Recovery Of Disorder Research Articles

Astaxanthin Encapsulated in Biodegradable Calcium Alginate Microspheres for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro.

Astaxanthin (AST) has attracted great interests in the scientific world because of its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory properties. And biodegradable materials, like chitosan, have been employed as the AST carrier to protect it from degradation and promote its bioavailability. However, the lack of pH responsiveness of these materials usually could not protect AST from the strong acidic gastric juices. In this study, calcium alginate (CA) microspheres, a pH responsive and biodegradable material, were prepared by a modified double emulsion technology and used as the AST encapsulation agent. Experimental results showed that the microparticles formed had a good degree of roundness, dispersity, encapsulation efficiency, and pH responsiveness. Cellular studies demonstrated that AST encapsulated in CA could inhibit hepatoma cells (HepG2 cell line) but it has relatively small or no impact on control hepatocytes (THLE-2 cell line). Furthermore, investigation of the underlying mechanism indicated that recovery of disorder of glucose metabolism by inhibiting aerobic glycolysis and promoting tricarboxylic acid cycle played an important part in the cell proliferation inhibition of hepatoma cells. As suggested above, AST could be a very promising therapeutic agent of liver cancer in clinical trials.

Prevalence and Correlates of Past-Year Recovery From DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.

Little is known about remission, recovery, and other outcomes of alcohol use disorder (AUD) as defined by the DSM-5. Data from a large representative sample of the United States was used to examine correlates of past-year AUD status among individuals with prior-to-past-year AUD: persistent AUD, symptomatic high-risk drinking, asymptomatic high-risk drinking, symptomatic low-risk drinking, asymptomatic low-risk drinking (nonabstinent recovery, NAR), and abstainer (abstinent recovery, AR). Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare: (i) AR and NAR with persistent AUD, (ii) AR with NAR, and (iii) asymptomatic and symptomatic high-risk drinking with AR and NAR. Among individuals with AUD prior to past year (n=7,785), 34.2% were classified with persistent AUD, 8.8 and 1.6% were symptomatic high-risk and symptomatic low-risk drinkers, respectively, 21.5% were asymptomatic high-risk drinkers, 17.9% were asymptomatic low-risk drinkers, and 16.0% were abstainers. One-quarter of individuals with AUD prior to past year achieved AR or NAR without the benefit of treatment, while a much greater percentage of individuals achieving AR (43.2%) reported receiving treatment relative to those with NAR (12.3%). The number of lifetime AUD symptoms was greater among those achieving AR (among the treated) and lower among those achieving NAR relative to persistent AUD. The number of AUD symptoms was also greater among those achieving AR than NAR and lower among asymptomatic and symptomatic risk drinkers relative to those achieving AR and NAR. Consumption was greater among those achieving AR relative to those achieving NAR and greater among asymptomatic and symptomatic risk drinkers relative to AR and NAR. Odds of achieving AR or NAR relative to persistent AUD were generally lower among non-Hispanic Blacks and those with higher education, greater among women and married individuals, and lower among illicit drug users and individuals with histories of a personality disorder or mood/anxiety disorder. There appears to be a substantial level of recovery from AUD. Information on specific factors associated with AUD outcomes can be useful in targeting appropriate treatment efforts.

Association Analysis of Maoa and Slc6a4 Gene Variation in South East European War Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

The aim of this study is to investigate the association of gene variations of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and the serotonin transporter solute carrier family 6 member 4 (SLC6A4) gene with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity and coping strategies in patients with war related PTSD. The study included 747 individuals who had experienced war trauma in the South Eastern Europe conflicts between 1991 and 1999. Genotyping of the MAOA VNTR and SLC6A4 tandem repeat polymorphism in combination with rs25531 was done in 719 participants: 232 females and 487 males. Among them, 369 have had current or lifetime PTSD and 350 have had no PTSD symptoms. For psychometric approach we used the Clinician Administrated PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the adapted Hoffman-Lazarus Coping scale and a basic socio-demographic data questionnaire. There were no significant intergroup (PTSD versus non PTSD) differences in the genotype distribution of MAOA and SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms. The primary finding of our study was that the MAOA short allele (MAOA-S) was nominally significantly associated with the severity of PTSD symptoms in the total subgroup of participants with lifetime PTSD; males for symptoms of hyperarrousal and females with symptoms of re-experience and hyperarousal. In our research the male subsample with current PTSD and MAOA-S genotype had nominally significantly higher scores for some positive coping strategies compared to those carrying the long allele genotype (MAOA-L). There was no significant association between the severity of PTSD symptoms, BSI phenotype, coping scores and the SLC6A4 genotype. The present results support the notion that MAOA VNTR gene variation modulates development and recovery of posttraumatic stress disorder in a war traumatised population, but did not support a connection between SLC6A4 gene variations and war related PTSD.

Effectiveness of Religious-Spiritual Group Therapy on Spiritual Health and Quality of Life in Methadone-treated Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BackgroundSpirituality is one of the most important factors that can contribute to the recovery of substance use disorder (SUD). The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the religious-spiritual group therapy on the spiritual health and the quality of life in methadone-treated patients.MethodsThis study was carried out in Qom City, Iran, in 2018. 72 methadone-treated patients were randomly selected and assigned in two groups: the experimental group (which received religious-spiritual therapy) and control group (which received no treatment). At the beginning of the study (pre-test), eight weeks after the start of the study (post-test), and three months after the start of the study (follow-up test), all participants completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS). Participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions (90 minutes for each session) of spiritual and religious training, while the control group received no religious-spiritual intervention; it just was trained with general information on addiction. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistics methods.FindingsThe results of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the pretest, but religious-spiritual training significantly increased spiritual health and the patients' quality of life (P < 0.001).ConclusionReligious-spiritual education can improve the quality of life and spiritual well-being in methadone-treated patients. The findings suggest that religious -spiritual education can be considered as an inexpensive, accessible, useful, and effective treatment for SUD treatment.

Acupuncture to Promote Recovery of Disorder of Consciousness after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become an economic and social burden for patients and their families. While acupuncture is an effective tool for promoting recovery of disorder of consciousness (DOC) following TBI, there have been no comprehensive meta-analyses and/or systematic reviews addressing this topic. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture for DOC after TBI. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) incorporating acupuncture, or acupuncture combined with other interventions for DOC after TBI, were included and assessed by two independent investigators. Six outcome indicators were assessed: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS); mortality; efficacy rate; activities of daily living (ADL); and functional comprehensive assessment. Direct comparisons were performed using RevMan 5.3.0 software, with results presented as mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes and relative risk (RR) for binary outcomes. A total of 3511 patients from 49 trials were included. Pooled analyses indicated that acupuncture may have a superior effect on GCS score (MD=2.03, 95% CI :1.92 2.43, Z=16.54, and P<0.00001); GOS score (RR=1.23, 95%CI: 1.18 1.35, Z=6.65, and P<0.00001); efficacy rate (RR=1.48, 95%CI: 1.40 1.56, Z=13.49, and P<0.00001); ADL (MD=9.20, 95% CI:8.19 10.21, Z=17.84, and P<0.00001); and mortality (RR=0.50, 95% CI:0.38 0.67, Z=4.70, and P<0.00001). The results demonstrated that the acupuncture group fared better than the control group in the treatment of DOC after TBI. However, studies were generally of poor quality, and publication bias favoring positive studies was obvious. Therefore, rigorous evaluation standards and well-designed studies are necessary in future studies.

Nitrogen Soaking Promotes Lattice Recovery in Polycrystalline Hybrid Perovskites

AbstractOn the basis of experiment and theory, a general paradigm is drawn that reconsiders N2 not simply being an inert species but rather an effective healing gas molecule if entering a methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) layer. Nitrogen is soaked into polycrystalline MAPbI3 via a postdeposition mild thermal treatment under slightly overpressure conditions to promote its diffusion across the whole layer. A significant reduction of radiative recombination and a concurrent increase of light absorption, with a maximum benefit at 80 °C, are observed. Concomitantly, the current of holes drawn from the surfaces with nanometer resolution through a biased tip is raised by a factor of 3 under N2. This is framed by a reduction of the barrier for carrier extraction. The achieved improvements are linked to a nitrogen‐assisted recovery of intrinsic lattice disorder at the grain shells along with a simultaneous stabilization of undercoordinated Pb2+ and MA+ cations through weak electrostatic interactions. Defect mitigation under N2 is reinforced in comparison to the benchmark behavior under argon. It is additionally unveiled that surface stabilization through N2 is morphology‐independent and thus can be applied after any preparation procedure. Such simple and low‐cost strategy can complement other stabilizing solutions for perovskite solar cells or light‐emitting diode engineering.

Structural evaluation of ions-implanted GaN films by photothermal deflection spectroscopy

We characterize the behavior caused by thermal annealing for C, O, Si and Mg ions implanted in GaN films by photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) with respect to structural disorder and defect levels related to yellow luminescence. Although the implanted region damaged by ion bombardment is recovered by annealing, the FWHM values of ω(0002) evaluated by x-ray diffraction are almost independent of the temperature. However, the Urbach energy, as an index of structural disorder, evaluated by PDS is improved. Recovery of the structural disorder is likely to depend on the dose quantity rather than the acceleration voltage. Defect states in the band gap are reduced as well, though featured PDS signals related to the kind of implanted ion are hardly detected except for the carbon ion. The intensity of yellow luminescence at room temperature is enhanced according to the improvement of the Urbach energy and reduction of defect states in the band gap. PDS is useful for defect analysis of III-V nitride semiconductors that are electrically and optically inactive, such as ion-implantation samples, especially Mg-implanted GaN for achieving reliable p-type conduction.

Recovery of consciousness after a brainstem cavernous malformation hemorrhage: A descriptive study of preserved reticular activating system with tractography

The aim of this study is to describe the imaging features, the relevant anatomy, and the fractional anisotropy (FA) values in diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) fiber tracts in 2 patients who recovered from initial altered consciousness after presenting with a brainstem cavernous malformation (BSCM) hemorrhage. A DTT was performed in 2 patients with impaired consciousness after a brainstem cavernous malformation hemorrhage. A 1.5 T scanner was used to obtain the axial tensors. Post-processing was performed and the mean FA values were recorded. The FA maps were used to seed the following regions of interest: the ventromedial midbrain, the anterior thalamus bilaterally, and the hypothalamus bilaterally. The first case presented with posterior displacement of the dorsal raphè fiber tracts, with preservation of all the ascending reticular activating fiber tracts and spontaneous recovery of consciousness after 20 days. The second case presented with no destruction but also had posterior displacement of the inferior dorsal raphè fiber tracts, with recovery of consciousness 1 month after resection surgery. Described in this study are affected fibers of the ARAS, as well as the FA value abnormalities in 2 patients, with recovery of a transient disorder of consciousness after a BSCM hemorrhage.

The influence and mechanism of social network on posttraumatic stress disorder

Social network plays an important role in the prevention and recovery of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Researches of egocentric network focus on the protective effect of large size and high diversity of social support network on PTSD, while researches about global network focus on social integration. Egocentric network and global network reduce the negative emotional reactions or physiologic and behavioral responses to stress in different ways, the former buffers stress response through social support, the latter emphasizes the importance of interpersonal emotional contagion and social resource change. Future studies are required to explore the relationship between social structure or the social network changes and PTSD by using longitudinal method, in the meantime intervention studies about improving social network to reduce PTSD are also worth doing. Key words: Social network; Egocentric network; Whole network; Posttraumatic stress disorder

Effectiveness of preventive cognitive therapy while tapering antidepressants versus maintenance antidepressant treatment versus their combination in prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (DRD study): a three-group, multicentre, randomised controlled trial

Keeping individuals on antidepressants after remission or recovery of major depressive disorder is a common strategy to prevent relapse or recurrence. Preventive cognitive therapy (PCT) has been proposed as an alternative to maintenance antidepressant treatment, but whether its addition would allow tapering of antidepressants or enhance the efficacy of maintenance antidepressant treatment is unclear. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of antidepressants alone, with PCT while tapering off antidepressants, or PCT added to antidepressants in the prevention of relapse and recurrence. In this single-blind, multicentre, parallel, three-group, randomised controlled trial, individuals recruited by general practitioners, pharmacists, secondary mental health care, or media were randomly assigned (10:10:8) to PCT and antidepressants, antidepressants alone, or PCT with tapering of antidepressants, using computer-generated randomised allocation stratified for number of previous depressive episodes and type of care. Eligible participants had previously experienced at least two depressive episodes and were in remission or recovery on antidepressants, which they had been receiving for at least the past 6 months. Exclusion criteria were current mania or hypomania, a history of bipolar disorder, any history of psychosis, current alcohol or drug abuse, an anxiety disorder that requires treatment, psychological treatment more than twice a month, and a diagnosis of organic brain damage. The primary outcome was time-related proportion of individuals with depressive relapse or recurrence in the intention-to-treat population, assessed four times in 24 months. Assessors were masked to treatment allocation, whereas physicians and participants could not be masked. This trial is registered with the Netherlands Trial Register, number NTR1907. Between July 14, 2009, and April 30, 2015, 2486 participants were assessed for eligibility and 289 were randomly assigned to PCT and antidepressant (n=104), antidepressant alone (n=100), or PCT with tapering of antidepressant (n=85). The overall log-rank test was significant (p=0·014). Antidepressants alone were not superior to PCT while tapering off antidepressants in terms of the risk of relapse or recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 0·86, 95% CI 0·56-1·32; p=0·502). Adding PCT to antidepressant treatment resulted in a 41% relative risk reduction compared with antidepressants alone (0·59, 0·38-0·94; p=0·026). There were two suicide attempts (one in the antidepressants alone group and one in the PCT with tapering of antidepressants group) and one death (in the PCT and antidepressants group) not related to the interventions during the 24 months' follow-up. Maintenance antidepressant treatment is not superior to PCT after recovery, whereas adding PCT to antidepressant treatment after recovery is superior to antidepressants alone. PCT should be offered to recurrently depressed individuals on antidepressants and to individuals who wish to stop antidepressants after recovery. The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin: a novel predictor for long-term recovery of chronic disorder of consciousness

ABSTRACTBackground: The aim of this manuscript was to explore the molecular basis and identify novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with chronic disorder of consciousness.Methods: A coupled isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation-based approach was used to screen differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between patients with chronic disorder of consciousness and healthy individuals. Candidate proteins were identified and measured. The Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) score was used to quantify the severity, and long-term recovery was assessed by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).Results: Between patients and controls, a total of 77 DEPs were identified. Based on the DEPs, a network containing 50 nodes and 207 edges was built, and alpha-1-antitrypsin was marked as the hub protein. The results indicated that alpha-1-antitrypsin correlated with the CRS-R score with a correlation coefficient of 0.631, and an outcome at 12 months (8.5 ± 2.1 ng/ml in patients with GOS 1–2 vs. 6.8 ± 1.6 ng/ml in those with GOS 3–5, p = 0.002).Conclusions: The data confirm the diagnostic and prognostic potential of alpha-1-antitrypsin in chronic disorder of consciousness, which may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Prognostic significance of social network, social support and loneliness for course of major depressive disorder in adulthood and old age.

Poor recovery from depressive disorder has been shown to be related to low perceived social support and loneliness, but not to social network size or frequency of social interactions. Some studies suggest that the significance of social relationships for depression course may be greater in younger than in older patients, and may differ between men and women. None of the studies examined to what extent the different aspects of social relationships have unique or overlapping predictive values for depression course. It is the aim of the present study to examine the differential predictive values of social network characteristics, social support and loneliness for the course of depressive disorder, and to test whether these predictive associations are modified by gender or age. Two naturalistic cohort studies with the same design and overlapping instruments were combined to obtain a study sample of 1474 patients with a major depressive disorder, of whom 1181 (80.1%) could be studied over a 2-year period. Social relational variables were assessed at baseline. Two aspects of depression course were studied: remission at 2-year follow-up and change in depression severity over the follow-up period. By means of logistic regression and random coefficient analysis, the individual and combined predictive values of the different social relational variables for depression course were studied, controlling for potential confounders and checking for effect modification by age (below 60 v. 60 years or older) and gender. Multiple aspects of the social network, social support and loneliness were related to depression course, independent of potential confounders - including depression severity - but when combined, their predictive values were found to overlap to a large extent. Only the social network characteristic of living in a larger household, the social support characteristic of few negative experiences with the support from a partner or close friend, and limited feelings of loneliness proved to have unique predictive value for a favourable course of depression. Little evidence was found for effect modification by gender or age. If depressed persons experience difficulties in their social relationships, this may impede their recovery. Special attention for interpersonal problems, social isolation and feelings of loneliness seems warranted in depression treatment and relapse prevention. It will be of great interest to test whether social relational interventions can contribute to better recovery and relapse prevention of depressive disorder.

Recovery of Deglutition Disorder in Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Stroke-A Case Reports

Recovery of Deglutition Disorder in Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Stroke-A Case Reports

Controlling preferred orientation and electrical conductivity of zinc oxide thin films by post growth annealing treatment

We report the microstructural evolution of the preferred orientation and electrical conductivity of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films prepared by ion beam sputtering. Elastic recoil detection analysis results showed 0.6at% H in as-deposited film which decreased to 0.35at% in air annealed film due to H diffusion. XRD results showed that the preferred orientation can be tuned by selecting annealing conditions. Vacuum annealed films exhibited (100) orientation, whereas air annealed film showed (002) orientation. The annealing conditions caused a dramatic increase in the resistivity of air annealed films (∼106Ωcm), whereas vacuum annealed films showed lower resistivity (∼10−2Ωcm). High resistivity in air annealed film is attributed to the lack of hydrogen interstitials and hydrogen-oxygen vacancy complexes. Raman results supported the XRD results which demonstrated that annealing assisted in recovery of the crystalline disorder in as-deposited films. Air annealed film exhibited the highest optical transmission (89.7%) in the UV–vis region compared to as-deposited and vacuum annealed films (∼85%). Optical bandgap was found to vary between 3.11eV and 3.18eV in as-deposited and annealed films, respectively. The bandgap narrowing is associated with the intrinsic defects which introduced defect states resulting in band tail in ZnO films.

The poor recovery of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is associated with a lower level of CXCL12 in the human brain

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are blindness-causing neuritis. In NMOSD patients, NMO-IgG evokes astrocytopathy that in turn causes demyelination. While measurement of NMO-IgG titer will help neurologists make the diagnosis of NMOSDs, it is not sufficient to evaluate the severity of astrocytopathy. In this study, we compared the different levels of an astrocyte biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid of NMOSD patients with good or poor recovery, and then linked their differences to the changes in remyelinating promoter (CXCL12) levels. Our results indicate that NMO-IgG down-regulated CXCL12 and impaired the remyelinating process, this may be a mechanism contributing to the poor recovery of NMOSDs.

Dampak Trauma Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga Terhadap Perkembangan Psikis Anak

Domestic Violence can happen to anyone, even though the family is considered as the best place for children's development. Some reports indicate that children in the family, often the victims of violence perpetrated by family members either directly or indirectly. Whereas the effects of this violence have the possibility of the same in the form of psychological trauma for children and eventually lead them to have a false perception of the violence, and assume that violence is one right way to resolve the issue. The experience of watching, hearing, even experienced violence in the family will no doubt lead to negative effects on the psychological of children. There are among children who experienced violence as a child, suffered prolonged trauma and lead to behavioral depression. But there are also some cases that actually show that children who have experienced violence in the past would later become perpetrators of the same crime as the first ever experienced. Not only short- term treatment should be the primary focus of handling trauma cases occurring in children. But should also be pursued in the long-term handling of recovery of post-traumatic stress disorder on children who have been traumatized. So, while reviving confidence in children, the support of families and civils become very important in creating a healthy environment for the child that lives in the present and future.

An exploratory examination of patient and parental self-efficacy as predictors of weight gain in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

To determine whether increases in adolescent or parental self-efficacy predicted subsequent weight gain in two different therapies for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN). Participants were 121 adolescents with AN (M = 14.4 years, SD = 1.6), from a two-site randomized clinical trial for family-based treatment (FBT) and individual adolescent focused therapy (AFT). Both adolescent and parental self-efficacy were assessed at baseline and sessions 2, 4, 6, and 8. Adolescent self-efficacy was assessed using a generic measure of self-efficacy, while parental self-efficacy was assessed using a measure specific to the recovery of an eating disorder. Weight was assessed at baseline, sessions 1 through 8, and end of treatment. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the relation between patient and parent self-efficacy and subsequent weight gain, controlling for weight at the previous time point. For families who received FBT, greater within-treatment increases in parental self-efficacy predicted greater subsequent adolescent weight gain compared to those who received FBT with lesser change in parental self-efficacy and those who received AFT. Interestingly, adolescent self-efficacy did not significantly predict subsequent weight gain. Greater increases in parental self-efficacy predicted significantly greater subsequent weight gain for adolescents who received FBT, but the same was not true for adolescents who received AFT. Neither overall level nor change in adolescent self-efficacy significantly predicted subsequent weight gain in either treatment group. These findings emphasize the importance of increasing parental self-efficacy in FBT in order to impact adolescent weight outcomes.

Rehabilitation of patients in the recovery period after stroke in Kazakhstan

To evaluate the effectiveness of complex rehabilitation of post stroke patients in a Stroke Rehabilitation Centre. The results of rehabilitative treatment of 86 patients, aged from 50 to 68 years, in early and late recovery periods of ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery were analyzed. Neurological deficit was assessed with the Scandinavian Stroke Scale, the dynamics of recovery of neurological disorder with Barthel daily activity index, the degree of misbalance with the modified Rankin scale. After the rehabilitation, a decrease in neurological deficit, improvement of gait and self-service skills, decrease in disability level were observed. The average scores before and after rehabilitation were 35.9±3.9 and 42.7±4.1 on the Scandinavian Stroke Scale, 41.8±4.9 and 52.4±4.4 on Barthel index, 3.3±0.6 and 2.5±0.5 on the modified Rankin scale, respectively. The importance of complex multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitative measures is emphasized.

정신장애인의 삶의 질과 회복에 대한 연구

본 연구의 목적은 정신장애인의 삶의 질과 회복의 정도 및 관계를 파악하고 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하기 위한 것이다. 자료수집 기간은 2013년 5월 20일부터 5월 27일까지였고, 조사 대상은 정신장애인 310명 이었으며 연구도구는 삶의 질, 회복 척도였다. 자료분석은 SPSS/WIN 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation 상관분석, 다중회귀분석으로 분석하였다. 분석결과 정신장애인의 삶의 질과 회복의 정도는 중간보다 낮았고, 회복(<TEX>${\beta}=.66$</TEX>, p<.001)과 월 평균 수입(<TEX>${\beta}=.09$</TEX>, p=.039)이 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 통하여 회복의 수준을 높이고 더불어 삶의 질의 수준도 높일 수 있는 프로그램을 개발해야 할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify degree of quality of life and recovery of mental disorder, to determine the factors affecting the quality of life. Methods: The data were collected from May 20 to 27 2013. Data were collected by questionaire from 310 individuals with mental disorder. The instruments for this study were Happy-Quality of Life Scale(Happy-QoL), Recovery. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, multiple linear regression with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: The degree of quality of life and recovery of mental disorder were lower than in the middle. The significant factors influencing quality of life were recovery(<TEX>${\beta}=.66$</TEX>, p<.001) and average monthly household income(<TEX>${\beta}=.09$</TEX>, p=.039). Conclusion: It is necessary to develop the program that increasing the level of recovery and quality of life.

Influence of P&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-Implantation and Post-Annealing on Warpage Structure of 4H-SiC Wafers

We examined the warpage structure in epitaxial 4H-SiC wafers subjected to phosphorus-ion (P+) implantation and post-annealing with varying implantation and annealing temperatures, using glazing-incidence monochromatic synchrotron X-ray topography. Using Raman spectroscopy, we then studied the relationship between the warpage of the crystal plane in the underlying epilayer and the recovery of lattice disorder in the implanted layer. We determined that the warpage structure of the underlying SiC epilayer was closely correlated with the recovery of lattice disorder in the implanted layer.