+/Co3+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ ions with coordination environments used as activators of H2O2-assited visible light photo-Fenton degradation of RhB. The effects of initial pH, catalyst dosage and H2O2 concentration on RhB decomposition were explored. Nearly 87% of RhB molecule was removed within 100 min in the Co, Fe-MIL88/MCC/H2O2/Visible system ana maintain the recyclability rate of more than 82.2% after five successive cycles. The photoinduced •O2− and •OH plays a major role in efficient removal of RhB. The excellent catalytic performance of the composite can be credited to the proficient electrons transfer by Fe2+/Fe3+ and Co2+/Co3+ redox cycles, activation of H2O2 by photoexcited electrons to generate •OH. As well, the optimal Co, Fe-MIL88 (Co/Fe in ratio 1/2 wt%)/MCC composite exhibited good recyclability and stability.

Low-carbon municipal solid waste management using bio-based solutions and community participation: The case study of cultural tourism destination in Nan, Thailand

Tourism expansion has led to increased municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, which can exacerbate environmental and societal problems if proper waste management systems are not implemented. The study develops a framework for implementing bio-based solutions (BbS) for MSW management in a cultural tourism destination, using the walking street in Nan, Thailand, as a case study. Four low-carbon waste management scenarios were assessed, including increasing recycling rates (RE), using food waste as animal feed (BbS1), using bagasse containers as a soil conditioner (BbS2), and substituting single-use plastics with bamboo products (BbS3). Results showed that the BbS1 scenario had the highest performance in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, reducing 66.3 t CO2e/year, followed by BbS2, RE, and BbS3 scenarios, which reduce GHG by about 12.3, 11, and 1 t CO2e/year, respectively. However, the BbS2 scenario has an additional benefit in returning around 84 kg N/year to the soil. Implementing the combination of RE, BbS1, BbS2, and BbS3 reduced waste to landfills by about 25.5 t MSW/year and reduced GHG emissions by 90.3 t CO2e/year. Enhancing residual waste management is recommended, which can lead to mitigation of about 164.3 t CO2e/year, or 83 % GHG emissions reduction compared to the base case.

DeCO - Guidelines for the deconstruction of recent buildings

The project “DeCO - Guidelines for the Deconstruction of recent buildings” developed standardized procedures (guidelines) for the deconstruction of recent and contemporary buildings. DeCO associated a Deconstruction Worksheet with each reference construction package, covering contemporary construction techniques almost entirely. End-of-life worksheets of the most common insulating materials complete this documentation. The authors developed practical procedures that can be used directly on site and may represent a direct and rapid impact in increasing construction material recycling and reuse rates within the perspective of Circular Economy models in the Construction sector thus reducing waste disposal. The project highlighted that deconstruction practices are more labour intensive than conventional mechanical demolition activities thus can cause an increase in estimated demolition costs while on the other hand a systematic disassembly could decrease costs and volumes of landfilling mineral CDW and can be a first step in increasing construction material recycling and reuse rates, within the perspective of Circular Economy models in the Construction sector.

Rigid Polyethylene Terephthalate Packaging Waste: An Investigation of Waste Composition and Its Recycling Potential in Austria

The need for increased recycling of plastic packaging waste (PPW) is apparent from a legal and waste management perspective and, therefore, further waste streams need to be investigated in detail in terms of their recycling potential. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) PW is already closed-loop recyclable (bottle-to-bottle recycling); however, other rigid PET PW is mainly thermally recovered. Explicit quantitative and qualitative data on rigid PET packaging waste are limited. Therefore, this study investigates the composition and packaging characteristics of rigid PET packaging waste contained in separate waste collection as well as in the mixed PET sorting stream in Austria by conducting a manual sorting analysis. Furthermore, the waste volume is projected, and the recycling potential is extrapolated according to new European recycling rate reporting formats. The results show that approximately 11% of separate collection represents rigid PET packaging waste. Most PW derives from food packaging and is transparent. Contained residues with more than 1% of the total packaging weight might negatively impact the sortability. The applicable net quantity indicator (ALR) amounts to 0.888 at the stage of sorting. The volume of rigid PET PW is extrapolated to 26–36 kt in 2020 with a high-quality recycling rate of 25%, which contributes 2.6% to the Austrian PPW recycling target of 50%.

A participatory waste policy reform for the hotel sector: evidence of a progressive Pay-As-You-Throw tariff

The hotel industry is increasingly developing voluntary measures to tackle waste generation, but they fall short of the problems faced by municipal waste services in many tourist destinations. This paper exemplifies how a collaboratively designed waste tariff reform for hotels in a tourism-intensive municipality can achieve a sustainable waste management system through stronger collective action, involving not only the hotel sector but also the city council and waste management companies. The co-created Pay-As-You-Throw tariff meets the demands of the stakeholders by establishing a progressive waste charge that penalizes hotels based on their waste generation intensity, defined as the ratio between waste flows and size. In addition, a competition system is introduced by imposing penalties (or rewards) according to whether the waste generation intensity is above (or below) the sector average during the settlement period, incentivizing waste prevention, recycling and encouraging long-term investment in sustainable waste management. The tariff is consistent with the principles of the EU’s Circular Economy Package and offers hotels a competitive advantage, while ensuring a progressive waste charging system and waste management cost recovery. Empirical results of the co-created tariff show a reduction in waste generation intensity and signs of increased recycling rates.

Life cycle environmental benefits of recycling waste liquor and chemicals in production of lignocellulosic bioethanol

In recent decades, numerous bioconversion processes and techniques have been developed to utilize lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock in the production of bio-based fuels and materials. However, waste treatment, an important sub-system, is seldom considered in the life cycle assessment of lignocellulose derived products. This study comprehensively investigated the environmental impacts of bioethanol and electricity cogeneration from sugarcane bagasse, with a focus on recycling techniques adopted in waste treatment. A life cycle assessment indicated that high recycle rate of black liquor, acid and waste washing water can substantially reduce the consumption of fresh water, related chemicals and energy by 70–80%. Environmental impacts relating to global warming, acidification potential and primary energy demand can be decreased by 5–10 times or even entirely eliminated. These study outcomes demonstrate significant environmental benefits of integrating waste recycling techniques into lignocellulose biorefinery process, providing a solid foundation for future industrial development.

Reverse Logistics of Packaging Waste under the Conditions of a Sustainable Circular Economy at the Level of the European Union States

The efficient use of natural resources and the quality of the environment are the main priorities of sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the role of reverse logistics in the context of sustainable development, starting from the premise that it combines environmental and economic objectives and aims to minimize the wastage of resources through the reuse of products and packaging. In the current context, the circular economy must be approached by considering the methods of waste collection and reuse, with reverse logistics playing an essential role in creating environmental, economic, and social benefits. The growing population obviously determines the increase in the consumption of resources, which inevitably leads to the increasing generation of packaging and packaging waste. This study aimed to highlight the evolution of recycling rates at the level of the EU member states, starting from the stability objectives of the European Commission for the years 2025–2030. Starting from the Eurostat database, for the 27 member states of the European Union, regarding the recovery rate, recycle rate, and waste generation kg_per_capita related to the period of 2009–2020, we extrapolated the trends of the recycling rate of packaging for the period of 2021–2030 with the help of the Prophet model. Using the Prophet forecasting program, we identified states from the European Union that will meet the stability targets set by the European Commission for the years 2025 to 2030, considering the need to develop a circular economy.

Towards Sustainable City: A Covering Model for Recycling Facility Location-allocation in Nilai, Malaysia

Sustainable waste management is essential for any nation. To limit the amount of waste transported to landfills, it is critical to handle waste properly, notably by segregating recyclables from discarded waste. Waste separation at the source is critical to ensure that generated waste is not completely directed to landfill. The practice of waste separation would initiate the recycling process, which is able to reduce the amount of waste sent to the landfill. Recycling is critical to the achievement of two Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 11 and 12, for which Malaysian government has set the goal for recycling rates to reach 40% by 2025 in 2022, the rate has reached 33.17%. In Malaysia, recyclables are either collected on-site or sent to a designated facility. The separation at source activity is essential for developing recycling practices. Despite being the largest waste generator, public engagement, particularly at the household level, has remained low, most likely due to recycling facility availability and accessibility issues. Thus, improving public access to the facility would lead to increased recycling rates. In this study, a mixed integer linear programming model is proposed to locate recycling facilities in optimal locations that cover the most amount of waste generated by households. The capacity level is induced to ensure that the dropped-off recyclables are proportionate at the designated facility locations. Several experiments were conducted for validity purposes, and the proposed model was applied in a Malaysian urban area, namely Nilai. As a result, the proposed model was able to locate the optimal locations with the requisite capacity level while ensuring coverage for most Nilai households.

Zero-waste circular economy of plastic packaging: The bottlenecks and a way forward

Interest in recycling is higher than ever, with the recycling of plastic packaging waste being a significant concern for the general public and governments worldwide. However, the rate of plastic packaging waste recycling has stagnated over the past five years. This implies current strategies are insufficient and new approaches are required. We evaluate the present situation and highlight the bottlenecks that are limiting efficient recovery of plastic packaging waste using currently available systems. Difficult to recycle thermoplastics such as polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) are not needed in packaging, which we propose should be based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polypropylene (PP), high-density and low-density polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE respectively). Furthermore, we draw attention to the opportunity for keeping PET/PP packaging as a single waste stream, and leaving HDPE and LDPE as a standalone stream, to enable efficient plastic separation of individual types of plastic for mechanical recycling to achieve a zero-waste circular economy for all plastic packaging.

The Role of Logispreneurs in Advancing Waste Management in Malaysia: Towards a Sustainable Reverse Logistics and Green Future

Waste management has emerged as a critical challenge in Malaysia, driven by rapid urbanization, industrialization and changing consumption patterns. In response to these challenges, logispreneurs, a new breed of entrepreneurs with expertise in logistics and supply chain management, have emerged as key players in transforming waste management practices in the country. This research explores the vital roles and contributions of logispreneurs in the context of waste management in Malaysia, focusing on their efforts to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and environmental responsibility. Through a simple literature analysis, this study highlights the multifaceted roles that logispreneurs play in shaping the waste management landscape. They pioneer integrated waste collection and transportation systems, leveraging advanced technologies and data analytics to optimize routes and reduce carbon footprints. Moreover, logispreneurs lead the way in establishing reverse logistics networks for recyclable materials, fostering excellent recycling rates and diverting substantial waste from landfills. Logispreneurs specialize in managing hazardous waste materials, and ensuring safe transportation and disposal while complying with environmental regulations. They also contribute to public awareness and education campaigns, raising consciousness about sustainable waste management practices nationwide. This study elucidates the pivotal role logispreneurs play in revolutionizing waste management practices in Malaysia. Their logistics expertise and environmental consciousness amalgam present a promising pathway toward a sustainable future. By optimizing supply chain efficiencies, driving innovation and embracing social and environmental responsibility, logispreneurs are instrumental in building a resilient waste management ecosystem that ensures preservation of Malaysia's natural resources and safeguards the well-being of its citizens for generations to come.

Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystems of India: Current Trends and Future Perspectives.

Microplastics (MPs)-i.e., plastic particles less than 5 mm in length-are becoming a growing environmental concern due to their potential ecotoxicological impacts on aquatic ecosystems. In India, MPs contamination is a significantly growing problem due to increased plastic production as well as its low rate of recycling. As a result, MPs research work in India has gained considerable attention in the last two decades. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the existing scientific literature on MPs in freshwater ecosystems (e.g., lakes and rivers) of India. A bibliographical search was used to conduct the literature review across a number of databases including ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. We found that in comparison to the marine ecosystem the source, transport, and fate of MPs in freshwater ecosystems of India are still underexplored, and we found only 18 relevant papers. This review work reveals that there is no standard procedure for separating MPs from water and sediment samples, and as a result, comparing the results was a challenging task. The larger MPs (>500 μm) in water and sediments were identified most commonly using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy technique (ATR-FTIR), whereas smaller-sized MPs (<500 μm) were identified using FTIR fitted with a confocal microscope, also known as μ-FTIR imaging or chemical imaging. We found that white-colored fibers and fragments of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyethylene (PE) were the most common polymer types in the freshwater ecosystems of India. Although research on MPs in freshwater ecosystems of India has gained momentum over the past decade, the literature review reveals a limited understanding of the impact of MPs' weathering patterns, the role of biofouling, and the role of water hyacinths on freshwater ecosystem services in India. Furthermore, the fluxes of MPs to the Indian oceans are not constrained, and atmospheric transport in high-altitude mountains, which have already been made fragile by climate change, has not been fully investigated. This study, therefore, calls for additional assessments of MPs in freshwater ecosystems-particularly in the central parts of India.