Recruitment Of Women Research Articles

Exploring parity in female authorship of pharmacoepidemiology articles: A case study of the Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies and its citing articles.

The Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies (CNODES) studies the benefits and risks of post-market drugs and evaluates its research mobilization efforts for accountability, demonstrating value, and learning. As part of these evaluation efforts, and acknowledging gender disparity in authorship across many academic disciplines, CNODES examined the relationship between gender and authorship in its own journal articles and the literature citing them. CNODES articles (published 2012-2017) and all citing articles were identified and extracted using Scopus. Scopus author IDs were used to extract full names and a web service (www.genderapi.com) was used to estimate gender, converting all probabilities <80% to "indeterminate." T-tests and visualizations were used to compare the proportion of females between CNODES and the citing literature. Twenty-eight CNODES articles and 463 citing articles were identified. The mean number of authors per article was 9.5 in CNODES articles and 5.7 in the citing literature. CNODES articles had a female authorship rate of 36%, compared to 29% in the citing literature (7% difference, 95% CI: [1%, 13%]). There were no female authors in 14% of CNODES articles versus 36% of the citing literature. Women were first authors in 25% and corresponding authors in 14% of CNODES articles. This analysis provides a benchmark and method to monitor progress in female parity in pharmacoepidemiology authorship. Further work is needed to determine and address barriers and facilitators to women's recruitment and advancement in the field of pharmacoepidemiology.

POLITICAL RECRUITMENT OF CHINESE-INDONESIAN WOMEN CANDIDATE: STUDY OF PDI PERJUANGAN’S RECRUITMENT IN SEMARANG CITY LEGISLATIVE ELECTION 2014

This research aims to explain the dynamics of Chinese-Indonesian Women in their candidacy in local legislative elections in 2014 seen from the political recruitment conducted by PDI Perjuangan, the only party that can seat Chinese women candidate in DPRD Semarang City. Using qualitative methods by conducting in-depth interviews to PDI-Perjuangan elites in Semarang City and analyzing the result using political recruitment theory, Chinese-Indonesian Women's recruitment in PDI Perjuangan is based on party ideology that upholds diversity as well as the popular values and the role of the party elite as the gatekeeper that gives assessment of the resources offered by legislative candidates, where the decisive ones are the social resources, financial resources, and network resources. The author also found additional factors that Pippa Norris did not mention; those are cultural capital and relationships with male political elites. Besides, political recruitment conducted by PDI Perjuangan to Chinese-Indonesian Women Candidate was an open political recruitment, while usually it conducts the close mechanism one. Meanwhile, seen from the typology of recruitment according to Geddes, this recruitment is Immediate Survival typology that does not consider the competence of candidates and aims to foster good relations with the Chinese group in Semarang City. This recruitment is patronage and only takes into consideration to the candidate resources, especially financial and network resources (which is owned by the husband’s candidates). Therefore, the factors influencing the party recruiting Chinese-Indonesian Women in PDI Perjuangan Semarang are the political system of the country, the party’s internal democracy, and the candidate’s capitals including social capitals, network capitals, kinship with the elite, and one new capitals, culture, which are all supported by the candidate’s financial capital.

Glamour-izing Military Service: Army Recruitment for Women in Vietnam-Era Advertisements

In the late 1960s, popular women's magazine advertisements for the Women's Army Corps and Nurse Corps featured militarized femininity at its finest. The recruiting ads depicted military service as an inclusive, exciting environment in which young women could explore job opportunities, meet male suitors, travel, and build self-esteem. Despite shifting cultural attitudes toward American women's workforce participation, the construction of military femininity in these Vietnam-era ads aligned neatly with broader media messages about gender and heteronormative rituals of courtship. Examining the mass mediation of military messages included in female-focused magazines reveals cultural and historical aspects of advertising, public relations, representation, and print media as they emerge in primary documents.

Recruitment of Women With Provoked Vestibulodynia in a Clinical Trial [41

INTRODUCTION: Although there is an increasing body of evidence regarding successful recruitment in clinical trials, limited data are available on the influence of gender, ethnicity, or specific gynecologic conditions. Recruiting women with provoked vestibulodynia is particularly challenging owing to reluctance in discussing dyspareunia. Recruitment methods for patients with provoked vestibulodynia were analyzed for efficacy, cost, and ethnicity preferences. METHODS: Recruitment included mass mailing (mailing house, utilities company), media (web site development, Facebook, Craigslist, newspaper advertisements, flyers, newsletters), community outreach (presentations, community events), and the health care system (clinician letters, clinic patients, registry). Data were analyzed by χ2, ANOVA, and a logistic model. RESULTS: Among 503 inquiries, 134 patients were eligible (26.6%) and 58 (11.5%) were randomized. Patients recruited through the health care system were significantly more likely to be eligible (38%) than those recruited through mass mailing (25%) or the media (20%) (P<.003). Neither recruitment method (P=.64) nor ethnicity (P=.19) had any effect on randomization, and there were no interaction effects between recruitment method and ethnicity (P=.96). Community outreach appears ineffective. Cost per randomized patient was $525, $527, and $17 for mass mailing, media, and health care system, respectively. CONCLUSION: The health care system is the most efficient and cost-effective recruitment method; it does not lead to more randomized patients or reach more minority women with provoked vestibulodynia. Specific methods for improving randomization rates and increasing minority enrollment are needed.

Uniform Matters: Fashion Design in World War II Women's Recruitment

They were showing the audience that we had gotten together. They were showing how the women in the Navy were still women. And ladies. The whole thing was to let society know that our girls were their girls... They were daughters and sisters.Dorothy Turnbull (Stewart), World War II WAVE Recruiter1Tailor-made. Ladylike. Gorgeous. These terms echo through the oral histories of women who served in the Navy and Coast Guard during World War II. The women are talking about the uniform they wore while in the service. It was couture-designed, in contrast to uniforms for the other women's service branches.Fashion theorists note that uniforms are classic examples of authority in clothing, with connotations of power conferred upon the wearer (Vining and Hacker; Fussell). Couture style, far from frivolous, gives women substance, allowing them to construct a uniform identity while at the same time expressing their difference from other women. Even before the first training class for women began during World War II, military brass in the Navy and Coast Guard were discussing the uniform the women would eventually wear. There were high expectations. The uniform would, after all, become the public face of the WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) and SPARs (from the Coast Guard motto Semper Paratus, Always Ready), communicating both the image and the identity of the female volunteers. It would also become the focal point of the Navy's public relations campaigns, seen in posters, photographs, and film. To understand the meaning of military service for the more than 100,000 women enlistees in the two service branches, it is necessary to understand the powerful image presented by the uniform, and what that uniform meant to volunteers.The Navy and Coast Guard2 could not draft women during wartime; they were forced to rely on the willingness of women to volunteer for the service branches, which were separate units within each branch of the military. By looking at how the military used the uniform as part of a larger identity campaign to entice women, one can also explore how-or if-the recruits embraced that same identity during their military careers. Through oral history interviews and textual analysis of the uniform itself, I explore how Navy and Coast Guard recruits remember the uniform and use it within their storytelling to reinforce their wartime identities. Fifty-two women from across the United States were interviewed for this project; the interviews were supplemented with archival oral history interviews of officers with the WAVES and SPARs. Multiple uniforms were also examined, held in both archival (Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, the University of Northern Iowa Archives and Special Collections, the Betty H. Carter Women Veterans Historical Project at the University of North Carolina Greensboro Archives) as well as in personal collections. Finally, publicity and recruitment brochures created by the Navy were also analyzed.I argue that the designer uniform allowed the volunteers to position themselves as a more elite force than those in other service branches such as the Army, which outfitted their recruits in off-the-rack styles. It was more sophisticated and ladylike than other uniforms, and so served as a tool to subtly reinforce those traditional qualities for female recruits. At the same time, the uniform allowed the women to subtly rebel against the constraints of their time. The women, most from working-class or farming families, used the upheaval of war to upend their own lives, and saw this never-before opportunity to serve in the regular Navy3 as a pathway to a college education and a solid middle class existence (Ryan). The designer uniform played a pivotal role in this transformation.The Couture ConnectionPaul Fussell notes that uniforms appear across all spectrums of life. Nurses, chefs, law enforcement officers, clergy, professional athletes, and other groups of people all don traditional uniforms when heading to a place of employment, but uniforms are often present in other places as well. …

Recruitment of women in the National Children's Study Initial Vanguard Study.

The initial Vanguard Study of the National Children's Study was conducted during 2009-2010 in 7 locations in the United States. A goal was to evaluate the feasibility and yield of a household-based sampling design to recruit pregnant women. A multistage area probability sampling design was used to identify study locations (generally, counties) that were subsequently divided into smaller geographical units, termed segments. Between 7 and 18 segments were selected in each location, and dwelling units within segments were listed. A household-based recruitment process was implemented, which included enumeration of households to identify age-eligible women, pregnancy screening to identify pregnant women eligible for immediate enrollment and nonpregnant women for telephone follow-up, and administration of informed consent to eligible women. After a recruitment period of 17-20 months, 67,181 (89%) households were enumerated, which identified 34,172 (88%) age-eligible women to whom the pregnancy screener was administered. Among those who completed the screener, 2,285 women became eligible for enrollment, of whom 1,399 (61%) enrolled. Although response rates were fairly high at initial contact and among pregnant women, the overall yield was lower than anticipated. In particular, telephone follow-up of nonpregnant women was not a practicable strategy for prospective recruitment of newly pregnant women.

Recruitment of Women in the National Children's Study Initial Vanguard Study

Recruitment of Women in the National Children's Study Initial Vanguard Study

Gender stereotypes among women engineering and technology students in the UK: lessons from career choice narratives

In the UK, women remain under-represented in engineering and technology (E&T). Research has, therefore, investigated barriers and solutions to women's recruitment, retention and progression. Recruitment into the sector may be supported by exploring the career decisions of women and men who have chosen to study E&T. Triangulating quantitative and qualitative data from E&T students at a UK university, this paper examines the gendered nature of career choice narratives. It finds that women often maintain contradictory views; upholding gendered stereotypes about women's suitability for the so-called masculine work, yet also subscribing to ideals that the sector is accessible to all who wish to work in it. This is explained using an individualist framework in which women construct an autonomous sense of self, yet are also shaped by a gendered self. Women's discourse around career choice, therefore, reveals the problematic nature of gender norms for achieving gender equity in E&T.

Mayoral Selection and the Demand and Supply of Women Mayors

Few studies consider the effect of selection procedures on women's attainment of mayoral office. This article begins to fill this gap through analysis of more than 100 cities in California. The results show that selection method of mayor by popular vote exerts a substantial negative effect on whether a woman holds the office of mayor. The study then explores the negative effect of popular vote on women's attainment of mayoral office. There are two possibilities for exploring this effect: (1) popular vote creates more opportunity for the negative influence of stereotyping and role socialization on women's recruitment and election to mayoral office or (2) alternatively, popular vote increases the negative influence of sex differences in political motivation on women's attainment of mayoral office. The analyses support the second interpretation of the negative effect of popular vote on women's mayoral office-holding.

Commentary on “Recruitment of Women to Public Office: A Discriminant Analysis,” 1978

Growing out of an interest in why there were not more women in state legislatures, the author's 1978 article tested the explanation that a large part of the problem was the shortage of women in the eligibility pool. The article showed that more than one-third of the discrepancy between the small proportion of women then in the legislature and the 53 percent expected if legislatures reflected the population proportions of women could be accounted for by characteristics of the women's candidate pool, including occupation, education, and membership in groups. Since 1978, we know more about impediments to women's legislative membership, including the effects of incumbency, partisanship, and district characteristics. The article concludes with some suggestions for future research: tracking longitudinal trends in predictors of women's legislative membership, disentangling the factors that facilitate women's election, further examination of partisan factors relating to women's success, and a closer look at minority women.

Environmental influences on gender in the IT workforce

In an effort to better understand the under- representation of women within the IT profession, one promising line of investigation is the influence of factors in the socio-cultural environment. In order to examine this topic, we draw on data from a multi-year field study of women IT professionals in three regions of the U.S.: Massachusetts, North Carolina and Pennsylvania. We employ Trauth's (2000) conceptual framework of environmental influences on the development of a region's information economy to consider economic and cultural influences on women's recruitment and retention in the IT field. The findings reveal a range of influences and a wide variety of responses to them. The contribution of this research to theoretical understanding is twofold. First, we demonstrate that socio-cultural factors serve as both barriers to and facilitators of women's recruitment and retention in the IT profession. This suggests the need for investigations of not just women themselves, but also of the societal environments within which they grow up, live and work. Second, we demonstrate that there is not one unilateral set of environment factors that can explain women's under-representation. Rather, a combination of differing regional influences and individual responses to them is in evidence. This finding of variability both among environmental influences and among women's responses to them provides empirical support for ongoing theory development efforts regarding the role of individual differences in explaining women's under-representation in IT

Neurobotics for Women Recruitment and Retention

Neurobotics for Women Recruitment and Retention

“Without His Consent?”: Marriage and Women's Migration in Colonial India

An examination of the diverse patterns of women's migration challenges abiding stereotypes of Indian history: the urban worker as a male “peasant-proletariat” and women as inhabiting a timeless rural past. When men opted for circulation between town and country, wives and children undertook the actual labor of cultivation for the survival of “peasant-proletariat” households. Men retained their status as heads of the family and, even though absent for long periods, their proprietary interests in the village. Yet towards the end of the nineteenth century, many unhappy, deserted, and barren wives, widows, and other women were able to escape to the burgeoning cities of Calcutta and Bombay and the coal mines, where they experienced new processes of social and economic marginalization.Much attention has been given to women's migration to overseas colonies and the Assam teagardens. Such migration has been seen as doubly negative, not only harnessing women to the exploitative contract regimes, but also subjecting them to sexual violation. A general assumption is that women were deceived, decoyed and even “kidnapped,” since there was no possibility of “voluntary” migration by women. Such a view of women's recruitment was produced by a variety of interests opposed to women's, especially married women's, migration, and eventually influenced the colonial state to legally prohibit, in 1901, women's “voluntary” migration to Assam plantations. This provision was an explicit endorsement of male claims on women's labor within the family.

Political Parties and the Recruitment of Women to State Legislatures

This article analyzes the role of political parties in shaping women's representation across the U.S. states. Using data from 1971 to 1999, I analyze several hypotheses about how party affects women's recruitment to the lower houses of state legislatures. I argue that the incentive structure facing potential women candidates is somewhat different for Democratic and Republican women. The social eligibility pool, legislative professionalism, and partisan composition of the legislature affect women's representation differently by party. Rather than assuming a single path for women to elective office, this research implies that it is necessary to disaggregate women by party in order to understand the pattern of where women run for and hold state legislative office.

Questions of Consent: Women's Recruitment for Assam Tea Gardens, 1859–1900

Questions of Consent: Women's Recruitment for Assam Tea Gardens, 1859–1900

BOOK REVIEWS

Abstract The Other Elites: Women, Politics, and Power in the Executive Branch. Edited by MaryAnne Borrelli and Janet M. Martin. (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997. Pp. 267. $55.00 cloth.) Reviewed by Linda Beail Tales of the Lavender Menace: A Memoir of Liberation. By Karla Jay. (New York: Basic Books, 1999. Pp. ix + 278. $25.00 cloth.) Reviewed by Susan J. Curry The Missing Majority: The Recruitment of Women as State Legislative Candidates. By David Niven. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. Pp. 208. $59.95 cloth.) Reviewed by Georgia Duerst-Lahti Critical Race Feminism: A Reader. Edited by Adrien Katherine Wing. (New York: New York University Press, 1997. Pp. xvi + 423. $65.00 cloth; $25.00 paper.) Reviewed by Duchess Harris Integrative Feminisms: Building Global Visions 1960s-1990s. By Angela Miles. (New York: Routledge, 1996. Pp. xiv + 187. $59.95 cloth; $17.95 paper.) Reviewed by Helen Kinsella Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism. By Leslie Heywood and Jennifer Drake. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Pp. 268. $44.95 cloth; $17.95 paper.) Reviewed by Monica Meyer How Long? How Long?: African American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights. By Belinda Robnett. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. ix + 256. $35.00 cloth.) Reviewed by Lewis A. Randolph Is There a Nordic Feminism? Edited by Drude von der Fehr, Anna G. Jonasdottir, and Bente Rosenbeck. (London: University College London Press, 1998. Pp. xv + 366. $95 cloth; $26.95 paper.) Reviewed by Ann Towns

The Recruitment of Women in Orthopaedic Surgery

Beaulé, Paul E. MD, FRCSC; Dorey, Frederick J. PhD; Hartley, William T. MD; McAuley, James P. MD, FRCSC; Culpepper, William J. II MS; Engh, C. Anderson Jr, MD; Engh, Charles A. Sr, MD Author Information

We've come a long way, maybe: recruitment of women and analysis of results by sex in clinical research.

During the last decade, North American policymakers have started to demand more representative research populations. Several papers have suggested that there has been improvement, over the last decade, in the number of studies that include women as subjects, yet these same papers have expressed concern that many investigators omit analysis of data by sex from their research reports. Our study examined all clinical research ethics applications from July 1, 1995, to June 30, 2000, at a tertiary care Canadian university teaching hospital to determine whether the investigator planned to recruit both men and women and whether he or she intended to perform analysis of data by sex. For research studying nonsex-specific conditions, 97.6% of researchers intended to recruit both men and women, yet only 20.2% planned to perform analysis of data by sex. This proportion decreased from 29.9% in 1995-1996 to 16.9% in 1999-2000. Seventy-seven percent of the applications submitted were for studies involving drugs, and only 17% of these nonsex-specific studies planned an analysis of data by sex. The results of this study indicate that although researchers in Canada are aware of the importance of planning to recruit women into clinical trials, more needs to be done to ensure that they plan and perform analyses of data by sex.

The Missing Majority: The Recruitment of Women as State Legislative Candidates. By David Niven. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. 208p. $59.95.

The Missing Majority: The Recruitment of Women as State Legislative Candidates. By David Niven. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. 208p. $59.95.

The Missing Majority: The Recruitment of Women as State Legislative Candidates. David NivenWomen and Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future. Sue Thomas , Clyde Wilcox

<i>The Missing Majority: The Recruitment of Women as State Legislative Candidates</i>. David Niven<i>Women and Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future</i>. Sue Thomas , Clyde Wilcox