Rectangular Building Research Articles

Supermarket as a New Type of Public and Trade Buildings in Design

Supermarket is a new type of public building with commercial purposes that has big space, various goods and self-service. Basic functions: commercial and storage, additional functions: “own manufacture”, catering zones and fun zones. The technology always comes first and determines the whole design project. The recommended ratio of spaces that perform various functions in the supermarket: “consumer, entry zone” - 7-12%; trade and storage zone (retail space) - 55-65%; - warehouse zone - 8-13%; “in-house production” in a food supermarket - 12-16%; “in-house production” in a non-food supermarket - 2-5%; administrative and utility spaces in a food supermarket - 8-20%; administrative and utility spaces in a non-food supermarket - 2-8%. Rectangular buildings of supermarkets with one or two floors in the main building that has storage and warehouse functions. High-shelf storage (higher than 5.5m). Front walls with corporate colours of a chain brand.

A study of transient effect of constant indirect flow velocity through multiple upper-vents in un-stratified rectangular ventilated building using theoretical approach

A study of transient effect of constant indirect flow velocity through multiple upper-vents in un-stratified rectangular ventilated building using theoretical approach

Stable and convective boundary-layer flows in an urban array

In this paper non-neutral approaching flows were employed in a meteorological wind tunnel on a regular urban-like array of rectangular buildings. As far as stable stratification is concerned, results on the flow above and inside the canopy show a clear reduction of the Reynolds stresses and an increment of the Monin-Obukhov length up to 80%. The roughness length and displacement height were also affected, with a reduction up to 27% for the former and an increment up to 5% for the latter. A clear reduction of the turbulence within the canopy was observed. In the convective stratification cases, the friction velocity appears increased by both the effect of roughness and unstable stratification. The increased roughness causes a reduction in the surface stratification, reflected in an increase of the Monin-Obukhov length, which is double over the array compared to the approaching flow. The effect on the aerodynamic roughness length and displacement height are specular to the SBL case, an increase up to 55% of the former and a reduction of the same amount for the latter.

KARAKTERISTIK BANGUNAN “BALE PIYASAN” SERTA PROSES PEMBANGUNANNYA

Bale Piyasan is one type of sacred building for the Hindu community, especially in Bali as an ancestral heritage that needs to be developed and preserved, so we need to know the background of the Bale Piyasan design and at the same time to know the historical and cultural values contained therein. At the same time as a comparison between the opinions of the sources and the reality in accordance with the conditions in the field, case studies which have different characteristics are carried out, both in terms of function, layout and shape of the sacred building. Based on this description, the purpose of this research is to find the meaning of the philosophy of the Bale Piyasan building, to find the process of self-reliance and physical, the rituals in constructing the Bale Piyasan and to determine the layout of the Bale Piyasan building as well. This research is a comparative descriptive study, where physical and non-physical data are collected, both library and field data. From the results of the analysis and comparison, they are reviewed and concluded to obtain a recommendation. There are 2 (two) types of data used in this study, namely primary data and
 secondary data. Primary data is obtained through (1) surveys and observations, namely making direct observations to objects and carrying out documentation, (2) interviews, which are conducted with people who are competent and can be trusted in this matter. Secondary data includes literature studies conducted to find information about research through information sources such as books, reports, the internet. From the results of literature and factual studies and analysis results, it can be concluded that Bale Piyasan is a rectangular elongated building with 4 (four) poles as a place to decorate or assemble symbols before being distributed to the sacred building and the place where the ceremony will be offered. Bale Piyasan functions as a place to decorate or arrange symbols, such as Daksina Pelinggih or Arca. The layout of Bale Piyasan is on the west side facing south. We can find Bale Piyasan in the innards of the temple. The Bale Piyasan design uses elbows or traditional Balinese measurements. The establishment of Bale Piyasan must follow the processes and ceremonies in accordance with the rules of traditional Balinese architecture.

Gone with the wind? Research on abandonment processes as part of Neolithic ways of life in Göbekli Tepe

While most archaeological research is focused on the reasons for starting cultural activities (such as building a house, setting up a settlement, starting to produce a groundstone), my PhD project “Neolithic ways of life” is concerned with the end of settlements. Within the framework of the study fields Landscape Archaeology and Archaeology of Abandonment, I analyse the processes of abandonment at the PPN A+B hill site Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Anatolia. With the slow advent of agriculture and animal husbandry during the Neolithization, the site was abandoned at the end of the 9th millennium BCE.The site is famous for its large circular structures which are equipped with monolithic T-shaped pillars that were built by groups who lived from foraging. Far less is known about Göbekli Tepe as a settlement, nine hectares densely covered with round and rectangular buildings with sets of domestic activities of daily life.My research focuses on architectural analysis such as re-modelling and re-use of buildings, a detailed study of the room fills in combination with the development of a systematic sampling strategy, to examine continuities and discontinuities of abandonment practices in Göbekli Tepe.In my presentation, I will stress the importance of abandonment studies inarchaeology and give methodological examples for how I identify abandonment in the archaeological record. The importance of small-scale excavations cannot be overestimated in this context. Furthermore, I will provide insights into my dissertation project, my fieldwork at Göbekli Tepe and first preliminary results.The talk has the aim to discuss the potential of small-scale or micro-archaeology and its contribution to questions concerning the end of habitations and whole settlements. By examining these processes in detail, the diversity of and the (in-)stability in settlement practices can be reconstructed, refining our understanding of past societies.

An improved three-dimensional concentration measurement technique using magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance concentration (MRC) was introduced by Benson et al. (Exp Fluids 49:43–55, 2010) to obtain three-dimensional, time-averaged concentration fields in complex turbulent flows without the need for optical access using magnetic resonance imaging. It has since been applied to a wide variety of flows including jet engine film cooling configurations, mixing layers, and urban dispersion cases. However, the measurement uncertainty is currently limited to about 5% of the injected concentration, irrespective of the local concentration. This work presents an advanced MRC technique to greatly reduce the uncertainty at low concentration. Best practices for conducting MRC experiments are described to establish a baseline methodology. These include the choice of scan settings and fluids, calibration procedure, mixing experiment details, and method for computing concentration fields from scan data. An advanced technique is developed to reduce the uncertainty at low concentration by combining data from multiple experiments at increasing molarity of injected fluid, using Fourier-space averaging to reduce noise, and by minimizing fluid property differences using a low flip angle to reduce the maximum injected molarity without degrading the signal-to-noise ratio. The method is flexible and can be optimized to meet the uncertainty requirements of specific applications. Experiments are performed on the turbulent mixing downstream of an isolated, rectangular building as a test case. The advanced technique is validated against the baseline method and maps of spatially dependent experimental uncertainty are presented. Less than 1% uncertainty based on a 95% confidence interval is achieved near the plume boundaries. Results from the new technique reveal dilute but non-zero concentration regions near the wall which could not be resolved using the baseline method.

An Application of Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to the Flow Field around a Rectangular Prism Building Model

An Application of Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to the Flow Field around a Rectangular Prism Building Model

Rational synthesis of interpenetrated 3D covalent organic frameworks for asymmetric photocatalysis.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show great promise as heterogeneous photocatalysts, but they have not yet been explored for asymmetric photocatalysis, which is important for the sustainable production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. We report here a pair of twofold interpenetrated 3D COFs adopting a rare (3,4)-connected ffc topology for photocatalytic asymmetric reactions by imine condensation of rectangular and trigonal building blocks. Both COFs containing a photoredox triphenylamine moiety are efficient photocatalysts for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions and asymmetric α-alkylation of aldehydes integrated with a chiral imidazolidinone catalyst. Under visible-light irradiation, the targeted chiral products are produced in satisfactory yields with up to 94% enantiomeric excess, which are comparable to those of reported reactions using molecular metal complexes or organic dyes as photosensitizers. Whereas the COFs became amorphous after catalysis, they can be recrystallized through solvent-assisted linker exchange and reused without performance loss. This is the first report utilizing COFs as photocatalysts to promote enantioselective photochemical reactions.

Correction: Evaporation-driven manipulation of nanoscale brickwork structures for the design of 1D, 2D, and 3D microarrays of rectangular building blocks

Correction for ‘Evaporation-driven manipulation of nanoscale brickwork structures for the design of 1D, 2D, and 3D microarrays of rectangular building blocks’ by Hiroaki Imai et al., CrystEngComm, 2019, 21, 6905–6914.

Dispersion in an array of buildings in stable and convective atmospheric conditions

Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to study the impact of atmospheric stratification on flow and dispersion within and over a regular array of rectangular buildings. Three stable and two convective incoming boundary layers were tested with a Richardson number ranging from −1.5 to 0.29. Dispersion measurements were carried using a fast response flame ionisation detector. The results show that the stratification effect on the plume width is significantly lower than the effect on the vertical profiles. Stable stratification did not affect the plume central axis inside the canopy, but in the unstable case the axis appeared to deviate from the neutral case direction. Above the canopy both stratification types caused an increase in the plume deflection angle compared to the neutral case. Measured mean concentrations in stable stratification were up to two times larger in the canopy compared to the neutral case, while in convective conditions they were to three times smaller. The proportionality between the vertical turbulent fluxes and the vertical mean concentration gradient was also confirmed in the stratified cases. The high-quality experimental data produced during this work may help developing new mathematical models and parametrisation for non-neutral stratified conditions, as well as validating existing and future numerical simulations.

Attaining sustainable high-rise office buildings in warm-summer-cold-winter climates: a case study on Frankfurt

Abstract Attaining sustainability in high-rise office buildings necessitates determining the major elements and their associating impacts on the energy performance of this building typology. This study investigates the impact of architectural and engineering features on the energy performance of high-rise office buildings within a warm-summer-cold-winter climate. A rectangular building plan form with a 1:1.44 plan ratio, vertical split core position and central atrium presented the best building performance. The plan form, core position and atrium effect accounted for 59, 30 and 11%, respectively, of an estimated 20.6% building energy savings. Furthermore, exploiting passive strategies founded on the climate and building features as defined by `PassivHaus’ standards further reduced the building energy usage.

Wind-induced cladding and structural loads on low-rise buildings with 4:12-sloped hip roofs

The characteristics of cladding and structural loads for 4:12-sloped hip-roofed low-rise buildings with rectangular, L- and T-shaped plans are examined, based on wind tunnel data and three-dimensional linear computational models. Regarding cladding loads, the rectangular gable roof incurs more considerable local suction, compared with the rectangular hip roof. However, due to building plan configurations, intense suction and positive pressure are distinctly distributed on roofs and walls around building re-entrant corners of hip-roofed non-rectangular buildings. Considering structural loads, very high pressures act on the gable-roofed end frame, compared with those on the corresponding hip-roofed frames. Furthermore, the building plan impact on structural load patterns varying with wind directions and on most critical values is clear. Particularly, the most critical structural loads acting on intermediate and penultimate frames of wings of L-shaped hip-roofed buildings and side wings of T-shaped cases, show a 25% maximum increase. However, regarding the central wings of T-shaped buildings, results generally fall within the same range with those of the rectangular and L-shaped buildings. In addition, the structural connections and boundary conditions significantly influence structural load magnitudes and distribution shapes. Finally, the effect of horizontal aspect ratios on both cladding and structural loads is found to be minimal.

Cereal processing at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey.

We analyze the processing of cereals and its role at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Anatolia (10th / 9th millennium BC), a site that has aroused much debate in archaeological discourse. To date, only zooarchaeological evidence has been discussed in regard to the subsistence of its builders. Göbekli Tepe consists of monumental round to oval buildings, erected in an earlier phase, and smaller rectangular buildings, built around them in a partially contemporaneous and later phase. The monumental buildings are best known as they were in the focus of research. They are around 20 m in diameter and have stone pillars that are up to 5.5 m high and often richly decorated. The rectangular buildings are smaller and–in some cases–have up to 2 m high, mostly undecorated, pillars. Especially striking is the number of tools related to food processing, including grinding slabs/bowls, handstones, pestles, and mortars, which have not been studied before. We analyzed more than 7000 artifacts for the present contribution. The high frequency of artifacts is unusual for contemporary sites in the region. Using an integrated approach of formal, experimental, and macro- / microscopical use-wear analyses we show that Neolithic people at Göbekli Tepe have produced standardized and efficient grinding tools, most of which have been used for the processing of cereals. Additional phytolith analysis confirms the massive presence of cereals at the site, filling the gap left by the weakly preserved charred macro-rests. The organization of work and food supply has always been a central question of research into Göbekli Tepe, as the construction and maintenance of the monumental architecture would have necessitated a considerable work force. Contextual analyses of the distribution of the elements of the grinding kit on site highlight a clear link between plant food preparation and the rectangular buildings and indicate clear delimitations of working areas for food production on the terraces the structures lie on, surrounding the circular buildings. There is evidence for extensive plant food processing and archaeozoological data hint at large-scale hunting of gazelle between midsummer and autumn. As no large storage facilities have been identified, we argue for a production of food for immediate use and interpret these seasonal peaks in activity at the site as evidence for the organization of large work feasts.

POD characterisation of extreme wake patterns of turbulent wind fields past rectangular buildings

The turbulent wind fields around three different rectangular building models in two types of simulated atmospheric boundary layer are measured using particle image velocimetry. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is then applied to recognize and extract the coherent structures of large energy of fluctuating velocities. The extreme flow patterns of the first two POD modes are identified from the instants of occurrence of peak POD coefficients. The way how these extreme patterns influence the instantaneous flow fields is discussed. The results demonstrate that these extreme patterns can contribute to the instantaneous building wake flow in completely different manners but similar influence patterns can be summarized as described from the wake flow data of different rectangular building models. In the broad sense, one extreme wake pattern strengths the time-averaged mean flow field of the wake such as a recirculating bubble behind the building on the vertical planes and two symmetric counter-rotating vortices on the horizontal planes. However, the other extreme wake pattern causes air to flow largely in the opposite directions as the main flow. On the longitudinal vertical planes behind the building, a momentary fluid source formed at some point in the wake drives air to flow upwards with some flow backwards toward the building. On the horizontal planes, one extreme pattern reveals a pair of asymmetric vortices attached to the building leeward wall. The instantaneous peak flow characteristics influenced by the extreme POD modal patterns, apparently reported for the first time, could have important implications in building wake effect assessment especially for hazardous situations.

Interpolation of wind pressures using Gaussian process regression

This study focuses on using limited wind tunnel test records to interpolate surface wind pressures where no measuring taps are arranged or under wind directions that are not measured. Gaussian process regression (GPR), a machine learning method, is first introduced to investigate the issue. For the interpolations of lower-order moments, time histories, higher-order moments, and wind pressure cumulative distribution functions (CDF), several novel GPR-based approaches are proposed. The newly proposed time history interpolation approach can capture the slight variation of wind pressure field with time, owing to the invocation of the time-varying GPR models. Interpolations of skewness, kurtosis, and wind pressure CDFs are attempted for the first time. Taking the surface pressures of a rectangular flat-roof low-rise building as an example, all the proposed approaches are comprehensively discussed, and their interpolation accuracy and superiority are demonstrated by comparing the interpolation results with the measured data and with the outputs from current state-of-the-art approaches.

Fundamental period of vibrations influencing characteristics of torsional irregularity in reinforced concrete buildings

This paper presents an analysis of irregular reinforced concrete buildings with respect to fundamental period of vibrations. During earthquake, reinforced concrete building with asymmetric building system experience extensive damage due to this torsional irregularity. Torsional irregularity of reinforced concrete buildings has been analysed with taking the strength and stiffness eccentricities as the main parameters of the rectangular in-plan building system. Displacement demand in reinforced concrete building has been determined in terms of fundamental period of vibrations and the behaviour of the building system was presented using the normalised displacement of buildings. The hypothetical model has been analysed has been set up using varies values of fundamental period of vibrations using Ruaumoko program and the lateral displacement of the building were extracted using Fortran program. The results indicated through the damage index showed that the fundamental period of vibration plays an important role in earthquake studies on reinforced concrete building since earthquake induced excessive displacement to the building system under the increment of the fundamental period of vibrations.

Explainable Clustering Using Hyper-Rectangles for Building Energy Simulation Data

Clustering has become a very popular machine learning technique for identifying groups of data points with common features in a set of data points. In several applications, there is a need to explain the clusters so that the user can understand the underlying commonalities. One such application is in the area of building energy simulation. There is a need to cluster solutions obtained by parametric energy simulation runs and explain the characteristics of each cluster for human consumption. This paper demonstrates how the axis-aligned hyper-rectangles based clustering, on building energy simulation data, can help identify clusters and describe the governing rules for each cluster. We are calling these rules design strategies. Instead of the distance-based clustering methods that are unable to extract simple rules from the underlying commonalities in each cluster, this method is able to overcome this limitation. This method is applied to identify design strategies from a parametric run of a simple five-zone rectangular building model. Based on a user-given threshold, low energy solutions are selected for clustering. Each axis-aligned hyper-rectangle cluster is a unique design strategy that can be easily communicated to the user.

ANN based automatic slat angle control of venetian blind for minimized total load in an office building

Windows are the only part of a building that can directly penetrate the solar radiation into the occupied space and thus the shading devices are needed to control the solar penetration. A variety of research have been conducted to develop the optimized slat angle control in the existing literature, but the research incorporating artificial intelligence technique with slat angle control is limited thus far. Therefore, in this study, the ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model was applied to minimize the combined total load consisting of lighting, cooling, and heating loads through automatic slat angle control of venetian blinds. A three-story rectangular office building was simulated using EnergyPlus, and dimming control was applied to control the lighting. The interlocked simulation between Matlab and EnergyPlus was conducted through BCVTB. As a result of comparing automatic blind control via the ANN to fixed blind slat angle, the automatic blind control via the ANN showed 9.1% lower total load than the blind angle fixed at 50°. It was confirmed that the cooling and heating load could be significantly reduced by real-time automatic control via the ANN under various operating conditions, rather than fixing the blinds at one angle.

Geoarchaeological evidence of late and post-Antiquity (5th-9th c. AD) climate changes recorded at the Roman site in Plemići Bay (Zadar region, Croatia)

Remains of a vast Roman pottery production complex were found on the shore of the Plemići Bay (Općina Ražanac, Zadar county) in 2012, and confirmed by geophysical survey. Ground-penetrating radar measurements revealed outline of a rectangular building that finds analogies with Roman storehouses (horreum). The area occupied by remains of the Roman pottery workshop was covered by immense soil-debris flows. Three geological exposures located to the north of the remains of the Roman building were documented using lithological and malacological analysis, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The profiles revealed at least three generations of slope sediments, formed in result of intensive soil or debris flows in a dry climate, most probably in 5th c. AD. In the next, wet phase sediments were transported downslope and deposited on the Roman structures after 5th c. AD. Environmental conditions at Pelmići were supply with paleoclimate evidence from the Adriatic region. At ca. 1.5 cal. BP lake levels in the eastern Adriatic area were drastically reduced, probably because of strong decrease in humidity, correlated with the so-called North Atlantic Bond event 3. The drought was followed by a humid episode, also attested at the Plemići archaeological site.

Evaporation-driven manipulation of nanoscale brickwork structures for the design of 1D, 2D, and 3D microarrays of rectangular building blocks

As children play with wooden building blocks, we would like to construct elaborate architectures through the one-by-one accumulation of nanocrystals.