Recovery Plant Research Articles

Energy analysis of heat recovery plants

This article discusses one of the most typical heat-using processes - the drying process. The selection and assessment of drying units is carried out according to various parameters, however, the clearest idea of the suitability of the dryer for drying material with known properties and its energy characteristics is given by the analysis of the dryer operation, based on the heat technology principles of the design of the technological process under which a characteristic set is taken thermal, hydrodynamic, constructive and other conditions for organizing the technological process of drying materials. Comparison of the energy efficiency of a number of dryers, carried out according to the described technique, taking into account the costs of creating and maintaining the required hydrodynamic conditions in the working chamber of the drying apparatus, referred to the unit volume of the chamber, taking into account the separation of the dried material and cleaning the spent heat carrier.

Decision Support System for Anaerobic Digestion Optimal Feeding and Localization

In Italy, the extension and widespread cultural diversification find a strong ally in the energy of agricultural, zootechnical, and agro-industrial matrices through Anaerobic Digestion and in particular in Co-digestion, a technique based on the joint use of different biomass which allows achieving higher energy yields respect to the simple digestion. To date, this technology is exploited to treat mainly zootechnical waste and energy crops, and in many agricultural cases this is an obligatory choice, as the availability of residual biomass is modest and it is composed almost exclusively by wastewater; therefore a not negligible extension of the company / extra-company Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) for dedicated cultivation is often needed to improve yield and make the digestion economically sustainable.In this context, the use of agro-industrial residues available in primary processing industries operating at zero km to the digestion plant would help the entire supply chain both from an economic, energetic and environmental point of view, as the energy content of by-products is often comparable or higher to that of energy crops.The objective of this work is focused on the development of a decision support tool aimed at technical assistance for the installation of small, medium, and large-scale biogas plants. Efficient sizing, logistics, and operation of waste recovery plants require continuous and consistent waste feedstock supply. For this purpose, the strategic choice of the feed is provided through an optimization analysis based on the availability of residual biomass on a selectable territory; this allows to size the plant and locates it geographically exploiting a “Facility Location Problem “ approach and GIS technologies. The economic assessment of the technical optimal solution is made available to the user through the forecast of cash flows, taking into account both CapEx and Opex of the process. This analysis is then supported by the evaluation of Pay Back Time (PBT), Net Present Value (NPV), and other economic parameters. Moreover, national incentives have been taken into account in the evaluation.

Kuwait catalyst recovery plant construction may be stalled

Kuwait catalyst recovery plant construction may be stalled

Molecular insights into plant desiccation tolerance: transcriptomics, proteomics and targeted metabolite profiling in Craterostigma plantagineum.

SummaryThe resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum possesses an extraordinary capacity to survive long‐term desiccation. To enhance our understanding of this phenomenon, complementary transcriptome, soluble proteome and targeted metabolite profiling was carried out on leaves collected from different stages during a dehydration and rehydration cycle. A total of 7348 contigs, 611 proteins and 39 metabolites were differentially abundant across the different sampling points. Dynamic changes in transcript, protein and metabolite levels revealed a unique signature characterizing each stage. An overall low correlation between transcript and protein abundance suggests a prominent role for post‐transcriptional modification in metabolic reprogramming to prepare plants for desiccation and recovery. The integrative analysis of all three data sets was performed with an emphasis on photosynthesis, photorespiration, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The results revealed a set of precise changes that modulate primary metabolism to confer plasticity to metabolic pathways, thus optimizing plant performance under stress. The maintenance of cyclic electron flow and photorespiration, and the switch from C3 to crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis, may contribute to partially sustain photosynthesis and minimize oxidative damage during dehydration. Transcripts with a delayed translation, ATP‐independent bypasses, alternative respiratory pathway and 4‐aminobutyric acid shunt may all play a role in energy management, together conferring bioenergetic advantages to meet energy demands upon rehydration. This study provides a high‐resolution map of the changes occurring in primary metabolism during dehydration and rehydration and enriches our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning plant desiccation tolerance. The data sets provided here will ultimately inspire biotechnological strategies for drought tolerance improvement in crops.

Human Biomonitoring Data Enables Evidence-Informed Policy to Reduce Internal Exposure to Persistent Organic Compounds: A Case Study.

Human biomonitoring (HBM) monitors levels of environmental pollutants in human samples, which often is a topic of concern for residents near industrially contaminated sites (ICSs). Around an ICS area in Menen (Belgium), including a (former) municipal waste incinerator and a metal recovery plant, increasing environmental concentrations of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were observed, causing growing concern among residents and authorities. The local community succeeded in convincing the responsible authorities to investigate the problem and offer research funding. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured in two consecutive HBM studies (2002–2006 and 2010–2011), in the context of the Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS), as well as in soil and locally produced food. Meanwhile, local authorities discouraged consumption of locally produced food in a delineated area of higher exposure risk. Ultimately, HBM and environmental data enabled tailored dietary recommendations. This article demonstrates the usefulness of HBM in documenting the body burdens of residents near the ICS, identifying exposure routes, evaluating remediating actions and providing information for tailored policy strategies aiding to further exposure reduction. It also highlights the role of the local stakeholders as an example of community-based participatory research and how such an approach can create societal support for research and policy.

Advanced Exergy Analysis of an Acid Gas Removal Plant to Explore Operation Improvement Potential toward Cleaner Production

This research aims to conduct an integrated energy and exergy evaluation of an acid gas recovery (AGR) plant. An effective simulation platform is developed and linked to a thermodynamic modeling approach. A newly developed amine blend, composed of methyl-di-ethanolamine (MDEA), di-ethanolamine (DEA), and piperazine (PZ), is utilized to absorb the acid gases. Based on the classical energy analysis, an energy loss of 70.79 MW and an energy efficiency of 90.29% are attained for each process component. Conventional exergy analysis is then conducted, and the sources of irreversibility are identified. The postprocessing is performed on the conventional exergy evaluation results using an advanced exergy method, to obtain a more realistic insight into the system’s energy/exergy performance. It is concluded that stripper and absorber account for the maximum exergy destructions of 8.15 and 7.55 MW, respectively; this shows significant potential for operation improvement in these two key equipment. Also, it is concluded that 5.47 and 4.92 MW unavoidable exergy destructions occur in the stripper and absorber, respectively, which cannot be prevented. It is found from the advanced exergy analysis that the absorber, stripper, and heat exchanger with the greatest recoverable exergy amount (e.g., exergy rehabilitation ratio) exhibit substantial operation enhancement capability in comparison to the other process equipment. The overall exergy efficiency of the entire system is enhanced from 99.70 to 99.90%, when the technological constraints are abolished and the ideal condition governs. The results of avoidable/endogenous exergy destruction reveal high potential of the absorber (2.58 MW), stripper (2.18 MW), heat exchanger (0.74 MW), and valve (0.19 MW) in terms of operation improvement compared to the other process components. Based on the environmental analysis, a large amount of CO2 emission (22.12 ton·day–1) can be prevented, when the process components are technologically upgraded.

Conversion of steam power plant into cogeneration unit - Case study

One of possible solutions leading to the increase of steam power plant thermal efficiency is its conversion into a cogeneration unit. However, it requires the heat recipient to be on-site and, if so, it may be done by implementation of absorption heat pump (AHP) technology with low temperature waste heat recovery and utilization. The paper presents results of an analysis of benefits resulting from implementation of absorption heat pump into the steam power plant for recovery of low temperature waste heat, due to additional demand for heat delivery to dedicated recipient (DHR). The demand for heat along the whole year was assumed and the calculations were performed for two cases. In the first case, which was called the reference case, the heat was produced by dedicated heat exchanger (DHX) fed with steam taken from the pipeline between the medium and low-pressure turbine sections (MPLPP). In the second case, absorption heat pump (AHP) as the main unit for heat production and recovery was assumed. However, due to insufficient heat production in some conditions, peak heat exchanger (PHX) placed directly behind the heat pump was considered. Both heat pump and pick heat exchanger were fed with steam taken from MPLPP, however, due to the AHP requirements the stem was mixed with hot water taken from hot water tank to achieve the steam saturation state. Results of calculations performed show that implementation of a heat recuperation by absorption heat pump implemented to conventional steam power plant increases the overall efficiency of cogeneration system, but at the same time it causes the electricity production to decrease. Moreover, the production of heat by absorption heat pump has lower impact on the electricity generation compared to generation of heat by conventional heat exchanger. If reference power plant without heat production is considered, due to the heat pump implementation the electricity production decreases of about 1.32% for heat production with dedicated heat exchanger, and of about 0.89% for absorption heat pump with peek heat exchanger respectively. It means that, owing to implementation of AHP instead of DHX with the same heat production, the power plant may generate more than 0.4% of total electricity produced.

SCO2 power plants for waste heat recovery: design optimization and part-load operation strategies

• We optimized five sCO 2 cycle configurations for waste heat recovery application. • Optimal plants reach efficiency higher than ORC (>27%) with similar specific cost (2000$/kW) • Simple recuperative cycle with bypass (SRBC) is selected as the optimal configuration. • We studied the different part-load strategies for this optimal configuration (SRBC) • Variable inventory part load strategy is more efficient than constant inventory strategy. This paper focuses on the potential of supercritical carbon dioxide closed cycle for waste heat recovery applications. The valorization of waste heat released from glass, steel and cement production facilities is recognized as one of the most effective solutions for the reduction of carbon footprint of the industrial sector. Common solutions rely on steam Rankine cycles and organic Rankine cycles while only few sCO 2 power plants have been manufactured and operated so far as this technology has not yet reached the technical and commercial maturity. In spite of the large interest on sCO 2 power plant from industry, institutions and academia, the role of this solution in future waste heat recovery applications is still unclear, highlighting the need of research studies focused on the performance assessment of these novel systems in both design and off-design conditions. This paper aims at bridging the gap between preliminary numerical studies and the design of real power systems by focusing on different aspects scarcely investigated in literature. The first section of this study deals with cycle design and provides a full description of the numerical complexity related to sCO 2 power plant optimization, with a detailed description of the assumptions and the models implemented for the design of cycle components. Five different cycle configurations for the exploitation of a heat source consisting of a 50 kg/s stream of flue gas at 550 °C have been analyzed and optimized: results are presented with a set of sensitivity analyses and the most promising configurations are analyzed from both a thermodynamic and a techno-economic perspective. Simple recuperative cycle, simple recuperative cycle with recuperator bypass and turbine split flow configurations are compared in detail proving that sCO 2 technology can reach overall efficiencies up to 27.5%, a value higher than ORC for the same power output (around 6 MW el ), and with a similar specific cost (2000 $/kW). Simple recuperative cycle with recuperator bypass is selected as the most promising configuration and it is further studied in off design conditions in the second section of the paper. Five different part-load strategies have been implemented allowing to assess the part-load performance of the selected cycle, considering both variable CO 2 inventory and constant CO 2 inventory systems. Results highlight that sCO 2 recuperative cycles equipped with a CO 2 storage vessel present a very high and almost constant efficiency down to 50% of the normalized flue gases mass flow rate, while a lower efficiency is expected for constant inventory systems. Both solutions can be operated down to 30% load with no difficulties on system components and with a minimum plant efficiency still competitive against ORC technology.

Production and Destination of Sewage Sludge in the Piemonte Region (Italy): The Results of a Survey for a Future Sustainable Management.

The management of sewage sludge originated from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is an urgent issue. In 2019, the local authority of the Piemonte region started a survey with the aim of collecting recent data concerning wastewater and sludge management in the WWTPs located in its own territory. The survey’s results revealed that 60% of the sludge (51,000 t, as dry substance, d.s.) produced by the local WWTPs was recovered or disposed of outside of the region, and a similar amount of sludge was recovered in agriculture directly or after composting. The increase in the costs to accommodate sewage sludge in recovery or disposal plants, followed to a recent Italian Sentence (27958/2017), and the more and more stringent requirements fixed by lots of European countries for the application of sludge in agriculture, are pushing the Piemonte region authority to re-organize its own network for sludge management, with solutions based onto proximity and diversification. Whether the provisions of the current German legislation are applied in the future also in Italy, approx. 90% of sewage sludge produced into the Piemonte region should be incinerated, with a subsequent step of phosphorous recovery. The new regional plan, according to the Regional Address Deed, should consider a diversification of sludge treatment and recovery practices. On this basis, a need for new plants for around 40,000 t d.s./y could be planned.

Environmental assessment of urine, black and grey water separation for resource recovery in a new district compared to centralized wastewater resources recovery plant

Current trends show that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) will intend to shift towards water resources recovery facility (WRRF), however nutrients recovery in WRRF is limited by the need of highly concentrated stream for the process. Source separation can help to increase this potential, but assessment is necessary to evaluate the whole system at district scale. In this study three scenarios based respectively on urine diversion, blackwater and greywater separation were compared to the conventional end-of-pipe strategy with adjunction of treatment at the centralized WRRF for producing renewable fertilizers and energy. Life cycle assessment was used to compare environmental impacts. The study was performed to represent the implementation of a new district in an urban context. Treatments have been chosen among the best technologies available for resource recovery. Results show that for maximizing nutrients recovery and limiting the greenhouse gas emissions, urine and blackwater separation are better scenarios than conventional mixing option and centralized WRRF. Indeed it allows to mitigate by at least 60% the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and to avoid nitrogen fertilizer production which emits large amount of greenhouse gases (8.6 kg CO2-Eq/kgN). Urine source separation is particularly beneficial by recovering nitrogen at a low environmental footprint: impact on climate change decreases by 45% compared to the Reference. The separation of blackwater treated at decentralized scale shows a decrease of 34% of impact on climate change compared to Reference, thus a little worse than Urine due to a higher external energy demand at decentralized scale for nitrogen recovery. Phosphorus can be recovered in all the source separation system without additional climate change impact. If the priority is given at water reclamation the treatment of blackwater and greywater separately is a valuable option. However energy balance and greenhouse gases emissions analysis do not support this scenario if highly energy consuming technology is used for greywater treatment (more than 0.56 kWh/m3 treated). It would become acceptable in case of decarbonized energy or if tap water production is a high greenhouse gases emitter.

Developing a rapid and highly efficient cowpea regeneration, transformation and genome editing system using embryonic axis explants.

SUMMARYCowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is one of the most important legume crops planted worldwide, but despite decades of effort, cowpea transformation is still challenging due to inefficient Agrobacterium‐mediated transfer DNA delivery, transgenic selection and in vitro shoot regeneration. Here, we report a highly efficient transformation system using embryonic axis explants isolated from imbibed mature seeds. We found that removal of the shoot apical meristem from the explants stimulated direct multiple shoot organogenesis from the cotyledonary node tissue. The application of a previously reported ternary transformation vector system provided efficient Agrobacterium‐mediated gene delivery, while the utilization of spcN as selectable marker enabled more robust transgenic selection, plant recovery and transgenic plant generation without escapes and chimera formation. Transgenic cowpea plantlets developed exclusively from the cotyledonary nodes at frequencies of 4% to 37% across a wide range of cowpea genotypes. CRISPR/Cas‐mediated gene editing was successfully demonstrated. The transformation principles established here could also be applied to other legumes to increase transformation efficiencies.

Process development for sodium permanganate production by waste management of industrial sludge of zinc oxide ores recovery plants: Experimental and simulation study

Produced sludge in the hot refining stage of zinc oxide ores recovery plants contains huge amount of MnO2. Aspen Plus modeling assembled based on Taguchi experimental design has been utilized to study a new plan for sodium permanganate (NaMnO4) production from an industrial sludge containing MnO2. The optimized results by Taguchi approach has been applied as the initial data for the modeling and sensitivity analysis of process using Aspen Plus software. The influence of key operating factors such as acid concentration of electrolysis spent solution (CSE) in the range of 60−90 g/l, reaction temperature (TR) in the range of 70−100 °C, stirring speed of solution (S) in the range of 100−400 rpm, reactions time (τ) with value of 1−3 h, MnO2 content in the industrial sludge (WMnO2) with values of 10–30 %, solid to liquid ratio (S/L) with amounts of 1:1−1:4, additives amounts (WAdditives) with values of 5−20 wt.% and oxygen gases pressure (PO2) in the range of 1–2.5 at m have been studied on the production efficiency of NaMnO4. The optimum condition to maximize NaMnO4 production from the industrial sludge has been found as: CSE=80 g/L, TR = 100 °C, S=300 rpm, τ=2.0 h, WMnO2 = 8 wt.%, S/L ratio = 1:2, WAdditives = 20 wt.% and PO2 = 2.5 atm. The maximum NaMnO4 production during designed process at optimized condition was more than 70 %. Also, under optimum condition, zinc extraction efficiency and removal percentage of Fe2+, Co2+, Mn2+ impurities from the industrial sludge were more than 85 % and 95 %, respectively.

Cleaning of Industrial Waters Containing Cyanides by Using a Combination of Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide

We study the process of oxidation of cyanides, thiocianates, and complex cyanides by a combination of ozone with hydrogen peroxide (peroxone reagent) in model solutions and sorption tails of a gold recovery plant. We establish the kinetic dependences of the oxidation of cyanides, thiocyanates, and complex cyanides by hydrogen peroxide and ozone on the ozone–hydrogen-peroxide ratio, pH value, and the concentration of copper ions. The rate constants of the oxidation of thiocyanate by peroxone are determined and the influence of the concentration of thiocyanate on its oxidation by ozone and hydrogen peroxide is analyzed. On the basis of the accumulated results, we propose a technology of cleaning of cyanide-containing waters (peroxone process) by using a combination of ozone with hydrogen peroxide.

Experience in Retrofitting the Mineral Processing Equipment to Intensify the Gravity Recovery of Gold

The experience of replacing a Knelson concentrator with MOD 2 and MOD 3 jigs at the gold recovery plant of the Karalveem deposit is described. Due to the change in the source product quality (an increase in the amount of finely disseminated gold from 17 to 75 % of the total gold obtained), the Knelson concentrator performance at stages 4 and 5 was unsatisfactory. It was decided to retrofit the equipment and replace the Knelson concentrator with the MOD 2 and MOD 3 jigs. The gold in the Karalveem deposit ore was briefly characterized by size as fine, dust, and medium-round gold, and the mineral composition of the Karalveem deposit ore samples considered. Statistically significant results of testing before and after retrofitting (replacing the Knelson concentrator with MOD 2 and MOD 3 jigs) have been represented. The efficiency of the MOD type jig installation has been evaluated. The authors have concluded that industrial testing the recovery of fine, dust, and medium-round gold on the MOD type jigs can be performed at any mine to process this type of ores, and these jigs may compete with Knelson concentrators that have already gained popularity.

An Approach to Set Up a Mobile Commercial Mineral Separation Plant for Recovery of Additional Values from Beach Sand Mineral Separation Plant Tailings

An Approach to Set Up a Mobile Commercial Mineral Separation Plant for Recovery of Additional Values from Beach Sand Mineral Separation Plant Tailings

Simulation and Techno-economic Analysis of a CO2 Capture Scheme for Combustion Processes

Literature search has revealed that most post-combustion CO2 capture processes available to power plants are hinged on sorption technologies (chemical absorption and desorption) which are cost and energy-intensive. The colossal cost of solvents used for the absorption of CO2, the high energy requirements for the absorption & solvent recovery processes, plant design & control related complications, and environmental concerns about the solvents are some of the challenges associated with this option of post-combustion CO2 capture approach which is widely being adopted to mitigate CO2 emissions from power plants. In this study, the capture of CO2 from flue gas by exploring the concept of change of state of matter, which is essentially a physical approach to CO2capture, is presented as an alternative to the typical methods in the industry.

Maximization of the power production in LNG cold energy recovery plant via genetic algorithm

This paper presents an optimization model via genetic algorithm (GA) to maximize the power generation potential of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy recovery plant. LNG releases a large amount of cold energy during vaporization prior to transport for service, and this cold energy can be effectively utilized to generate power using a heat engine. We performed a thermodynamic analysis for a power generation system combining the organic rankine cycle (ORC) driven by LNG exergy and the direct expansion cycle. Both LNG and the working fluid in the combined ORC are light hydrocarbon mixtures, and their physical properties were estimated using the Peng-Robinson equation. We conducted a thorough investigation of the effects that the working fluid composition brought about on the thermal efficiency of the heat engine through an analysis using Aspen HYSYS interfaced with a GA-based Matlab solver. The results showed that optimization of the working fluid composition led to an increase of 58.4% in the performance of the combined ORC in terms of the net work.

Modeling of an Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery system for automotive engine applications

The remarkable investments made by manufacturers over the last few decades have contributed to improving the performance of internal combustion engines in every aspect: lower polluting emissions, greater specific power and thermal efficiency. Despite this, on an average, about 40% of the thermal power theoretically available from the combustion of the fuel is still stored in the exhaust gases and therefore dispersed in the environment. In this work the modeling and validation of a waste heat recovery (WHR) plant will be described, combining the engine with a low temperature Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system, in order to investigate the feasibility of this system on board of a vehicle, analyzing the quantity of thermal power recovered and made available in the form of electrical power. The ORC plant is modeled using a 0D/1D thermo-fluid dynamic approach. Starting from experimental tests, a map-based model for the piston pump and the scroll expander has been developed. The model has been validated through the use of a vector optimization technique, exploiting a genetic algorithm (MOGA). Subsequently, this system has been coupled to a spark ignition engine for automotive applications, adapting its speed range to comply with the ORC experimental tests. To have an accurate control over the expander inlet temperature, a bypass circuit and two throttles actuated by a PI controller have been implemented. The simulations were performed by considering 18 engine points at maximum load and different rpm. An average thermal efficiency increase of the system of 2.6% was obtained by introducing the recovery plant, and wide improvement chance can be foreseen in the case of ORC full-power use.

Application of CCUS to the WtE sector

Waste management is a very scattered and complex system made up by different plants and facilities that treat/recover/valorize/dispose different types of waste, e.g. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) or Special Waste, based on the policies adopted in each country and the available technologies. While the management of MSW is the result of public planning, the management of special waste is typically dispersed and depends, for a large extent, on the initiatives of waste producers and private waste management companies. As a result, plants for MSW recovery are relatively large plants equipped with energy recovery facilities, whereas special waste is often incinerated in medium-small plants that feature energy recovery only in very limited cases. Therefore, an initial investigation on the potential integration of Waste to Energy (WtE) facilities with Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) should be focused on MSW and plants devoted to its treatment. Only in existing European WtE plants, there is a potential capture of 60-70 millions of tonnes of CO2 per year, and current large- scale projects prove the technical viability of carbon capture technologies in WtE environments. The paper summarizes the outcome of a study addressing all the opportunities and challenges related to the application of CCUS to the WtE sector. This study is executed by Wood, with the support of LEAP, and commissioned by IEAGHG. The main objective of the work is to carry out an initial overview of this CCS/CCU opportunity before proceeding to more detailed evaluations. The study is based on both literature information available in the public domain and results of surveys with WtE plants owners. Before evaluating a possible Carbon Capture application to the WtE sector, the study reviews the current status and diffusion of the WtE business and the plants distribution worldwide, focusing on ten representative countries: South Africa, USA, India, Japan, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, UK, Norway, Australia. The selection considers several parameters: the urbanization level, the branching of the electricity/heat network, the presence of large scale WtE plants, the potential for CCS/CCU applied to WtE plants and the availability of potential destinations for the captured CO2. The main challenges in this kind of plants, focusing particularly on reliability, are also identified. The link between WtE and CO2 emissions is then investigated: firstly, the trends and the tools adopted by WtE plants in reducing CO2 emissions are analyzed; secondly, a lifecycle assessment approach is described and applied to the local contexts of the ten selected countries. The objective is to estimate the CO2 savings achievable through energy/materials recovery in a WtE plant, potentially leading to negative lifecycle emissions. The study then focuses on the possible integration of Carbon Capture within WtE facilities, collecting the information relevant to ongoing projects/initiatives aiming at this integration and identifying its potential challenges and opportunities in the design and the operation of the plants, based on the available literature. The most interesting aspects identified by this analysis are the energy integration and how the introduction of CO2 capture alters the energy balance of the WtE plant. There are also risks (related for example to financing, public acceptance, need for technology development) and opportunities (e.g. negative CO2 emissions, effective energy integration) that may arise from a WtE-CCUS integration. Considering that the presence of a regulatory framework on WtE and CCS can be an important driver for this kind of applications, a literature research is also carried out to provide an overview of the regulations applicable to the WtE and CCS sectors in the ten selected countries. Based on the various aspects analyzed throughout the course of the study, a tool is developed to estimate the potential of the CCUS/WtE integration, focusing on the local context of the ten selected counties. This presentation will include the methodology developed in this study, which aims to be a guide for future CCS projects in WtE plants.

Parameterized, numerical design of a two-wheel Curtis steam turbine for small scale WHR

In contrast to the current trend of converting waste heat into electricity in the small power range below 100 kWel by means of an ORC plant, the authors are pursuing the concept of a micro steam power plant equipped with a micro turbine. Water avoids many of the problems often associated with organic working fluids, such as flammability, toxicity, greenhouse gas effect and high fluid costs. However, water vapor makes turbine design more challenging. The physical reasons for this are repeated, and thereby it becomes clear why a velocity compounded two wheel Curtis turbine has been chosen. The used in-house 1D turbine design tool is briefly introduced. More focus is put on the shortcomings of the implemented 1D loss model and their negative impact on the current turbine design. Consequently, the authors continued actual turbine design by a parameterized approach in 3D CAD/CFD. This approach is explained, and finally, the CFD flow field and the performance maps of the designed turbine are discussed. The turbine is currently under construction and will be installed in 2022 in a waste heat recovery (WHR) plant in Nuremberg/Germany.