Rectangular Patch Antenna Research Articles

NANORECTANGULAR PRINTED GOLD ANTENNA FOR ON-HUMAN BODY WIRELESS BODY NETWORK APPLICATIONS

In this work we designed a rectangular patch antenna in the teraherk band for wireless body network (WBAN) applications using CST software. This antenna is simulated with RO4003C substrate (εr = 3.55) and has dimensions of 199 × 154 μm<sup>2</sup> for width and length, respectively. We obtained return loss of -41.408 dB, -43.918 dB, and -29.92 dB; gain of 5.32 dB, 6.21 dB, and 4.851 Db; directivity of 6.659 dB, 7.502 dB, and 6.566 dB; in 0.74 THZ, 1.148 THZ, and 1.734 THZ frequencies, respectively. The simulation results are very satisfactory, and this antenna can be used for WBAN applications.

A THREE-BAND PATCH ANTENNA USING A DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE OPTIMIZED BY A GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR THE MODERN WIRELESS MOBILE APPLICATIONS

This paper presents a design and optimization approach for a tri-band miniature planar rectangular patch antenna structure for wireless mobile applications. The tri-band operation while maintaining a compact size has been achieved by introducing a defected ground structure (DGS) to control the surface current distribution on the patch antenna and consequently achieve multi-band operation. The geometry of the patch and the position of the DGS were optimized by a genetic algorithm to achieve the desired performance using a simple and miniature design with an area of 16 mm × 20 mm × 1.6 mm, an 82% reduction in the area occupied by a conventional single-band structure used in the optimization process. The proposed GA-optimised antenna provided tri-band operation with bandwidths for |?11| > 6 from 3.2 - 3.5 GHz, 5.5 - 5.9 GHz and 6.3 - 7.1 GHz. At the centre frequencies of 3.4, 5.7 and 6.7 GHz, the peak gains were 0.7, 1.76 and 2.93 dB, respectively. The optimally designed antenna is etched on an FR-4 substrate. Simulation and measurement results show good agreement, making the proposed structure a suitable candidate for mobile applications requiring small and multifunctional telecommunication devices.

Analysis of a low-profile, dual band patch antenna for wireless applications

<abstract> <p>A dual-band google lens logo-based patch antenna with defected ground structure was designed at 5.3 GHz for wireless applications and 7.4 GHz for wi-fi application. The designed antenna consists of a rounded rectangular patch antenna with a partial ground structure fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line. A google lens shaped logo is subtracted from the rounded rectangular patch and some regular polygon shaped slots are subtracted from the ground plane to obtain good dual-band characteristics and better results in terms of gain, VSWR, and return loss. The proposed antenna has a measurement of 20 × 20 × 1.6 mm<sup>3</sup> and provides wide impedance bandwidths of 0.23 GHz (5.17‒5.40 GHz) and 0.16 GHz (7.33–7.49 GHz) at center frequencies of 5.3 GHz and 7.4 GHz, respectively. The antenna was designed and simulated using an ANSYS Electronics Desktop. Fabrication of the antenna was obtained using chemical etching and the results were measured by using an MS2037C Anritsu combinational analyzer. The return loss characteristics for dual bands are -20.56 dB at 5.3 GHz and -19.17 dB at 7.4 GHz, respectively, with a VSWR < 2 at both the frequencies and a 4 dB gain is obtained.</p> </abstract>

Miniaturization of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Biomedical Applications

In this study, a novel quad-band antenna for biomedical applications was designed, fabricated and analyzed. Biomedical application defines the use of antenna in detecting cancerous cells and its cure using hyperthermia. In this research paper, a rectangular micro strip patch antenna is modified with the circular and pentagonal shapes of negative media (Metamaterial). Antenna was reduced in size and ameliorated to operate on multiple frequency bands. Ameliorated antenna is operating at 1GHz also, which is the substantial operating frequency of cancer detecting tissues. Inclusion of metamaterial increased the bandwidth of and subsequently ameliorate the size of the proposed antenna.

Design of a Miniature Rectangular Patch Antenna for KU Band Applications

A significant portion of communication devices employs microstrip antennas because of their compact size, low profile, and ability to conform to both planar and non-planar surfaces. To achieve this, we present a miniature inset-fed rectangular patch antenna using partial ground plane for Ku band applications. The proposed antenna design used an operating frequency of 15.5 GHz, a FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3, and a thickness of 1.4 mm. It is fed by a 50 Ω inset feedline. Computer simulation technology (CST) software is used to design, simulate, and analyze. The simulation yields the antenna performance parameters, including return loss (S11), bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, and radiation efficiency. The simulation findings revealed that the proposed antenna resonated at 15.5 GHz, with a return loss of -22.312 dB, a bandwidth of 2.73 GHz (2730 MHz), VSWR of 1.17, a gain of 3.843 dBi, a directivity of 5.926 dBi, and an antenna efficiency of -2.083 dB (61.901%).

Application of PSO and Curve Fitting for the Optimization of Compact L-Shaped Open Ended Slot Loaded Rectangular Patch Antenna

Application of PSO and Curve Fitting for the Optimization of Compact L-Shaped Open Ended Slot Loaded Rectangular Patch Antenna

Analytical Study of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

This work presents the analytical study of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna design which is developed on FR4 type substrate material. The resonant frequency of this rectangular microstrip patch antenna is first estimated using Transmission Line Model (TLM) and Cavity Model (CM) based Computer Aided Design (CAD) procedure. The dielectric constant of the FR4 type substrate is assumed to be 4.4 for these calculations. The estimated value of resonant frequency is 2472 MHz. The Return Loss (RL) and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of the antenna are then measured around the estimated Resonant Frequency of antenna, using a Scalar Network Analyzer setup. The actual resonant frequency of the antenna is found to be 2380 MHz from Return Loss measurements of the antenna. The dielectric constant of substrate is then estimated from the geometry and Resonant Frequency of the antenna. The estimated value of the dielectric constant of substrate comes out to be 4.7545. The probe feed location is also calculated. The radiation pattern of the antenna is measured at the Resonant Frequency 2380 MHz.

High-Sensitivity Slot-Loaded Microstrip Patch Antenna for Sensing Microliter-Volume Liquid Chemicals with High Relative Permittivity and High Loss Tangent.

This paper proposes a microwave sensor based on a high-sensitivity slot-loaded rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for measuring microliter-volume liquid chemicals with high relative permittivity and high loss tangent. A rectangular single-ring complementary split ring resonator (SR-CSRR) slot with a bottom-edge center split (BCS) was inserted along the upper radiating edge of the patch to enhance the relative permittivity sensitivity of the MPA. The first resonant frequency of the proposed SR-CSRR-BCS slot-loaded MPA showed the highest sensitivity compared to the resonant frequencies of the MPAs with other commonly used slots for varying the relative permittivity of the planar substrate type material under test from 1 to 10 when placed above the patch. After designing the scaled SR-CSRR-BCS slot-loaded MPA with the unloaded first resonant frequency at 2.5 GHz, a hollow acrylic cylindrical liquid container with an inner volume of approximately 18.6 μL was placed at the top-edge center of the SR-CSRR-BCS slot to achieve maximum sensitivity. A quarter-wavelength transformer was applied between the patch and the feed line of the MPA to improve the impedance mismatch that occurs when liquid chemicals with a high loss tangent are placed in the container. Water, methanol, and ethanol were carefully selected for test liquids to cover a broad range of relative permittivity and high loss tangents. The proposed SR-CSRR-BCS slot-loaded MPA was designed and fabricated on a 0.76 mm-thick RF-35 substrate, and a reference RS-loaded MPA was designed and fabricated for comparison. The shift in the first resonant frequency of the input reflection coefficient characteristic was used for the sensitivity comparison, and the container was filled with 15 μL of the liquids at 25 °C. The measured sensitivity (%) of the proposed SR-CSRR-BCS slot-loaded MPA for water was 0.45%, which was higher than other antenna-based microwave sensors in the literature.

Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Partial Ground, Slot, and Step for 5-6GHz IoT Applications

Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Partial Ground, Slot, and Step for 5-6GHz IoT Applications

Design and Simulation of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas (45 GHz and 60 GHz) for V-band Applications

In this article, two wideband microstrip rectangular patch antennas have been designed and simulated for V band communication systems at resonant frequencies 45 GHz and 60 GHz. Rogers RO4730G3 is used as substrate dielectric with dielectric constant 2.98. The dimensions of the antennas are 6.23mm*6.7mm*0.7mm and 6mm*6.4mm*0.7mm respectively, with very simple geometrical configuration. To investigate the performance, the designs were then simulated using (CST) Studio Suite software package. The dimensions have been well studied and optimized to obtain acceptable results of Voltage Standing Wave Ration (VSWR), return loss, gain, bandwidth (BW) and radiation pattern. The 45 GHz antenna provides a gain of 6.73 dBi with the BW of 5.5 GHz and 1.03 of VSWR. Meanwhile, the 60 GHz design offers 6.92 dBi of gain with BW of 11.57 GHz and 1.05 of VSWR. The achieved results illustrate that both designs provide a good performance and are applicable for future 5G communication systems or any applications in the V band region.

5G ДВУХДИАПАЗОННАЯ ПРЯМОУГОЛЬНАЯ МИКРОПОЛОСКОВАЯ АНТЕННА С ДВУМЯ ТРАВЛЕНИЯМИ И ВЕРХНИМ ШЕСТИГРАННЫМ ВЫРЕЗОМ НА КОНЦЕ CPW FED

Around the world, wireless or distant communication has become fundamental and indispensable.Every day, billions of users access calls, the internet, and social media. Many electricalequipment, including the antenna, are used in the sophisticated networks and systems that supportthat massive information interchange. An electrical device known as an antenna sends or receivesinformation across space. The antenna is a key component in many systems, including radio andtelevision transmission, communications receivers, radar, cellular phones, Bluetooth-enabledgadgets, and satellite communications. The rapid expansion of wireless technology and personalcommunication has increased the demand for multiband antennas, which can operate at severalfrequencies and are suited for a variety of applications. Dual-band coplanar waveguide (CPW)fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna for 5G, WiMAX band, ISM Band, and WLAN applicationsis presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is robust, cheap, light weight, and easy tofabricate, resonating at 2.4 GHz in -12.182379 s11 with 205.7 MHz BW and 3.42 GHzin -37.344879 s11 with 464.9 MHz BW whereas gain is 3.85 and 3.41 respectively. Patch elementsare placed on isolation FR408 (loss-free) substrate of relative permittivity 3.75 kept at a substrateheight of 1.6 mm. Results of simulation are presented using CST STUDIO SUITE 2019.

5.8 GHz Circularly Polarized Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Arrays simulation for Point-to-Point Application

In this paper, the design and simulation of rectangular microstrip antenna arrays for improving antenna gain is performed for point-to-point application. The proposed design is composed of four elements microstrip antenna with an array configuration operating at 5.8 GHz. Each element is constructed from four truncated arrays radiating elements and an inclined slot on each patch which capable to achieve circular polarized capability. The design of the 2x1 and 2x2 of rectangular microstrip array antenna was implemented from the designed of single rectangular patch antenna as the basic building element. The designed 2x1 and 2x2 array were fed by microstrip transmission line which applied a technique of quarter wave impedance matching. The antenna design was etched on Rogers RT 5880 substrate with 2.1 and 1.53 mm of dielectric constant and thickness respectively. All the designed structure were simulated in CST software. The main results of the designed antennas were compared in terms of gain, axial ratio and return loss. Based on the return loss simulation results, the designed antennas resonated exactly at the desired resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz which indicates good antenna designs. Compared to the single patch antenna having an antenna gain of 8.26 dB, the 2x1 and 2x2 arrays achieved a gain of 10.24 dB and 13.29 dB respectively. The results show that the designed rectangular microstrip antenna arrays have an improved gain performance over the single patch antenna.

Design and optimization of pi-slotted dual-band rectangular microstrip patch antenna using surface response methodology for 5G applications

Modern wireless network antenna technologies are designed to meet the ever-increasing needs of emerging applications. Hence this paper investigates potential antenna impedance bandwidth performance enhancement techniques based on optimizing independent geometrical parameters of pi-shaped slotted dual-band rectangular microstrip patch antenna (DBRMSPA). The antenna considered in the optimization process is with a slotted patch which improves impedance bandwidth of the antenna. And independent factors are geometrical parameters that influence the antenna's impedance bandwidth (BW) and operating frequency (Fr). The factors are substrate height (Hs), patch length (L), and slot (s2) length (Ls), and the experiment is designed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) suite 2019 to generate a dataset by varying these parameters in a specific range. Then based on the dataset, response surface methodology (RSM) is applied to develop mathematical models that relate the responses Fr and BW with independent variables. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), the effects of varying independent factors on both responses and model validation were investigated. Then constrained numerical optimization is applied to determine optimum design parameters. The optimized parameters, substrate height, patch length, and slot (s2) length (Ls) are 0.648 mm, 3.048 mm, and 1.325 mm, respectively. The optimized dual-band antenna, designed with optimized parameters, achieved a target impedance bandwidth (≥4 GHz), 7.2 GHz and 4.17 GHz at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively. Similarly, the antenna's radiation efficiency at 28 GHz and 38 GHz is 75.457% and 88.6237%, respectively. The proposed antenna also gives a gain of 6 dBi at 28 GHz and 4.15 dBi at 38 GHz. And VSWR is less than 2 throughout its impedance bandwidth. All of these results were generated using the CST EM solver and validated using the Ansys High Frequency Simulation Software (HFSS) with good agreement. As a result, the proposed potential performance enhancement techniques provide an antenna with a wide impedance bandwidth suitable for 5G mobile communication applications.

Single-layer near-zero refractive index metamaterial lens based on non-complete periodic arrays.

In this study, an electric inductive-capacitive (ELC) resonator with a refractive index of around 0.08+i0.08 at 5.8 GHz serves as the unit cell. Based on the ELC unit cell, together with the electromagnetic wave (EMW) single knife-edge diffraction model, a near-zero refractive index metamaterial (NZIM) lens with a non-complete periodic array and small dimension of 0.8λ0 2 is proposed to weaken the blocking of feed source radiation, and bring more significant gain enhancement compared to that with a complete periodic array. To demonstrate the proposed lens performance, the lens-loaded antenna formed by the proposed NZIM lens and a rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) operating at the center frequency of 5.8GHz is provided. The measured results show that the relative bandwidth (RBW) of the lens-loaded antenna is 9.83% (5.51-6.08 GHz), which is expanded by 3.6 times contrasted with that of MPA (2.75%). Moreover, the average and maximum gains enhancement of 4.77 dB and 6.88 dB are obtained. Due to improving the radiation characteristic, this work can be used to drive the application of MPAs in wireless communication systems.

REDUCING THE CROSS-POLARIZATION PATTERN IN A DUAL-POLARIZED ANTENNA USING SPIRAL AND SPLIT RING RESONATORS

This paper introduces the design of a new dual polarization rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on metamaterial structures at X-band. The work focuses on two distinct configurations of a microstrip patch antenna utilizing metamaterials. Pairs of spiral ring resonators are loaded into a rectangular patch antenna system in the first design. The second strategy involves inserting a split ring resonator at the end of microstrip feed lines. The utilization of metamaterial structures in the microstrip antenna system compensates for the patch antenna's asymmetric current distribution of the flow, resulting in symmetrical current distribution. The simulation results display an import cross-polarization cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) and good port decoupling. The antenna system has various characteristics, including a basic structure and metamaterial inclusions that take up a small amount of space, making the suggested metamaterial inclusions more beneficial for dual-linear polarized patch antenna construction. These prototypes are suitable to work for polarimetric radars.

Effect of FR4 Ground Layer on Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna in terms of Length and Width

In this project, inset fed type rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed in CST Design Studio program; produced by printed circuit method on FR4 substrate which has 1.6 mm thickness, 4.3 electrical conductivity value, and measurements are made using nano VNA device with SMA connection in near 2.46 GHz center frequency. Four types of grounding methods with five measurements (two measurements with the first one) which are different from each other in the literature, have been tried on the antenna and the results from the nano VNA device are given. In the study, -27.5 dB (random, according to the author method), -22.5 dB (random, according to the default substrate dimension method), -13.8 dB (2 times of W, L method), -23.8 dB (6 times of h plus W, L method) and -27 dB (12 times of h plus W, L method) S11 values are obtained, respectively, according to the different dimensions of the ground, and the dimensions are shortened in each measurement. The middle frequency takes values between the frequencies of 2.44-2.48 GHz and remains on WLAN frequencies.

A COMPACT 4 PORT MIMO DIVERSIFIED ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONS

Antennas Currently there is large scope in wireless applications due to increased scalability and mobility. Users need these technologies to improve data accessing information from anywhere along with high data speed giving rise to 5G technology. Today’s recent growth increased by huge capacity, data rate and high throughput with single antenna system fulfilling the given requirement more likely to do multipath fading and had low data rate. The drawbacks can be overcome by the MIMO antenna in the wireless communication system.In this paper we designed a rectangular patch antenna with semicircle defective ground substrate which improves the efficiency and reduce interference. These might have wide range of applications in WLAN and WiMAX. This has an advantage of less interference using MIMO antenna. The proposed antenna will be working at frequency of 4-6GHZ (c-band) and frequency (x-band) applications mainly satellite and WiMAX applications.

Compact High Gain Omnidirectional Horizontally Polarized Antenna Array Utilizing an Aperture With Uniform Field Distribution

A compact high gain omnidirectional horizontally polarized (OHP) antenna array is proposed in this communication. The theoretical calculations prove that a slender aperture with uniform field distribution can achieve OHP radiation with high directivity. The rectangular patch antenna operating in TM10 mode is employed to obtain an element with the specific field distribution. To extend the electrical length of the aperture, the element is elongated, and four collinear elements are integrated as an array without any redundant structures. Benefitted from the reasonable electric field distribution and concise configuration, the aperture efficiency is significantly improved. Therefore, the proposed antenna can achieve high gain OHP radiation in a compact size. The overall dimension of the antenna array is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.62\lambda \times 0.22\lambda \times 0.07\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the free space wavelength at the center frequency). Measured results verify that the impedance bandwidth of the array covers 5.46–6.13 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 11.6%, a maximum realized gain of 11 dBi, and good omnidirectional characteristics with a gain variation of less than 3 dB in the entire operating bandwidth.

An Unconventional Shape Memory Alloy Low-Power Ratchet for Reconfiguring the Polarization of a Moiré Pattern-Based Antenna

In this article, a novel polarization reconfigurable antenna based on the Moiré effect is proposed. The presented design exploits substantial changes in the overlapped Moiré patterns to minimize the needed actuation for antenna reconfiguration. The novel antenna design is based on stacking two circular FR4 substrates on top of a truncated edge rectangular patch antenna. The top layers of both the substrates are milled into horizontal stripes forming the Moiré patterns. One of these substrates is fixed with respect to the antenna, while the second one rotates with respect to the fixed substrate. Upon rotation, these stripes from the two substrates overlap in pattern, which shapes the antenna. As a result, the antenna design is capable of switching its polarization scheme between vertical, horizontal, and circular with left-hand orientation. In addition, the Moiré patterns can also enhance the directivity and gain of the proposed antenna. The reconfiguration’s mechanical actuation is achieved via a nontraditional ratchet mechanism that uses shape memory alloys (SMAs). This realized actuation system is fast, flexible in its positioning, has low energy expenditure, and minimizes interference with antenna operation. An antenna prototype is fabricated and tested where measured results match the simulated performance.

Design and Fabrication of Microstrip Circular and Rectangular Patch Antennas at 2.4 GHz

Design and Fabrication of Microstrip Circular and Rectangular Patch Antennas at 2.4 GHz