Rectangle Grid Research Articles

Applying modified-data mining techniques to assess public transportation vulnerable urban and suburban city areas

To guarantee the right to move for residents in areas where public transportation is insufficient, research is needed to identify vulnerable areas and prepare measures. This paper defines the vulnerable regions of public transportation within various city types in Korea. In order to identify appropriate areas to apply the Demand Responsive Transit (DRT), the regions with vulnerability were compared with a specific city (Yangsan-si) which already the DRT system was successfully adopted. To collect monthly bus data, web-data crawling method was performed and processed with coordinating program by matching GPS coordinate. The public transportation demand was predicted for each grid cell size (100 m, 250 m, and 500 m) by different methodologies. Various data mining models based on regression were analyzed to predict bus demand of vulnerable areas. Among models, a modified model was suggested to combine Automated machine learning models for high prediction performance. The modified model outperformed other methods as 0.685 and prediction performance was appropriate at 100 m rectangle grid. Regional characters of DRT bus allocation areas were extracted by K-means clustering method and differentiate urban and suburban types. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into conditions that DRT bus stop can be installed. The urban bus stop areas located in metropolitan cities and the suburban bus stop allocation areas located in countryside. The study results can be used as policy data for the successful introduction to prevent social exclusion and improve resident welfare in the future.

Mooring Analysis of Ocean FarmITS (OFITS)

Ocean Farm ITS (OFITS) is a pilot project of offshore aquaculture designed by Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) which will be installed at Sidoasri Beach, Malang Districts. OFITS structure is an integration of fish cages with ecotourism facilities. This paper describes the mooring analysis for OFITS installation. The mooring configuration uses a rectangle grid consisting of 4 mooring buoys, 8 top inner mooring grids, and 14 mooring lines arranged symmetrically. The mooring line uses a type of nylon line with a size of 42 mm in diameter and 70 m in length. Five mooring lines on the front side and two mooring lines on the back side secure the moored buoy to the seafloor. The maximum capacity of buoy is 3 tons. The anchor for mooring uses an anchor with a weight of 0.25 tons for each anchor. The purpose of this analysis is to obtain the maximum tension of the mooring rope at OFITS based on extreme environmental loads. This analysis uses the time domain analysis method.

Boussinesq Simulation of Coastal Wave Interaction with Bottom-Mounted Porous Structures

A Boussinesq-type wave model is developed in this paper to simulate the interaction of coastal waves with bottom-mounted porous structures. The governing equations are rewritten in the conservative form to facilitate the use of hybrid finite volume (FV) and finite difference (FD) method. Higher-order slope terms are also inserted into the equations to account for rapidly varying bathymetry. The convective flux is approximated using the FV method, while the remaining terms are discretized using the FD method in a uniform rectangle grid system. The time integration is implemented using the third order Runge–Kutta method with an adaptive time step. A single GPU parallel computation is also implemented to save computation costs. The numerical model is validated against a series of experimental datasets, including data acquired in a new laboratory experiment. The predictions are in overall agreement with the measurements, proving that the model is capable of handling wave interaction with porous structures in the coastal region for a wide range of scenarios.

On Wire-Grid Representation for Modeling Symmetrical Antenna Elements

This paper focuses on the combination of the method of moments and the wire-grid approximation as an effective computational technique for modeling symmetrical antennas with low computational cost and accurate results. The criteria and conditions for the use of wire-grid surface approximation from various sources are presented together with new recommendations for modeling symmetrical antenna structures using the wire-grid approximation. These recommendations are used to calculate the characteristics of biconical and horn antennas at different frequencies. The results obtained using different grid and mesh settings are compared to those obtained analytically. Moreover, the results are compared to those obtained using the finite difference time domain numerical method, as well as the measured ones. All results are shown to be in a good agreement. The recommendations used for building a symmetrical wire-grid of those symmetrical antenna elements provided the most advantageous parameters of the grid and mesh settings and the wire radius, which are able to give quite accurate results with low computational cost. Additionally, the known equal area rule was modified for a rectangular grid form. The obtained radiation patterns of a conductive plate using both the original rule and the modified one are compared with the electrodynamic analysis results. It is shown that the use of the modified rule is more accurate when using a rectangle grid form.

Sources of methodical errors in the approximation of the amplitude radiation pattern by a double Kotelnikov series in rectangle grid

With regard to the amplitude bearing problem, quantitative estimates of methodical error are given when approximating the spatial amplitude chart of an antenna using a double Kotelnikov series. The area of approximation of the amplitude radiation pattern is limited by the main lobe. The methodical error of the approximation of the amplitude radiation is determined provided that the coefficients of the Kotelnikov series are calculated without error. In this approach, the methodical error takes into account two sources of error: the first source of error reflects the influence of finiteness of the series members, and the second source of error is the limited angle sector in the approximation area.

Narrow Bandpass Frequency Selective Surface With High Level of Angular Stability at Ka-Band

In this letter, a novel design of a narrow bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS) based on the utilization of the coupled method, which resonates at Ka-band frequencies between 29 and 30.3 GHz, is proposed and experimentally evaluated. A high selectivity was achieved, by coupling two metallic layers, which were based on the structure of a cross aperture and a rectangle grid patch, respectively. The simple symmetric patterns used in the proposed work have also made the FSS independent of polarization properties. Moreover, a high angular stability was also achieved since for electromagnetic (EM) wave incident at degrees from 0° to 75°, the frequency deviations were only 0.1% and 0.4% for TE and TM polarizations, respectively. For performance evaluation, an experimental FSS prototype was fabricated by a double-sided printed circuit board (PCB), which was composed of 50×50 unit cells in a dimension of 18 cm ×18 cm. A Keysight N5227A PNA and two-horn antennas in a chamber were setup to measure the performance. The experimental measurement results have shown a good agreement with the numerical simulations.

Upper and Lower Bounds on the Computational Complexity of Polar Encoding and Decoding

It is shown that all polar encoding schemes using a standard encoding matrix with rate R>1/2 and block length N have energy within the Thompson circuit model that scales at least as E ≥ Ω (N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3/2</sub> ). This lower bound is achievable up to polylogarithmic factors using a mesh network topology defined by Thompson and the encoding algorithm defined by Arıkan. A general class of circuits that compute successive cancellation decoding adapted from Arıkan's butterfly network algorithm is defined. It is shown that such decoders implemented on a rectangle grid for codes of rate R > 2/3 must take energy E ≥ Ω (N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3/2</sup> ). The energy of a Mead memory architecture and a mesh network memory architecture are analyzed and it is shown that a processor architecture using these memory elements can reach the decoding energy lower bounds to within a polylogarithmic factor. Similar scaling rules are derived for polar list decoders and belief propagation decoders. Capacity approaching sequences of energy optimal polar encoders and decoders, as a function of reciprocal gap to capacity χ = (1- R/C) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> (where R is rate C and is channel capacity), have energy that scales as Ω (χ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5.3685</sup> ) ≤ E ≤ O (χ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7.071</sup> log <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> (χ)). Known results in constant depth circuit complexity theory imply that no polynomial size classical circuits can compute polar encoding, but this is possible in quantum circuits that include a constant depth quantum fan-out gate.

A Novel Drainage System Using Cellular Automata to Avoid Urban Flood

Floods are problems which become disasters if they persist for a long duration. Out of all kind of floods, a rainfall-induced flood is just a problem created by a lack of water storage methods, which can be eliminated if a better removal system is available. For flood avoidance, many methods have been used, out of which a dedicated drainage pipeline structure may facilitate better removal. This article shows the theory of cellular automata with its new application for flood avoidance using ground leveling. This article analyzes the performance of hexagonal shapes compared with a popular rectangle grid. The article also shows the impact of various layers on the size of the tank. This article provides knowledge towards the flood avoidance for a flood free smart city.

Six New Complexes Based on Substituted Pyridazine Ligands: Structures and Luminescent Properties

Three structurally related ligands 3-chloro-6-(benzoimidazol-1-yl)pyridazine (L 1 ), 3-chloro-6-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pyridazine (L 2 ) and 3,6-bis(imidazol-1-yl)pyridazine (L 3 ) were designed and synthesized, and six new Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) complexes, namely, [M(L 1 )2Cl2] [M = Zn (1) and Co (2)], [Cu(L 2 )2(NO3)2(H2O)] (3), [Cu(L 2 )2Cl2]∞ (4), [CuL 3 (CH3COO)2]∞ (5) and [CdL 3 (SCN)2]∞ (6) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The analysis reveals that complexes 1, 2 and 3 have a mononuclear structure, 1 and 2 have a similar structure. Complex 3 features a 1D structure with intermolecular O–H⋯O hydrogen bonding interactions. Complex 4 shows a 1D chain structure with bridging Clˉ ions. Complex 5 exhibits a 1D ladder structure. The 2D framework of 6 features are rectangular grid with a (4, 4) topology. Additionally, photoluminescence properties of ligands L 1 , L 3 and complexes 1, 2 and 6 have been studied and discussed. Six new metal-organic complexes were synthesized and structurally characterized, complexes 1, 2 and 3 have a mononuclear structure, complexes 4 and 5 show 1D chain structure, the 2D framework of 6 has a rectangle grid with a (4, 4) topology, moreover, photoluminescence properties of ligands L 1 , L 3 and complexes 1, 2 and 6 have been studied and discussed.

A carbohydrazone based tetranuclear Co(II) complex: Self-assembly and magnetic property

A tetranuclear cobalt(ΙΙ) complex [Co(HLMe,Me)]4(ClO4)4·5CH3OH·1.5H2O (H2LMe,Me=1,5-bis(1-(6-methylpyridine-2-yl)ethylidene)carbonohydrazide) was achieved by self-assembly and characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis and magnetic measurement. In the Co4 rectangle grid, the Co(ΙΙ) centers are in a distorted octahedral environment with N4O2 or N5O coordination spheres and bridged by two μ-O bridges and two μ-N–N bridges, respectively. Variation in R2 site of the ligand influences the electromagnetic environment of the metal centers to some extent. The magnetic investigation indicates that there is an antiferromagnetic interaction between the HS Co(II) ions.

PATTERN SYNTHESIS FOR LARGE PLANAR ARRAYS USING A MODIFIED ALTERNATING PROJECTION METHOD IN AN AFFINE COORDINATE SYSTEM

A pattern synthesis approach based on a modifled alternating projection method in an a-ne coordinate system is proposed in this paper. The approach is suitable for large planar arrays with skewed element layout. According to the a-ne transformation theory, the radiation pattern of the array with a periodic parallelogram element layout could be written down immediately from that of a conventional one with rectangle cells when a pattern invariant group is deflned. Just as known, the conventional alternating projection method is sensitive to the starting point and easy to fall into local optimum; in this paper we introduce a modifled alternating projection method with a variable projection operator. To verify the rationality of the proposed method, several examples have been performed on our personal computer. Results show that the method could quickly synthesize the array patterns to the required with high accuracy. In addition, if the array has a triangle or parallelogram element layout, the required antennas to flll up the aperture is reduced when compared with the conventional one with antennas arranged along a rectangle grid. In our examples, the maximum reduction is about 18.09%, which is quite beneflcial to reduce the weight and cost of the array.

Seismic traveltime inversion of 3D velocity model with triangulated interfaces

Seismic traveltime tomographic inversion has played an important role in detecting the internal structure of the solid earth. We use a set of blocks to approximate geologically complex media that cannot be well described by layered models or cells. The geological body is described as an aggregate of arbitrarily shaped blocks, which are separated by triangulated interfaces. We can describe the media as homogenous or heterogeneous in each block. We define the velocities at the given rectangle grid points for each block, and the heterogeneous velocities in each block can be calculated by a linear interpolation algorithm. The parameters of the velocity grid positions are independent of the model parameterization, which is advantageous in the joint inversion of the velocities and the node depths of an interface. We implement a segmentally iterative ray tracer to calculate traveltimes in the 3D heterogeneous block models. The damped least squares method is employed in seismic traveltime inversion, which includes the partial derivatives of traveltime with respect to the depths of nodes in the triangulated interfaces and velocities defined in rectangular grids. The numerical tests indicate that the node depths of a triangulated interface and homogeneous velocity distributions can be well inverted in a stratified model.

Tuning multiple Fano and plasmon resonances in rectangle grid quasi-3D plasmonic-photonic nanostructures

Plasmonic and photonic nanostructures can manipulate light-matter interaction, leading to a wide range of tunable properties. Here, we show that multiple Fano and plasmon resonances can be generated in quasi-3D plasmonic nanostructure arrays on rectangle grid photonic nanostructure substrates. The Fano resonances are the quasiguided modes coupled with the plasmon resonance while the distinct plasmon resonances are the localized surface plasmon resonances of the top gold thin film with sub-wavelength nanohole array and the bottom gold nanodisk array. The Fano and plasmon resonances can be tuned separately and selectively by changing the dimension of photonic and plasmonic nanostructures.

Convergence Analysis for the Elliptic Boundary Value Problem of Rectangle Nested Refinement Finite Element with &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; Truncation

In this paper, the finite element method of rectangle nested refinement was introduced, and the level Κ rectangle grid refinement and related properties on planar region were given. According to boundary problems of a kind of elliptic equation, the results of the convergence were proved for the finite element of Κ level rectangle nested refinement under Q1mappings by affine mappings replaced.

Synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic behavior of a 2D bi-layer MOF, {[Ni2(C5O5)2(bpe)2]·H2O}n(bpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene)

Coordination polymers of metal-croconate (C5O52−) complex, {[Ni2(bpe)2(C5O5)2]·H2O}n (1) (bpe = 1,2-bis(-4-pyridyl)ethylene)) with two-dimensional (2D) metal–organic frameworks (MOF), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Structural determination reveals that compound 1 contains two crystallographically independent Ni(II) ions which both lie in a distorted octahedral environment bonded to two bpe nitrogen atoms and four oxygen donors from two croconates. The croconate acts as a bridging ligand with two different bridging modes, one presents a bis-bidentate adjacent μ3-coordination mode and the other a bis-bidentate μ4-coordination mode. A 2D brick-wall-like layered framework is formed by using a rectangle grid as a basic building unit through the connectivity of NiII with hybrid μ3-, μ4-croconates and bpe ligands. Two layers are then cross-linked by the other bpe ligands to complete a 2D bi-layered MOF. The TGA associated with in situXRD measurements demonstrated that 1 have quite high thermo-stability that keep their crystalline forms up to 350 °C. Magnetic measurements show the long range magnetic ordering and spin canting behavior in 1 below the critical temperature of 22 K with an approximate canting angle of 0.79°. A large coercivity of 3.5 kOe in the hysteresis loop is observed at 1.8 K, indicating that 1 is a weak hard magnet.

Magnetic reconstruction of circulating excitation

Event Abstract Back to Event Magnetic reconstruction of circulating excitation Taysia Sosnytska1*, Pavlo Sutkovyy2, Volodymyr Sosnytskyy2 and Ekaterina Koronovska2 1 P.L. Shupik Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education of UH Ministry, Ukraine 2 Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics, MCG Laboratory, Ukraine Objective. Cardiac arrhythmia re-entry is most important mechanism of fatal tachy arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation. This arrhythmia re-entry may be provoked by such anisotropic factor as circulating fiber orientation. Our hypothesis is that the circulating excitation can be modeled by a set of electrical sources with a different orientation. The purpose of this study was to investigate how well two dimensional current density distribution (CDD) reflects real distribution of the circulating excitation of the set of electrochemical “cells”. Methods. A simple realistic torso model and source model (SM) [Sosnytskyy,2004] suitable for magnetic measurements was constructed by layers of discrete electrochemical “cells” mounted inside a torso phantom with saline solution. The continuous and discontinuous nature of active circulating excitation were simulated by a set of electrical sources arranged in a circle. Cells were switched on stepwise one after the other. Magnetic signals (MS) were recorded by means of 4x3–channel MCG system (Kiev Medical Group Ltd, Ukraine) in an unshielded setting. After averaging the beat at rectangle grid 6x6, magnetic field distribution maps were ploted in the course of an SM activity. CDD maps were plotted by Magnetic Moments Method of the “ inverse problem solution “ [Romanovych,1997,1999] Results. Results show a good correspondence between current density vector maps determined from the actual measured magnetic maps and active circulating excitation. Pattern of activation and regions of earliest and latest activation were observed with acceptable accuracy. Conclusions. Our study confirmed the good correlation between CDD and circulating spatial distribution of current flow sources. Conference: Biomag 2010 - 17th International Conference on Biomagnetism , Dubrovnik, Croatia, 28 Mar - 1 Apr, 2010. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: MCG: Instrumentation, Modeling, Basic and Clinical Studies Citation: Sosnytska T, Sutkovyy P, Sosnytskyy V and Koronovska E (2010). Magnetic reconstruction of circulating excitation. Front. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: Biomag 2010 - 17th International Conference on Biomagnetism . doi: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2010.06.00317 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 06 Apr 2010; Published Online: 06 Apr 2010. * Correspondence: Taysia Sosnytska, P.L. Shupik Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education of UH Ministry, Kiev, Ukraine, t_sosnytskaya@mail.ru Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Taysia Sosnytska Pavlo Sutkovyy Volodymyr Sosnytskyy Ekaterina Koronovska Google Taysia Sosnytska Pavlo Sutkovyy Volodymyr Sosnytskyy Ekaterina Koronovska Google Scholar Taysia Sosnytska Pavlo Sutkovyy Volodymyr Sosnytskyy Ekaterina Koronovska PubMed Taysia Sosnytska Pavlo Sutkovyy Volodymyr Sosnytskyy Ekaterina Koronovska Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Positioning of grid points in wave front construction

In view of the relative positioning problem between non-regular quadrilateral grids and regular rectangle grid nodes in the wave front construction method, concrete realization problems with four grid positioning methods (vector cross product judgment, angle sum, intersection-point, and signs comparison algorithms) in wave front construction which are commonly used in computer graphics are compared and analyzed in this paper. Based on the stability analysis of the location method, the calculation examples show that the vector cross product judgment method is faster and more accurate than other methods in the realization of the relative positioning between non-regular quadrilateral grids and regular rectangle grid nodes in wave front construction. It provides precise grid point attribute values for the next steps of migration and demigration.

Synthesis, structure and luminescent properties of Cu(I)-cyanide frameworks based on bent dipyridyl-oxadiazole ligands

Hydrothermal reaction of CuCN with 2,5-bis(3-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (3-bpo) affords a wave-like infinite chain coordination polymer [Cu 2(CN) 2(3-bpo)] n ( 1). Replacement of 3-bpo by its isomer 2,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (4-bpo) could yields polymer [Cu(CN)(4-bpo)] n ( 2). In the complex 1, the bent 3-bpo ligand adopts bidentate chelating mode binds with the Cu(I)-cyanide chain to form 16-membered macrocyclic structure. The complex 2 exhibits a layered metal–organic framework, in which exo-bidentate 4-bpo ligand connects the Cu(I)-cyanide chains to form 2-D rectangle grid. Both of these Cu(I) complexes are thermal stable under 200 °C and release 3-bpo or 4-bpo ligand in 200–360 °C. Luminescent study reveals that 1 has green-light emission, while 2 has blue-light emission.

Assembly of metal coordination framework, [M II(C 5O 5)(dpe)], with a 2D bi-layer architecture: Thermal stability and magnetic properties (M = Mn, Fe, Cd and Co; dpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane)

A series of coordination polymers, [M(C 5O 5)(dpe)] (M = Mn 1, Fe 2, Cd 3 and Co 4; dpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane) with a 2D metal–organic framework (MOF) has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Structural determination reveals that compounds 1– 4 are isostructural and possess a 2D brick-wall-like layered framework with a rectangle grid as the basic building unit through the connectivity of metal ions with μ 3-, μ 4-croconates and anti-dpe ligands. Two 2D layers are then cross-linkaged by gauche-dpe ligands to complete a 2D bi-layered MOF and then extended to a 3D supramolecular architecture through π–π and C–H⋯O interactions between the croconate and pyridyl rings of dpe, which exhibit high thermo-stability and keep their crystalline forms up to 350 °C. The magnetic exchange coupling between the metal centers for compounds 1, 2 and 4 was analyzed and based on the Curie–Weiss expression and a binuclear magnetic model. The negative values of the Weiss constant and the magnetic exchange coupling constant indicate the antiferromagnetic nature between the metal ions via the bridges of bis-bidentate adjacent μ 3-croconate ligands.

Design and syntheses of 1D and 2D coordination polymers resulting from flexible building blocks

Two new mixed-ligand coordination polymers, [Cd(bpp)(cpg) 2 (H 2O) 2] ( 1), [Zn(bpp)(cpg)]·H 2O ( 2), have been synthesized. The central cadmium and zinc ions are hexa-coordinate and tetra-coordinate, respectively. X-ray analyses show that different coordination propensity of cadmium and zinc ions leads to different structures, 1D bilayer ladder ( 1) and 2D rectangle grid network ( 2), in which cpg and bpp ligand exist as their stable conformation, respectively (TT-form and TG-form).