Rectovesical Fistula Research Articles

Impact of Spinal Defects on Urinary and Sexual Outcome in Adults With Anorectal Malformations—A Cross-sectional Study

To examine the impact of spinal defects on urinary function, sexual outcome and quality of life in adult patients born with anorectal malformations. A prospective cohort study at Odense University Hospital in Denmark was conducted. From 1985 to 2000, 93 patients were found eligible for participation. Twenty-seven (29%) consented to participate. One patient refrained from clinical examinations. Patients were examined with magnetic resonance imaging, uroflowmetry, and validated questionnaires on urinary function, sexual function, and quality of life. There were 14 were females and 13 were males, median age of 25 (range 19-31) years and 23 (18-32) years, respectively. The type of anorectal malformations in females were vestibular fistula (n=6), anocutaneous fistula (n=4), anal stenosis (n=3), and cloaca (n=1). In males the type of malformations were anocutaneous fistula (n=4), bulbar fistula (n=4), rectovesical fistula (n=2), anal stenosis (n=1), rectal atresia (n=1), and anal atresia with no fistula (n=1). Patients with spinal defects had a lower average voiding rate compared to patients with normal spinal anatomy (P .03), a lower voiding-related quality of life (P .02), and a tendency was observed toward a worse total urinary incontinence-related quality of life score (P .06). Moreover in patients with spinal defect a tendency was seen toward a worse general quality of life (P .09). Spinal defects detected by magnetic resonance imaging in adults with anorectal malformations were found to be associated with urinary voiding function.

Anorectal malformation patients’ outcomes after definitive surgery using Krickenbeck classification: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe survival of anorectal malformation (ARM) patients has been improved in the last 10 years because of the improvement in management of neonatal care and surgical approaches for ARM patients. Thus, the current management of ARM patients are focusing on the functional outcomes after definitive surgery. Here, we defined the type of ARM and assessed the functional outcomes, including voluntary bowel movement (VBM), soiling, and constipation, in our patients following definitive surgery using Krickenbeck classification. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study to retrospectively review medical records of ARM patients who underwent a definitive surgery at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Indonesia, from 2011 to 2016. ResultsForty-three ARM patients were ascertained in this study, of whom 30 males and 13 females. Most patients (83.7%) were normal birth weight. There were ARM without fistula (41.9%), followed by rectourethral fistula (25.5%), perineal fistula (18.6%), vestibular fistula (9.3%), and rectovesical fistula (4.7%). The VBM was achived in 53.5% patients, while the soiling and constipation rates were 11.6% and 9.3%, respectively. Interestingly, patients with normal birth weight showed higher frequency of VBM than those with low birth weight (OR = 9.4; 95% CI = 1.0–86.9; p = 0.04), while male patients also had better VBM than females (OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.0–15.6) which almost reached a significant level (p = 0.09). However, VBM was not affected by ARM type (p = 0.26). Furthermore, there were no significant associations between gender, birth weight, and ARM type with soiling and constipation, with p-values of 1.0, 1.0, and 0.87; and 0.57, 1.0, and 0.94, respectively. ConclusionsFunctional outcomes of ARM patients in our hospital are considered relatively good with more than half of children showing VBM and only relatively few patients suffering from soiling and constipation. The frequency of VBM might be associated with birth weight and gender, but not ARM type, while the soiling and constipation did not appear to be correlated with birth weight, gender, nor ARM type. Further multicenter study is necessary to compare our findings with other centers.

Endoscopic Closure of a Large Rectovesical Fistula Following Robotic Prostatectomy.

Background: Rectovesical fistulae (RVF) are uncommon complications of pelvic surgeries and are a potential cause of significant morbidity. RVF are not typically closed endoscopically but rather require reoperative surgery of the lower pelvis with closure of tract, interposition of fat or omentum, and possible permanent bowel diversion. We present a unique case of a rectovesical fistula developing after robotic prostatectomy that was managed by multimodal multistage endoscopic therapy as an alternative to conventional operative repair. Case Presentation: A healthy 78-year-old Caucasian man underwent a robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection for high-risk adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The patient's postoperative course was complicated by an unrecognized rectal injury culminating in emergent exploration, abdominal washout, creation of a diverting loop transverse colostomy, and resultant development of a large rectovesical fistula. Given the patient's hostile abdomen and desire for conservative management the fistula was managed through a combined cystoscopic and endoscopic procedure that utilized suturing and clipping to close the fistula. This novel technique was followed by a series of three subsequent endoscopic procedures that enabled us to gradually downsize the fistula over time and ultimately achieve complete closure. The patient's colostomy was eventually reversed with return of bowel continuity. Conclusion: Although uncommon, RVF are significant complications of pelvic surgery. The presence of abdominal/pelvic adhesions from previous surgeries or patient comorbidities can make open surgical repair extremely challenging or impracticable. Therefore, it is important to recognize and consider the use of endoscopic techniques as potential options for closure of rectovesical fistula in certain situations.

Minimally invasive perineal redo surgery for rectovesical and rectovaginal fistulae: A case series

IntroductionIatrogenic recto-urogenital fistulae are refractory complications that rarely heal without surgical intervention. The ongoing local infection causes pain, discomfort and substantially impacts quality of life. Surgical repair requires adequate exposure and space to fill with healthy tissue, which is a major challenge in pelvic redo surgery. An abdominal approach to repair the fistula is associated with major morbidity and often fails to expose the deep pelvis. In our experience a novel transperineal minimally invasive approach a utilizing single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) technique could offer improved results. Presentation of casesIn the present study, three cases of patients with recto-urogenital fistulae after pelvic surgery are described. Two patients were diagnosed with a rectovesical fistula and one patient with a rectovaginal fistula. In all three cases, a minimally invasive perineal approach, using a SILS port, was used to perform surgical repair. The closure of the fistulae involved: a separate repair of the urethra/bladder or vaginal defect and the rectal defect, followed by interposition of vascularized tissue by either a pudendal thigh fasciocutaneous flap or omentoplasty. Discussion and conclusionThis study is the first to report on a minimally invasive perineal approach, utilizing a SILS technique for recto-urogenital fistulae repair after previous pelvic surgery. The current approach improves exposure, creates surgical space, optimizes view and allows the interposition of vascularized tissue, without causing substantial blood loss and avoiding major abdominal surgery.

Long-term efficacy analysis of laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty for high and middle imperforate anus

Objective: To explore the long-term efficacy of laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty and conventional anorectoplasty in the treatment of children with high and middle anal atresia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was used. Inclusion criteria: (1) children with high and middle anal atresia; (2) complicated with rectourethral or rectovesical fistula; (3) complete follow-up data. Exclusion criteria: (1) complicated with 21-trisomy; (2) cerebral palsy and other mentaldisabilities; (3) Currarino syndrome; (4) FG syndrome. Clinical data of 88 patients with middle and high anal atresia, who complicated with rectourethral fistula or rectovesical fistula, and underwent anoplasty at Department of Pediatric Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2009 to June 2014 were enrolled in the study and analyzed. There were 24 cases with middle atresia and 64 cases with high atresia. All the cases were divided into 2 groups based on the operative method: laparoscopic group (laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty, 49 cases), pena group (posterior sagittal anorectoplasty, 39 cases). The demographic features of two groups were comparable. There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, body mass, classification of anomaly types and sacral ratio (all P>0.05). Student t test and Chi square tests were used to compare the surgical conditions (operative time, postoperative hospital stay and complications), anal function (Kelly score), constipation (Krickenbeck constipation score) and anorectal pressure. Results: Children of both groups all completed operation ssuccessfully. There were no statistically significant differences between laparoscopic group and pena group in the operative time [(120±31) minutes vs. (112±23) minutes, t=1.343, P=0.091] and postoperative hospital stay [(7.1±2.3) days vs. (10.7±3.3) days, t=6.021, P=1.000]. Complications were more common in the pena group [16.3% (8/49) vs. 35.9% (14/39), χ(2)=4.436, P=0.035]. The main complications in laparoscopic group were anal prolapse (8.2%, 4/49) and anal stenosis (6.2%, 3/49), while in pena group were anal stenosis (12.8%, 5/39) and perioperative perianal skin erosion (10.3%, 4/39). As for the anal function, the degree of feces, defecation control and sphincter contractility, the single scoring differences of Kelly scoring system were not statistically significant between the two groups, but the proportion of good function in the laparoscopic group was higher than that in the pena group [67.3% (8/49) vs. 38.5% (15/39), χ(2)=7.308, P=0.007]. Constipation occurred in 6 (12.2%) patients in the laparoscopic group, of whom 5 were improved by diet regulation and 1 required laxatives, while 9 (23.1%) patients developed constipation in the pena group, of whom 4 were improved by diet regulation and 5 required long-term laxatives. The difference of constipation ratio was not statistically significant (χ(2)=1.802, P=0.180). There were no cases of Krickenbeck constipation grade 3. Compared to the pena group, the laparoscopic group had higher anal resting pressure [(33.35±9.69) mmHg vs. (27.68±10.74) mmHg, t=2.599, P=0.011], higher dilating pressure [(9.00±5.61) mmHg vs.(6.51±3.24) mmHg, t=2.462, P=0.016], higher maximal squeeze pressure [(65.80±17.23) mmHg vs. (56.74±18.93) mmHg, t=2.389, P=0.019] and longer maximal contraction time [(21.16±5.02) seconds vs. (18.44±7.24) seconds, t=2.079, P=0.041]. The rectal resting pressure [(5.36±3.00) mmHg vs. (4.61±3.93) mmHg, t=1.015, P=0.312] was not statistically significantly different. Conclusions: Compared with posterior sagittal anorectoplasty, laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty in the treatment of high and middle anal atresia has better long-term efficacy with less perioperative complications.

Multicenter Study of 342 Anorectal Malformation Patients: Age, Gender, Krickenbeck Subtypes, and Associated Anomalies.

Published studies based on Krickenbeck classification of anorectal malformations (ARMs) are still insufficient to assess the global as well as regional relative incidence of different ARM subtypes, gender distribution, and associated anomalies. The primary purpose of this study was to provide an estimate of those in Global Initiative for Children's Surgery (GICS) research group. We collected ARM data prospectively for 1 year from four institutes of different geographic locations. A total of 342 patients were included in this study (195, 126, 11, and 10 from Bangladesh, Iran, Papua New Guinea, and Oxford, United Kingdom, respectively). Overall male to female ratio was 1:1. The most frequent ARM subtype was perineal fistula (23.7% = 81/342). About 48.5% (166/342) patients had at least one associated anomaly. Cardiac and genitourinary systems were the most commonly affected systems, 31.6% (108/342) and 18.4% (63/342), respectively. These organ-systems were followed by anomalies of vertebral/spinal (9.9% = 34/342), musculoskeletal (4.4% = 15/342), and gastrointestinal/abdominal (3.2% = 11/342) systems. Rectovesical fistula had the highest percentage (96.4% = 27/28) of associated anomalies. About 18.1% (62/342) patients had multiple anomalies. ARMs (both isolated and with associated anomalies) occurred equally in males and females. Comparison between patients from Bangladesh and Iran showed differences in relative incidence in ARM subtypes. In addition, Iranian patient group had higher percentage of associated anomalies compared with Bangladeshi (73 vs. 35.4%). Our study provides important insights about ARM subtypes, gender distribution and associated anomalies based on Krickenbeck classification especially from Bangladesh and Iran.

545P - Feasibility of chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer patients with peritumoral abscesses and fistulas: A case-control non-inferiority trial

BackgroundNeoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is a standard treatment for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and is effective as a palliative care in patients with nonresectable tumors. Unfortunately CRT is often being withheld for patients with tumor-associated complications due to safety concerns. Literature search reveals only case reports and neither supports nor declines additional risks of CRT in this patient group. The aim of this study was to determine feasibility of CRT in rectal cancer with peritumoral abscesses and fistulas. MethodsPatients with locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer with peritumoral abscesses and fistulas were included in the study group. The control group consisted of T4 locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer patients without complications, both groups received long-course neoadjuvant CRT. Groups were matched by age, previous treatment, treatment year. The primary endpoint was CRT toxicity. Secondary endpoints included postoperative morbidity (Clavien-Dindo), pathologic complete response (pCR) and 2year PFS. Results30 patients were included in each group. Patients in the main group had following tumor-associated complications: perianal fistula (n=11), abdominal wall fistula (n=1), rectovaginal fistula (n=9), rectovesical fistula (n=4), peritumoral abscess (n=17). Grade 3-4 toxicity was observed in 2 (6.66%) vs 3 (10%) patients, non-inferiority was confirmed (p=0.0326). Grade 3-4 postoperative complications were observed in 2 (7.14%) patients in the main group and in 3 (10.7%) patients in the control group (p=0.639) with no cases of mortality. pCR was achieved in 2 (7.14%) and 5 (17.8%) patients accordingly (p=0.225). Median follow-up was 25.2 months in the main group and 27.4 months in the control group. Two-year OS was 69% vs 100% (p=0.11), 2-year PFS was 65% vs 78% (p=0.434). ConclusionsPeritumoral abscesses and fistulas should not be considered as contraindication to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. CRT is feasible and safe in patients with tumor-associated complications. Legal entity responsible for the studyThe authors. FundingHas not received any funding. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

What is the functional result of a delayed coloanal anastomosis in redo rectal surgery?

Delayed coloanal anastomosis (DCAA) may be used in patients with complex rectal conditions, such as chronic pelvic sepsis, low recto-vaginal and recto-vesical fistula; however, limited data are available. The aim is to report the morbidity and functional results of DCAA in redo rectal surgery. All patients undergoing DCAA between January 2014 and August 2017 were retrospectively included. Success was defined as a functional anastomosis without stoma, evaluated using the Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS) score and the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) functional assessment tools. Of the 72 redo pelvic surgeries, 29 (40.3%) DCAA were performed over a 4-year period. Indications for redo resection were chronic pelvic sepsis (n = 13, 44.8%), recto-vaginal fistula (n = 11, 37.9%) and recto-vesical fistula (n = 5, 17.2%). Mean interval period between the two procedures was 14 ± 3 days (8-21). Global major morbidity (Clavien-Dindo III or IV) was seen in six patients (20.7%). Stoma closure was feasible for 22 (75.9%) patients after a median period of 78 days (interquartile range 61-98). The 6-month success rate was 79.3%. Mean LARS was 28.8 ± 10.2 (3-41) (minor LARS) for 18 patients with no stoma at the end of follow-up. LARS score was significantly better with a follow-up >2 years (23.3 ± 12.2 versus 32.3 ± 7.9), P = 0.074. Mean GIQLI score was 79.2 ± 14.3 (48-98). Transanal colonic pull through with delayed anastomosis for redo-surgery in complex pelvic situations had low morbidity and avoided a permanent stoma in three out of four patients with an acceptable quality of life.

THE FEASIBILITY OF COMBINED TREATMENT OF COMPLICATED LOCALLY ADVANCED AND RECURRENT RECTAL CANCER. CASE-CONTROL STUDY

INTRODUCTION: The goal of the study was to assess the feasibility of combined treatment in patients with a complicated course of locally advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted. The study group included patients with locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer complicated by external, rectovesical, rectovaginal fistulas and/or peritumoral abscesses received neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT). Patients without complications comparable to the study group by sex, age, ECOG status, cT value, and the nature of the tumor (primary/recurrent) treated with neoadjuvant CRT were selected in the control group. The primary end points of the study were CRT toxicity (NCI-CTC v.4.0) and postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo). The secondary endpoints of the study were the pathologic complete response rate 2-year progression-free survival. RESULTS: 21 patients were included in both groups. In the study group the following complications were noted: external fistula (n = 7), rectovaginal fistula (n = 6), rectovesical fistula (n = 4), paraproctitis (n = 4), peritumoral abscess (n = 13), 16 patients (76%) required additional treatment prior the CRT: preventive colostomy (n = 14), antibacterial therapy (n = 5). Grade 3 toxicity was observed in 2 (9,52%) patients and in the study group (p = 1). Postoperative mortality was not registered in both groups. Postoperative grade III and higher complications in the study group were observed in 1 (5,2%) patient and in 3 patients (15,7) in the comtrol group (p = 0.129). 19 patients underwent surgery in each group, R0-resection was achieved in 17 patients in the study group and 19 in the control group. Pathological complete response was registered in 1 (5,2%) patient in the study group and in 4 patients in the control group (21,5%) (p = 0,14). Median progression-free survival was not achieved in both groups. CONCLUSION: the combined treatment of complicated locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer after appropriate planning and concomitant symptomatic therapy does not increase the toxicity profile and postoperative complications rate.

Comparison of diagnostic accuracy for fistulae at ultrasound and voiding cystourethrogram in neonates with anorectal malformation

Recently, it has been reported that anorectal malformation with rectourethral fistula in male neonates can be managed by primary neonatal reconstruction without colostomy. To prevent urethral injury during anorectoplasty, the fistula's location is important. To date, the use of voiding cystourethrograms to determine the presence and location of fistulas in neonates with anorectal malformations has not been studied. To compare the accuracy of ultrasound (US) and voiding cystourethrogram for determining the presence and location of fistulas in neonates with anorectal malformation. We included 21 male neonates with anorectal malformation with rectourethral fistula (n=16), rectovesical fistula (n=1) or no fistula (n=4) who underwent US and voiding cystourethrogram preoperatively on the day of surgery. Fistula imaging was classified into three grades (0-2), and grades 1-2 were considered fistula positive. We compared the imaging-based location of the fistula with surgical findings. US performed significantly better than voiding cystourethrogram for determining the presence of fistulas (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.90 vs. 0.71, respectively; P=0.044) (diagnostic accuracy 85.7%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 63.7-97.0% and 52.4%, 95% CI 29.8-74.3%, respectively). In cases with fistulas detected by either modality, the accuracy of locating the fistula by US was 50.0% (95% CI 24.7-75.3%) and by voiding cystourethrogram was 100% (95% CI: 59.0-100%). US accurately detected, but did not accurately locate, fistulas in neonates with anorectal malformation. When planning primary neonatal reconstruction of anorectal malformation without colostomy, voiding cystourethrogram could provide additional information about fistula location.

Imaging of Rectal Carcinoma at Surveillance

Background: Among communicable and non-communicable diseases, neoplastic diseases are the 6th leading cause of death in Bangladesh. Hospital-based cancer registries in Bangladesh reveal more than 50% of subjects with neoplastic disease (cancer) are estimated to be within 30 to 65 years of age.Objective: To observe imaging findings in patient with rectal carcinoma in terms of no residual disease, post treatment fibrosis, residual disease, loco-regional recurrence and metastasis at surveillance by CT, MR scan.Methodology: CT and MRI scan was performed with standard protocol among 64 subjects (both males, females) over a period of one year at department of Radiology and Imaging, KYAMCH who came for follow up. The study subjects were referred from Department of Oncology of same institution.Result: Among total 64 patients majority were female (54.68%) and rest were male (45.32%) and mean age was 51.38 (± 22.86) years. Most (26.56%) of the patients were in 31-40 years age group. CT scan was performed in 81.25% and MRI in 31.25% patients. No recurrence was observed to surveillance imaging in 18.75% patients. Post treatment fibrosis were seen in 23.43% and locoregional recurrence in 20.31% subjects. Local extension (35.93%), lymphadenopathy (43.75%) and distant metastases (26.56%) were observed. Associated imaging findings other than tumour recurrence or extension were ischaemic colitis (10.93%), perforation (4.68%), rectovesical fistula (3.12%), rectouterine fistula (1.56%) and rectovaginal fistula (6.25%). Other than loco regional extension, distant metastases were observed in liver (14.06%), lung (10.94%), bone (6.25%) and brain (4.68%).Conclusion: This study reveals that during image analysis of patients with rectal carcinoma, radiologists should carefully distinguish post treatment fibrosis from local recurrence, check the locoregional areas, possible sites for metastasis and oncologist should request for screening of chest including lower part of neck at the time imaging of abdomen at follow up.KYAMC Journal Vol. 9, No.-3, October 2018, Page 104-109

Rectovesical Fistula Presenting as Diarrhea

Rectovesical Fistula Presenting as Diarrhea

The significance of palliative surgery in castration-resistant prostate cancer

If prostate cancer recurs after primary treatment, deprivation therapy with LHRH analogues or antagonists is the treatment of choice in men with metastatic prostate cancer. However, this treatment only achieves palliative results. Median time to progression ranges between 11 and 78 months. After the introduction of Docetaxel as a first-line treatment in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPCA) and cabazitaxel as a second-line chemotherapy, several new drugs containing abiraterone, enzalutamide, radium 223 and sipuleucel-T have become available, which can lead to complete or partial remissions in metastasis, but do not have an effect on the prostate itself as has been shown recently. As a result of local progression of CRPCA, local complications of the urinary tract such as subvesical obstruction, recurrent gross haematuria with or without clotting, upper urinary tract dilatation, rectourethral or rectovesical fistulae and rectal obstruction will occur in about one third of all patients. Several surgical treatment options are available to manage the aforementioned complications. In patients with local progressive CRPCA and lower urinary tract symptoms, palliative TUR-P, radical prostatectomy or radical cystoprostatectomy with urinary diversion and even anterior and posterior exenteration can be performed in selected patients, requiring a preoperative multiparametric MRI of the prostate and the pelvic floor along with a laboratory examination to optimise surgical techniques and perioperative outcomes. In case of symptomatic involvement of the upper urinary tract system, the placement of endoluminal DJ stents or percutaneous nephrostomy in men with a poor performance status and a short life expectancy is the treatment of choice. In men with an ECOG performance status of 0 to 1, reconstructive surgery such as ureteral reimplantation, ileal ureteral replacement or placement of a subcutaneous pyelovesical bypass is an appropriate treatment option. To summarise, the aforementioned palliative surgical treatment options should be provided for selected patients and performed by well-experienced urologists.

The position of the anal dimple in newborns and infants with anorectal malformations and its correlation with the normal anal position

Background/purposeThe anal position index (API) defines the normal anal position as the ratio of fourchette–anal distance to fourchette–coccyx distance for females and the scrotum–anal distance to scrotum‐coccyx distance for males. In this study, measurement of the API in newborns and infants with anorectal malformations (ARM), using the center of the midline anal dimple (AD) to represent the center of the proposed neoanus, was performed to assess whether or not the AD was located in a significantly abnormal position as correlated with the normal anal position. MethodsThe cases comprised 65 consecutive newborn and infants with ARM, divided into 2 age-based groups (Group A: 1st day to 1month; Group B: 1–12months), without sacral or significant perineal abnormalities. Controls included an equal number of age and gender matched patients admitted for other conditions. The characteristics of the AD (‘well developed’ or ‘moderately developed’) as well as those of the midline perineal raphé in males and the perineal groove in females were also recorded. ResultsCombining both age groups, the mean API±SD was 0.41±0.012 in male cases and 0.53±0.07 in male controls (p value 0.003). The corresponding values for female cases and controls were 0.31±0.09 and 0.36±0.07 respectively (p = 0.040). In male newborns, the API in cases was significantly lower than the API in controls (p<0.001). Combining both males and female newborns, the differences between the API in cases and controls was also statistically significant (p<0.001). In older boys as well as in girls from both age groups, apart from cases of persistent cloaca, the API was lower in cases than in controls, especially in boys, although the difference was not statistically significant. On comparing the API in individual male ARM with that in male controls, cases of rectobulbar urethral fistula (RBUF) and rectovesical fistula had a statistically significant lower API (p<0.001). In the 4 cases of persistent cloaca, the mean API (0.40±0.1) was higher than the mean API in female controls and the AD was well developed with a well-delineated, narrow perineal groove. The majority (53/65; 81.53%) of patients had a ‘well developed’ AD. Twelve patients (18.47%) had a ‘moderately developed’ AD including 10 females and 2 males. There were 15 patients with a depressed AD (anal fossette); of these 12 (80%) were females. All boys had a well delineated perineal raphé in contrast to 10 girls (29.4% of total female ARM) who had a poorly delineated midline perineal groove. ConclusionsDuring definitive surgery for ARM, if the AD is taken as the site of the proposed neoanus, the neoanal position is likely to be anterior to the normal anal position in both males and females and especially so in males. Overall, girls with ARM appear to be more likely to have a relatively poorly developed and/ or depressed AD and a poorly delineated perineal groove. Type of studyClinical Research. Level of evidenceLevel III.

Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Transvesical Repair of Rectovesical Fistula After Open Radical Prostatectomy: Use of Allograft Human Dermis Interposition

Introduction: Rectovesical fistula repair is a rare occurrence after radical prostatectomy. Several operative approaches to fistula repair have been described. In this video, we describe a novel technique using a robotic approach with allograft human dermis interposition. Objective: To provide a guide to robot-assisted laparoscopic transvesical repair of rectovesical fistula after open radical prostatectomy with the use of allograft human dermis interposition. Materials and Methods: We started the procedure by doing a cystoscopy to identify the fistula. Bilateral ureteral stents were then placed. Ports were placed, each slightly more cephalad than traditional for robotic prostatectomy. The colon and colostomy limb were retracted laterally using a dual blade atrial retractor. Dense scarring was encountered during the initial dissection between the bladder and rectum and we thus decided to open the bladder along the posterior midline. Three unidirectionally barbed stay sutures were placed to maintain access to the operative field. The fistula was circumferentially delineated with curved monopolar scissors. A plane was developed between the rectum and bladder with Potts scissors. The rectum was repaired with a 3-0 Vicryl continuous suture. The repair was tested using a colorectal anastomotic evaluator, which showed a small leak that was reinforced with 4-0 Monocryl. Since the retrovesical space was densely scarred and we opted not to split the trigone, a free interposition graft was deemed necessary. We used a small patch of allograft human dermis that was tailored to the commensurate size of the defect and tacked in place using 4-0 Vicryl. The detrusor and bladder mucosa were then approximated in a tension-free manner over the graft with 3-0 unidirectionally barbed suture. The stay sutures were removed and the bladder was closed in two layers, again using 3-0 unidirectionally barbed suture. Results: This is the first time we have used this approach for rectovesical fistula repair. The drain was removed on postoperative day 1 and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 2. A cystogram was performed 3 weeks later that showed a normal bladder without evidence of leak or communication with the rectum. The patient has good urinary continence. Colostomy takedown occurred 7 weeks postoperatively with excellent return of bowel function. Conclusion: This video demonstrates the feasibility of robot-assisted rectovesical fistula repair. Since we did not split the trigone and the rectovesical space was densely scarred, an omental interposition was not feasible. We, therefore, opted to use allograft human dermis to reinforce the repair. In carefully and appropriately selected patients, a robotic approach to rectovesical fistula repair may allow a minimally invasive option for patients with this complex clinical entity, providing superb visibility of the pathology, the ability for precise suture placement, and avoid the potential morbidities of an abdominal, perineal, or parasacral incision, with or without muscular flap interposition. No competing financial interests exist. Runtime of video: 9 mins 3 secs

Diagnosis and treatment of enterovesical fistulas

A fistula is an atypical connection between two epithelial surface. We studied retrospectively four male pa­tients with enterovesical fistulas treated in our departments between March 2016 - March 2017. These in­cluded colovesical, rectovesical and ileovesical fistulas. Patients presented with urinary symptoms (pneu­maturia, faecaluria and recurrent urinary tract infections). One patient had received radiotherapy after rec­tal resection for rectal carcinoma. For another of the cases the fistula was being due to periprostatic abscess. The third patient was diagnosed with bladder carcinoma with rectal invasion. The fourth patient was with direct invasion of sigmoid cancer to the bladder. The most common investigations included abdominal ul­trasound, CT scan, cystoscopy and colonoscopy. Enteral stoma was performed in all cases as a part of sur­gical treatment. All patients underwent open procedure, as a main rule enteral stoma was performed to cease the contami­nation, and primary repair of the bladder was performed. No recurrences were recorded, but there were sev­eral complications, including Clavien-Dindo gr. V. Most of the complications were treated by interventional urology. In conlusion, enteral division and primary repair of the bladder are safe approaches for treatment of enterovesical fistulas. As a rule ceasing of contamination should always be performed. Cystoscopy can manage most of the complications occurring in the early postoperative period. Scr Sci Med 2017; 49(3): 53-56

Comparison of volumetric-modulated arc therapy using simultaneous integrated boosts (SIB-VMAT) of 45\xa0Gy/55\xa0Gy in 25 fractions with conventional radiotherapy in preoperative chemoradiation for rectal cancers: a propensity score case-matched analysis

Background and purposeThe aim of this retrospective study was to compare volumetric-modulated arc therapy using simultaneous integrated boosts (SIB-VMAT) of 45 Gy/55 Gy in 25 fractions with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D–CRT) in preoperative chemoradiation for rectal cancers.Methods and materialsIn the propensity score-matching analysis of 1:2, we selected 60 patients from the SIB-VMAT group and 120patients from the 3D–CRT group matched pairings out of 145 patients between 2005 and 2015. The regimen of concurrent combined chemotherapy was oral uracil/tegafur plus leucovorin with/without irinotecan.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two groups, in pathological complete response rates (pCR) (11% in the 3D–CRT group vs. 17% in the SIB-VMAT group, P = 0.39), pathological response rates (44% vs. 60%, P = 0.77), disease-free survival (P = 0.32), or local control (P = 0.52). The SIB-VMAT method marginally improved the rate of pathological grade 2–3 effects and the OS was significantly better in patients with grade 2–3 effects. Recurrence was seen in 36 patients (30%) in the 3D–CRT group and 19 patients (32%) in the SIB-VMAT group. The first distant recurrence site in the SIB-VMAT group was liver in 6 patients and lung in 8 patients. The obvious radiation-induced late toxicity in the SIB-VMAT group was recto-vesical fistula in two patients.ConclusionsThe SIB-VMAT may be a promising method for preoperative CRT of rectal cancer.

Post-operative strictures in anorectal malformation: trends over 15years.

For decades, paediatric surgeons have employed the standard posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) approach to deal with patients with anorectal malformations (ARM). In recent years, we noted an apparent increase in the incidence of anal stricture after surgical repair of ARM following the introduction of laparoscopic pull-through and techniques aiming to preserve the internal sphincter-the internal sphincter sparing approach (ISSA). We decided to analyse our data to find out if these new trends had added to the problem of post-operative strictures. All patients with ARM at our institution from January 2000 to December 2015 were identified. A retrospective case note review was carried out. Data collected included patient demographics, type of ARM, operative details, and post-operative outcomes. 114 patients were identified. Ten patients were excluded. Of the remaining 104 children, 48 (46%) were female. Median age was 8.3 (range 1.2-16.8) years. Types of ARM were as follows: perineal fistula (15 patients), anterior stenotic anus (12), imperforate anus without fistula (10), vestibular fistula (32), rectourethral (bulbar) fistula (11), rectourethral (prostatic) fistula (14), rectovesical fistula (7), and cloaca (3). Twenty-seven patients with a perineal fistula or anterior stenotic anus underwent perineal procedures that were variably described by the different operating surgeons. The majority (15 patients) had an anoplasty, 5 had anal transposition, 5 had limited PSARP, and 2 patients had ISSA. Two patients with a cloacal anomaly underwent open cloacal reconstruction. Of the remaining 75 patients, 45 had a PSARP approach, 6 had a laparoscopic-assisted pull-through, and 18 had ISSA. Four girls with vestibular fistula had anal transposition and two boys with imperforate anus without fistula had anoplasty. 15 (14%) children developed anal stricture. Stricture incidence differed according to operation type. PSARP was the most commonly performed procedure, with only 6% developing a stricture. In contrast, 30% of ISSA patients and 50% of children who had laparoscopic pull-through developed a stricture. Strictures also occurred in 11 and 12% of children having anal transposition and anoplasty, respectively. The laparoscopic-assisted pull-through involves tunnelling the sphincter muscle complex. We found that often the tunnels were not wide enough, resulting in narrowing not just at the ano-cutaneous junction but also at the deeper level. 50% developed strictures. We have modified our technique by ensuring that the tunnels are generous enough to allow the rectum to be pulled through without any resistance. ISSA unfortunately resulted in 30% of our patients developing strictures. This approach, started in 2004, was, therefore, abandoned in 2013. The standard Pena's PSARP, with or without a laparotomy, has stood the test of time. Any modification of this approach must be carefully thought through and audited meticulously. Strictures can cause significant morbidity, which may need several revisions, and the resulting redo anoplasties run the risk of sphincter damage, ironically which the newer modifications of ISSA were trying to conserve.

Curative partial pelvic exenterations for locally advanced rectal and sigmoid cancer with recto-vaginal and recto-vesical fistulas

Curative partial pelvic exenterations for locally advanced rectal and sigmoid cancer with recto-vaginal and recto-vesical fistulas

抗菌化学療法で保存的に閉鎖した放線菌症による難治性皮膚直腸膀胱瘻の1例

The patient was a 35-year-old Japanese man diagnosed with appendicitis with abscess formation. An appendectomy was performed, but a refractory surgical wound infection developed, and eventually a cutaneous-rectovesical fistula was detected. In a review of the first-time CT scan, a small high-density construction resembling a bone from a fish was detected in the ileum. The histopathological examination revealed granules of actinomyces. These findings suggested that abdominal actinomycosis due to intestinal mucosal breakage by the fish bone caused the secondary appendicitis, and that after the appendectomy, residual actinomyces caused the cutaneous-rectovesical fistula. After the diagnosis, total parenteral nutrition and a long-term administration of antibiotics improved the patient's clinical symptoms, and the fistula closed within a month. Antibiotics were administered for 6 months, and there has been no recurrence for 6-1/2 years. Because actinomycosis is difficult to diagnose based on the typical clinical features, a direct identification of the infecting organism from a tissue sample or from sulfur granules is required for the definitive diagnosis. Actinomyces is also known to cause fistula formation, and intestinal penetration caused by a fish bone may indicate abdominal actinomycosis. A rectovesical fistula requires surgical intervention in most cases, but in cases caused by abdominal actinomycosis, such a fistula may be cured by conservative therapy, as in our patient's case. It is important to consider the possibility of actinomycosis when a refractory rectovesical fistula is observed.